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Institute
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung des ALTRO Chips (ALICE TPC Readout), der ein integraler und wichtiger Bestandteil der Auslesekette des TPC (Time Projection Chamber) Detektors von ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) ist. ALICE ist ein Experiment am noch im Bau befindlichen LHC (Large Hadron Collider) am CERN mit der zentralen Ausrichtung, Schwerionenkollisionen zu untersuchen. Diese sind von besonderem Interesse, da durch sie ein experimenteller Zugriff zu dem QGP (Quark Gluon Plasma) existiert, dem einzigen vom Standardmodell vorhergesagten Phasenübergang, der unter Laborbedingungen erreichbar ist. Im Jahr 2004 wurden Messungen an einem Teststrahl am CERN PS (Proton Synchrotron) durchgeführt. Der Prototyp wurde voll mit FECs bestückt, was 5400 Kanälen entspricht und einer anderen Gasmixtur (Ne/N2/CO2 90%/5%/5%) befüllt. Für das optimale Leistungsverhalten der ALICE TPC muß der Digitalprozessor im ALTRO, bestehend aus vier Berechnungseinheiten, mit den passenden Werten konfiguriert werden. Der Datenfluss beginnt mit dem BCS1 (Baseline Correction and Subtraction 1) Modul, das systematische Störungen und die Grundlinie entfernt. Da der ALTRO kontinuierlich das anliegende Signal abtastet, entfernt es automatisch langsame Grundlinienveränderungen, die Beispielsweise durch Temperaturänderungen auftreten können. Gefolgt von dem TCF (Tail Cancellation Filter), der den Schweif des langsam fallenden, vom PASA generierten Signals entfernt. Um die nichtsystematischen Störungen der Grundlinie zu entfernen, folgt die BCS2 (Baseline Correction and Subtraction 2), die auf einer gleitenden Mittelwertsberechnung mit Ausschluß von Detektorsignalen über einen doppelten Schwellenwert basiert. Die finale Einheit für die Signalverarbeitung ist die ZSU (Zero Suppression Unit), die Meßpunkte unterhalb eines definierten Schwellwertes entfernt. Hier wird der weg beschrieben die TCF und BCS1 Parameter aus vorhandenen Detektordaten zu extrahieren. Während der Analyse der Daten von kosmischen Teilchen fiel bei Signalen mit hoher Amplitude (>700 ADC) eine zusätzliche Struktur in dem Schweif auf. Der Monitor wurde deswegen mit einem gleitenden Mittelwertfilter erweitert, worauf sich diese Struktur auch in kleineren Signalen (> 200 ADC) zeigte. Dieses Signal wird von Ionen erzeugt, die zur Kathode oder zu den Pads driften, bisher ist jedoch weder die Streuung der Elektronenlawine an der Anode, noch die Variationsbreite in den erzeugten Elektronlawinen verstanden oder gemessen worden. Eine erfolgreiche Messung, sowie Charakterisierung wird in dieser Arbeit beschrieben. Im Jahr 2005 im Sommer beginnt der Einbau der Gaskammern der TPC in ALICE, die Elektronik folgt am Ende dieses Jahres. Parallel hierzu wurde der Prototyp der TPC wieder in Betrieb genommen und im Frühling wird ein kompletter Sektor mit der Detektorelektronik ausgestattet. An diesen zwei Aufbauten wird die ALTRO Charakterisierung fortgeführt, verfeinert und komplettiert.
The production of quarkonia, the bound state of an heavy quark with its anti-particle, has for a long time been seen as a key process to understand the properties of nuclear matter in a relativistic heavy-ion collision. This thesis presents studies on the production of quarkonia in heavy-ion collisions at the new Large Hadron collider (LHC). The focus is set on the decay of J/Psi and Upsilon-states into their di-electronic decay channel, measured within the central detectors of the ALICE detector.
Aamodt, Kenneth ; Abrahantes Quintana, A. ; Adamová, Dagmar ; Adare, A.M. ; Aggarwal, Madan Mohan ; Aglieri Rinella, Gianluca ; Agocs, A.G. ; Aguilar Salazar, S. ; Ahammed, Zubayer ; Ahmad, Nazeer ; Ahmad Masoodi, A. ; Ahn, Sang Un ; Akindinov, Alexander ; Aleksandrov, Dmitry ; Alessandro, Bruno ; Alfaro Molina, Jose Ruben ; Alici, Andrea ; Alkin, Anton ; Almaráz Aviña, E. ; Alt, Torsten ; Altini, V. ; Altinpinar, Sedat ; Altsybeev, Igor ; Andrei, Cristian ; Andronic, Anton ; Anguelov, Venelin ; Anson, Christopher Daniel ; Antičić, Tome ; Antinori, Federico ; Antonioli, Pietro ; Aphecetche, Laurent Bernard ; Appelshäuser, Harald ; Arbor, N. ; Arcelli, Silvia ; Arend, A. ; Armesto, Néstor ; Arnaldi, Roberta ; Aronsson, Tomas Robert ; Arsene, Ionut Cristian ; Asryan, A. ; Augustinus, Andre ; Averbeck, Ralf Peter ; Awes, T.C. ; Äystö, J. ; Azmi, Mohd Danish ; Bach, Matthias ; Badalà, Angela ; Baek, Yong Wook ; Bagnasco, Stefano ; Bailhache, Raphaëlle ; Bala, Remu ; Baldini Ferroli, Rinaldo ; Baldisseri, Alberto ; Baldit, A. ; Bán, J. ; Barbera, Roberto ; Barile, Francesco ; Barnaföldi, Gergely Gábor ; Barnby, Lee Stuart ; Barret, Valerie ; Bartke, Jerzy ; Basile, Maurizio ; Bastid, Nicole ; Bathen, Bastian ; Batigne, Guillaume ; Batyunya, Boris ; Baumann, C. ; Bearden, Ian Gardner ; Beck, Hans ; Belikov, Iouri ; Bellini, Francesca ; Bellwied, Rene ; Belmont-Moreno, Ernesto ; Beolè, Stefania ; Berceanu, Ionela ; Bercuci, Alexandru ; Berdermann, E. ; Berdnikov, Yaroslav ; Betev, Latchezar ; Bhasin, Anju ; Bhati, Ashok Kumar ; Bianchi, Livio ; Bianchi, Nicola ; Bianchin, Chiara ; Bielčík, Jaroslav ; Bielčíková, Jana ; Bilandzic, Ante ; Biolcati, E. ; Blanc, A. ; Blanco, Fernando ; Blanco, Fernando ; Blau, Dmitry S. ; Blume, Christoph ; Boccioli, M. ; Bock, N. ; Bogdanov, Alexey A. ; Bøggild, Hans ; Bogolyubsky, M. ; Boldizsár, László ; Bombara, Marek ; Bombonati, C. ; Book, Julian ; Borel, Hervé ; Bortolin, C. ; Bose, S. ; Bossú, Francesco ; Botje, Michiel ; Böttger, Stefan ; Boyer, B. ; Braun-Munzinger, Peter ; Bravina, L. ; Bregant, Marco ; Breitner, Timo ; Broz, Michal ; Brun, René ; Bruna, Elena ; Bruno, Giuseppe Eugenio ; Budnikov, Dmitry ; Büsching, Henner ; Busch, Oliver ; Buthelezi, Edith Zinhle ; Caffarri, Davide ; Cai, Xiao ; Caines, Helen Louise ; Calvo Villar, Ernesto ; Camerini, Paolo ; Canoa Roman, Veronica ; Cara Romeo, G. ; Carena, Francesco ; Carena, Wisla ; Carminati, F. ; Casanova Díaz, A. ; Caselle, M. ; Castillo Castellanos, Javier Ernesto ; Catanescu, V. ; Cavicchioli, Costanza ; Cerello, Piergiorgio ; Chang, B. ; Chapeland, Sylvain ; Charvet, Jean-Luc Fernand ; Chattopadhyay, S. ; Chattopadhyay, S. ; Cherney, Michael Gerard ; Cheshkov, Cvetan Valeriev ; Cheynis, Brigitte ; Chiavassa, E. ; Chibante Barroso, Vasco Miguel ; Chinellato, David Dobrigkeit ; Chochula, Peter ; Chojnacki, Marek ; Christakoglou, Panagiotis ; Christensen, Christian Holm ; Christiansen, Peter L. ; Chujo, Tatsuya ; Cicalò, Corrado ; Cifarelli, Luisa ; Cindolo, Federico ; Cleymans, Jean Willy Andre ; Coccetti, F. ; Coffin, J.-P. ; Coli, S. ; Conesa Balbastre, Gustavo ; Conesa del Valle, Zaida ; Constantin, P. ; Contin, Giacomo ; Contreras Nuno, Jesus Guillermo ; Cormier, Thomas Michael ; Corrales Morales, Yasser ; Cortés Maldonado, Ismael ; Cortese, Pietro ; Cosentino, Mauro Rogerio ; Costa, Filippo ; Cotallo, M.E. ; Crescio, E. ; Crochet, Philippe ; Cuautle Flores, Eleazar ; Cunqueiro Mendez, Leticia ; Erasmo, G.D. ; Dainese, Andrea ; Dalsgaard, H.H. ; Danu, Andrea ; Das, Debasish ; Das, Indranil ; Dash, Ajay Kumar ; Dash, Sadhana ; De, Sudipan ; De Azevedo Moregula, A. ; de Barros, G.O.V. ; De Caro, Annalisa ; De Cataldo, Giacinto ; Cuveland, Jan de ; De Falco, Alessandro ; De Gruttola, Daniele ; De Marco, Nora ; De Pasquale, Salvatore ; De Remigis, R. ; de Rooij, R. ; Delagrange, H. ; Delgado Mercado, Y. ; Dellacasa, G. ; Deloff, Andrzej ; Demanov, V. ; Dénes, Ervin Sandor ; Deppman, A. ; Di Bari, Domenico ; Di Giglio, C. ; Di Liberto, S. ; Di Mauro, Antonio ; Di Nezza, Pasquale ; Dietel, Thomas ; Divià, Roberto ; Djuvsland, Øystein ; Dobrin, Alexandru Florin ; Dobrowolski, Tadeusz Antoni ; Domínguez, I. ; Dönigus, Benjamin ; Dordic, Olja ; Driga, O. ; Dubey, Anand Kumar ; Dubuisson, J. ; Ducroux, Laurent ; Dupieux, Pascal ; Dutta Majumdar, A.K. ; Dutta Majumdar, M.R. ; Elia, Domenico ; Emschermann, D. ; Engel, Heiko ; Erdal, H.A. ; Espagnon, Bruno ; Estienne, Magali Danielle ; Esumi, ShinIchi ; Evans, David ; Evrard, S. ; Eyyubova, Gyulnara ; Fabjan, C.W. ; Fabris, Daniela ; Faivre, Julien ; Falchieri, D. ; Fantoni, Alessandra ; Fasel, Markus ; Fearick, R. ; Fedunov, A. ; Fehlker, D. ; Fekete, V. ; Felea, Daniel ; Feofilov, Grigori A. ; Fernández Téllez, Arturo ; Ferretti, Alessandro ; Ferretti, R. ; Figueredo, Marcel Araujo Silva ; Filchagin, Sergey ; Fini, R. ; Finogeev, Dmitry ; Fionda, Fiorella Maria Celeste ; Fiore, Enrichetta Maria ; Floris, Michele ; Foertsch, Siegfried Valentin ; Foka, Panagiota ; Fokin, Sergey ; Fragiacomo, Enrico ; Fragkiadakis, M. ; Frankenfeld, Ulrich ; Fuchs, Ulrich ; Furano, F. ; Furget, Christophe ; Fusco Girard, Mario ; Gaardhøje, Jens Jørgen ; Gadrat, S. ; Gagliardi, Martino ; Gago, A. ; Gallio, Mauro ; Ganoti, Paraskevi ; Garabatos, Chilo ; Gemme, R. ; Gerhard, J. ; Germain, Marie ; Geuna, C. ; Gheata, Andrei George ; Gheata, Mihaela ; Ghidini, B. ; Ghosh, Premomoy ; Girard, M.R. ; Giraudo, G. ; Giubellino, Paolo ; Gładysz-Dziaduś, Ewa ; Glässel, Peter ; Gomez, R. ; González Trueba, Laura Helena ; González Zamora, Pedro ; González Santos, H. ; Gorbunov, Sergey ; Gotovac, Sven ; Grabski, Varlen ; Grajcarek, R. ; Grelli, Alessandro ; Grigoras, Alina Gabriela ; Grigoraș, Costin ; Grigoriev, Vladislav A. ; Grigoryan, Ara ; Grigoryan, Smbat ; Grinyov, Boris V. ; Grion, Nevio ; Gros, P. ; Große-Oetringhaus, Jan Fiete ; Grossiord, Jean-Yves ; Grosso, Raffaele ; Guber, Fedor ; Guernane, Rachid ; Guerra Gutierrez, C. ; Guerzoni, Barbara ; Gulbrandsen, Kristjan Herlache ; Gunji, Taku ; Gupta, Anik ; Gupta, Ramni ; Gutbrod, H. ; Haaland, Øystein Senneset ; Hadjidakis, Cynthia Marie ; Haiduc, Maria ; Hamagaki, Hideki ; Hamar, Gergö ; Harris, John W. ; Hartig, M. ; Hasch, D. ; Hasegan, D. ; Hatzifotiadou, Despina ; Hayrapetyan, A. ; Heide, Markus ; Heinz, Mark Thomas ; Helstrup, Håvard ; Herghelegiu, Andrei Ionut ; Hernández, C. ; Herrera Corral, Gerardo Antonio ; Herrmann, Norbert ; Hetland, Kristin Fanebust ; Hicks, B. ; Hille, P.T. ; Hippolyte, Boris ; Horaguchi, T. ; Hori, Y. ; Hristov, Peter ; Hřivnáčová, I. ; Huang, M. ; Huber, S. ; Humanic, Thomas J. ; Hwang, D.S. ; Ichou, R. ; Ilkaev, Radiy ; Ilkiv, Iryna ; Inaba, Motoi ; Incani, E. ; Innocenti, Gian Michele ; Innocenti, P.G. ; Ippolitov, Mikhail ; Irfan, M. ; Ivan, C. ; Ivanov, A. ; Ivanov, Marian ; Ivanov, V. ; Jacholkowski, Adam Wlodzimierz ; Jacobs, Peter Martin ; Jancurová, L. ; Jangal, S. ; Janik, R. ; Jayarathna, S.P. ; Jena, Satyajit ; Jirden, L. ; Jones, Goronwy Tudor ; Jones, Peter Graham ; Jovanović, P. ; Jung, H. ; Jung, W. ; Jusko, Anton ; Kalcher, S. ; Kaliňák, Peter ; Kalisky, M. ; Kalliokoski, T. ; Kalweit, Alexander Philipp ; Kamermans, R. ; Kanaki, K. ; Kang, E. ; Kang, Ju Hwan ; Kaplin, Vladimir ; Karavichev, Oleg V. ; Karavicheva, Tatiana L. ; Karpechev, Evgeny ; Kazantsev, Andrey ; Kebschull, Udo ; Keidel, Ralf ; Khan, M.M. ; Khanzadeev, Alexei ; Kharlov, Yury ; Kileng, Bjarte ; Kim, D.J. ; Kim, D.S. ; Kim, D.W. ; Kim, H.N. ; Kim, J.H. ; Kim, J.S. ; Kim, M. ; Kim, M. ; Kim, S. ; Kim, S.H. ; Kirsch, Stefan ; Kisel, Ivan ; Kiselev, Sergej N. ; Kisiel, Adam Ryszard ; Klay, Jennifer Lynn ; Klein, Jochen ; Klein-Bösing, Christian ; Kliemant, Michael ; Klovning, A. ; Kluge, Alexander ; Knichel, Michael Linus ; Koch, K. ; Köhler, Markus Konrad ; Kolevatov, R. ; Kolojvari, Anatoly ; Kondratiev, Valery P. ; Kondratyeva, Natalia ; Konevskih, A. ; Kornaś, Ewelina ; Kottachchi Kankanamge Don, C. ; Kour, R. ; Kowalski, Marek ; Kox, Serge ; Kozlov, K. ; Kral, Jiří ; Králik, Ivan ; Kramer, F. ; Kraus, Ingrid ; Krawutschke, T. ; Kretz, Matthias ; Krivda, Marian ; Krumbhorn, D. ; Krus, M. ; Kryshen, Evgeny ; Krzewicki, Mikolaj ; Kucheriaev, Yury ; Kuhn, Christian Claude ; Kuijer, Paulus Gerardus ; Kurashvili, Podist ; Kurepin, Alexander ; Kurepin, Alexey B. ; Kuryakin, Alexey ; Kushpil, Svetlana ; Kushpil, V. ; Kweon, Min Jung ; Kwon, Youngil ; La Rocca, Paola ; Ladron de Guevara, Pedro ; Lafage, V. ; Lara Martinez, Camilo Ernesto ; Larsen, D.T. ; Lazzeroni, C. ; Le Bornec, Y. ; Lea, Ramona ; Lee, K.S. ; Lee, S.C. ; Lefèvre, F. ; Lehnert, Jörg ; Leistam, L. ; Lenhardt, M. ; Lenti, Vito ; León Monzón, Ildefonso ; León Vargas, H. ; Lévai, Péter ; Li, X. ; Lietava, Roman ; Lindal, Svein ; Lindenstruth, Volker ; Lippmann, Christian ; Lisa, Michael A. ; Liu, L. ; Loggins, Vera Renee ; Loginov, Vitaly ; Lohn, S. ; Lohner, D. ; Loizides, Constantinos ; Lopez, Xavier Bernard ; López Noriega, M. ; López Torres, Ernesto ; Løvhøiden, G. ; Lu, X.-G. ; Lüttig, Philipp ; Lunardon, Marcello ; Luparello, Grazia ; Luquin, L. ; Luzzi, C. ; Ma, K. ; Ma, R. ; Madagodahettige-Don, D.M. ; Maevskaya, Alla ; Mager, Magnus ; Mahapatra, D.P. ; Maire, Antonin ; Malaev, Mikhail ; Maldonado Cervantes, Ivonne Alicia ; Mal’Kevich, Dmitry ; Malzacher, Peter ; Mamonov, Alexander ; Manceau, Loic Henri Antoine ; Mangotra, L. ; Manko, Vladislav ; Manso, Franck ; Manzari, Vito ; Mao, Yaxian ; Mareš, Jiří ; Margagliotti, Giacomo Vito ; Margotti, Anselmo ; Marín, Ana ; Martashvili, Irakli ; Martinengo, Paolo ; Martínez Hernández, Mario Iván ; Martínez Davalos, A. ; Martínez Garcia, Ginés ; Martynov, Yevgen ; Mas, Alexis Jean-Michel ; Masciocchi, Silvia ; Masera, Massimo ; Masoni, Alberto ; Massacrier, Laure Marie ; Mastromarco, Mario ; Mastroserio, Annalisa ; Matthews, Z.L. ; Matyja, Adam Tomasz ; Mayani, D. ; Mazza, G. ; Mazzoni, Alessandra Maria ; Meddi, Franco ; Menchaca-Rocha, Arturo Alejandro ; Mendez Lorenzo, P. ; Mercado Pérez, Jorge ; Mereu, P. ; Miake, Yasuo ; Midori, J. ; Milano, Leonardo ; Milošević, Jovan ; Mischke, André ; Miśkowiec, Dariusz Czesław ; Mitu, C. ; Mlynarz, J. ; Mohanty, Bedangadas ; Molnar, Levente ; Montaño Zetina, Luis Manuel ; Monteno, M. ; Montes Prado, Esther ; Morando, Maurizio ; Godoy, Denise Aparecida Moreira de ; Moretto, Sandra ; Morsch, Andreas ; Muccifora, Valeria ; Mudnic, Eugen ; Müller, H. ; Muhuri, Sanjib ; Munhoz, Marcelo Gameiro ; Munoz, J. ; Musa, Luciano ; Musso, A. ; Nandi, Basanta Kumar ; Nania, Rosario ; Nappi, Eugenio ; Nattrass, Christine ; Navach, F. ; Navin, S. ; Nayak, Tapan Kumar ; Nazarenko, Sergey ; Nazarov, G. ; Nedosekin, Alexander ; Nendaz, F. ; Newby, J. ; Nicassio, Maria ; Nielsen, Borge Svane ; Nikolaev, Sergey ; Nikolic, V. ; Nikulin, Sergey ; Nikulin, Vladimir ; Nilsen, B.S. ; Nilsson, M.S. ; Noferini, Francesco ; Nooren, Gerardus ; Novitzky, Norbert ; Nyanin, Alexander ; Nyatha, A. ; Nygaard, C. ; Nystrand, Joakim Ingemar ; Obayashi, H. ; Ochirov, A. ; Oeschler, Helmut ; Oh, Sun Kun ; Oleniacz, Janusz ; Oppedisano, Chiara ; Ortiz Velasquez, Antonio ; Ortona, G. ; Oskarsson, Anders Nils Erik ; Ostrowski, P. ; Otterlund, I. ; Otwinowski, Jacek Tomasz ; Øvrebekk, G. ; Oyama, Ken ; Ozawa, K. ; Pachmayer, Yvonne C. ; Pachr, Miloš ; Padilla, F. ; Pagano, Paola ; Paić, Guy ; Painke, F. ; Pajares Vales, Carlos ; Pal, S. ; Pal, Susanta Kumar ; Palaha, A. ; Palmeri, A. ; Pappalardo, Giuseppe Salvatore ; Park, WooJin ; Paticchio, Vincenzo ; Pavlinov, A. ; Pawlak, Tomasz Jan ; Peitzmann, Thomas ; Peresunko, Dmitry Yurevich ; Pérez Lara, Carlos Eugenio ; Perini, D. ; Perrino, D. ; Peryt, Wiktor Stanislaw ; Pesci, A. ; Peskov, Vladimir ; Pestov, Yury N. ; Peters, A.J. ; Petráček, Vojtech ; Petris, M. ; Petrov, P. ; Petrovici, Mihai A. ; Petta, Catia ; Piano, Stefano ; Piccotti, A. ; Pikna, Miroslav ; Pillot, Philippe ; Pinazza, Ombretta ; Pinsky, Lawrence ; Pitz, N. ; Piuz, F. ; Piyarathna, Danthasinghe B. ; Platt, R. ; Płoskoń, Mateusz ; Pluta, Jan Marian ; Pocheptsov, T. ; Pochybova, Sona ; Podesta Lerma, Pedro Luis Manuel ; Poghosyan, Martin G. ; Polák, K. ; Polichtchouk, Boris ; Pop, Amalia ; Pospíšil, V. ; Potukuchi, B. ; Prasad, Sidharth Kumar ; Preghenella, Roberto ; Prino, Francesco ; Pruneau, Claude A. ; Pshenichnov, Igor A. ; Puddu, Giovanna ; Pulvirenti, A. ; Punin, Valery ; Putiš, M. ; Putschke, Jörn H. ; Quercigh, E. ; Qvigstad, Henrik ; Rachevski, Alexandre ; Rademakers, A. ; Rademakers, O. ; Radomski, S. ; Räihä, T.S. ; Rak, Jan ; Rakotozafindrabe, Andry Malala ; Ramello, Luciano ; Ramírez Reyes, A. ; Rammler, M. ; Raniwala, Rashmi ; Raniwala, Sudhir ; Räsänen, Sami Sakari ; Read, Kenneth Francis ; Real, Jean-Sébastien ; Redlich, Krzysztof ; Renfordt, Rainer Arno Ernst ; Reolon, Anna Rita ; Reshetin, Andrey ; Rettig, Felix Vincenz ; Revol, Jean-Pierre ; Reygers, Klaus ; Ricaud, H. ; Riccati, L. ; Ricci, Renato Angelo ; Richter, Matthias Rudolph ; Riedler, Petra ; Riegler, Werner ; Riggi, Francesco ; Rivetti, Angelo ; Rodrı́guez Cahuantzi, Mario ; Rohr, David ; Röhrich, Dieter ; Romita, Rosa ; Ronchetti, Federico ; Rosinský, P. ; Rosnet, Philippe ; Rossegger, S. ; Rossi, Andrea ; Roukoutakis, Filimon ; Rousseau, S. ; Roy, Christelle Sophie ; Roy, Pradip Kumar ; Rubio Montero, Antonio Juan ; Rui, Rinaldo ; Rusanov, I. ; Ryabinkin, Evgeny ; Rybicki, Andrzej ; Sadovskiy, Sergey ; Šafařík, Karel ; Sahoo, Raghunath ; Sahu, Pradip Kumar ; Saiz, P. ; Sakai, Shingo ; Sakata, D. ; Salgado, Carlos A. ; Samanta, T. ; Sambyal, Sanjeev Singh ; Samsonov, Vladimir ; Šándor, Ladislav ; Sandoval, Andres ; Sano, Masato ; Sano, S. ; Santo, R. ; Santoro, R. ; Sarkamo, J. ; Saturnini, P. ; Scapparone, Eugenio ; Scarlassara, Fernando ; Scharenberg, Rolf Paul ; Schiaua, Claudiu Cornel ; Schicker, Rainer ; Schmidt, Christian Joachim ; Schmidt, Hans Rudolf ; Schreiner, S. ; Schuchmann, Simone ; Schukraft, Jürgen ; Schutz, Yves Roland ; Schwarz, Kilian ; Schweda, Kai ; Scioli, Gilda ; Scomparin, Enrico ; Scott, P.A. ; Scott, Rebecca Michelle ; Segato, G. ; Senyukov, Serhiy ; Seo, Jeewon ; Serci, S. ; Serradilla, Eulogio ; Sevcenco, Adrian ; Shabratova, G. ; Shahoyan, Ruben ; Sharma, Natasha ; Sharma, S. ; Shigaki, Kenta ; Shimomura, Maya ; Shtejer, Katherin ; Sibiriak, Yury ; Siciliano, M. ; Sicking, E. ; Siemiarczuk, Teodor ; Silenzi, A. ; Silvermyr, David Olle Rickard ; Simonetti, Giuseppe ; Singaraju, Rama Narayana ; Singh, R. ; Sinha, Bikash ; Sinha, Tinku ; Sitar, Branislav ; Sitta, Mario ; Skaali, Toralf Bernhard ; Skjerdal, K. ; Smakal, R. ; Smirnov, N. ; Snellings, Raimond ; Søgaard, C. ; Soloviev, A. ; Soltz, Ron ; Son, H. ; Song, M. ; Soos, C. ; Soramel, Francesca ; Spyropoulou-Stassinaki, Martha ; Srivastava, Brijesh Kumar ; Stachel, Johanna ; Stan, Ionel ; Stefanek, Grzegorz ; Stefanini, G. ; Steinbeck, T. ; Stenlund, Evert Anders ; Steyn, Gideon Francois ; Stocco, Diego ; Stock, Reinhard ; Stolpovskiy, M. ; Strmen, Peter ; Suaide, Alexandre Alarcon do Passo ; Subieta Vasquez, Martin Alfonso ; Sugitate, Toru ; Suire, Christophe Pierre ; Šumbera, Michal ; Šuša, Tatjana ; Swoboda, D. ; Symons, Timothy James MacNeil ; Toledo, Alejandro Szanto de ; Szarka, Imrich ; Szostak, A. ; Tagridis, C. ; Takahashi, Jun ; Tapia Takaki, Jesus Daniel ; Tauro, Arturo ; Tavlet, M. ; Tejeda Muñoz, Guillermo ; Telesca, Adriana ; Terrevoli, Cristina ; Thäder, Jochen ; Thomas, Deepa ; Thomas, James H. ; Tieulent, Raphael Noel ; Timmins, Anthony Robert ; Tlusty, David ; Toia, Alberica ; Torii, H. ; Toscano, L. ; Tosello, F. ; Traczyk, T. ; Truesdale, David Christopher ; Trzaska, Wladyslaw Henryk ; Tumkin, Alexandr ; Turrisi, Rosario ; Turvey, A.J. ; Tveter, Trine Spedstad ; Ulery, Jason Glyndwr ; Ullaland, Kjetil ; Uras, Antonio ; Urbán, J. ; Urciuoli, G.M. ; Usai, Gianluca ; Vacchi, A. ; Vala, Martin ; Valencia Palomo, Lizardo ; Vallero, Sara ; Kolk, Naomi van der ; Leeuwen, Marco van ; Vyvre, Pierre vande ; Vannucci, L. ; Vargas Treviño, Maria Aurora Diozcora ; Varma, Raghava ; Vasileiou, Maria ; Vasiliev, Andrey ; Vechernin, Vladimir ; Venaruzzo, Massimo ; Vercellin, Ermanno ; Vergara, S. ; Vernet, Renaud ; Verweij, Marta ; Vicković, Linda ; Viesti, Giuseppe ; Vikhlyantsev, O. ; Vilakazi, Zabulon ; Villalobos Baillie, Orlando ; Vinogradov, Alexander A. ; Vinogradov, Leonid ; Vinogradov, Yury I. ; Virgili, Tiziano ; Viyogi, Yogendra P. ; Vodopyanov, Alexander ; Voloshin, Kirill ; Voloshin, Sergei ; Volpe, Giacomo ; Haller, Barthélémy von ; Vranić, Danilo ; Vrláková, Janka ; Vulpescu, Bogdan ; Wagner, Boris ; Wagner, V. ; Wan, R. ; Wang, D. ; Wang, Y. ; Wang, Y. ; Watanabe, K. ; Wessels, Johannes P. ; Westerhoff, Uwe ; Wiechula, Jens ; Wikne, Jon ; Wilde, Martin ; Wilk, A. ; Wilk, Grzegorz Andrzej ; Williams, M. Crispin S. ; Windelband, Bernd ; Yang, H. ; Yasnopolskiy, S. ; Yi, J. ; Yin, Zhongbao ; Yokoyama, Hiroki ; Yoo, In-Kwon ; Yuan, X. ; Yushmanov, Igor E. ; Zabrodin, E. ; Zampolli, Chiara ; Zaporozhets, Sergey ; Zarochentsev, Andrey ; Závada, Petr ; Zbroszczyk, Hanna Paulina ; Zelnicek, P. ; Zenin, A. ; Zgura, I. ; Zhalov, Mikhail ; Zhang, X. ; Zhou, D. ; Zichichi, Antonino ; Zinovjev, Gennady M. ; Zoccarato, Y. ; Zynovyev, M.
Inclusive transverse momentum spectra of primary charged particles in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV have been measured by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC. The data are presented for central and peripheral collisions, corresponding to 0–5% and 70–80% of the hadronic Pb–Pb cross section. The measured charged particle spectra in |η|<0.8 and 0.3<pT<20 GeV/c are compared to the expectation in pp collisions at the same sNN, scaled by the number of underlying nucleon–nucleon collisions. The comparison is expressed in terms of the nuclear modification factor RAA. The result indicates only weak medium effects (RAA≈0.7) in peripheral collisions. In central collisions, RAA reaches a minimum of about 0.14 at pT=6–7 GeV/c and increases significantly at larger pT. The measured suppression of high-pT particles is stronger than that observed at lower collision energies, indicating that a very dense medium is formed in central Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC.
Aamodt, Kenneth ; Abel, N. ; Abeysekara, U. ; Abrahantes Quintana, A. ; Abramyan, A. ; Adamová, Dagmar ; Aggarwal, Madan Mohan ; Aglieri Rinella, Gianluca ; Agocs, A.G. ; Aguilar Salazar, S. ; Ahammed, Zubayer ; Ahmad, A. ; Ahmad, Nazeer ; Ahn, Sang Un ; Akimoto, R. ; Akindinov, Alexander ; Aleksandrov, Dmitry ; Alessandro, Bruno ; Alfaro Molina, Jose Ruben ; Alici, Andrea ; Almaráz Aviña, E. ; Alme, Johan ; Alt, Torsten ; Altini, V. ; Altinpinar, Sedat ; Andrei, Cristian ; Andronic, Anton ; Anelli, G. ; Angelov, V. ; Anson, Christopher Daniel ; Antičić, Tome ; Antinori, Federico ; Antinori, S. ; Antipin, K. ; Antończyk, Dariusz ; Antonioli, Pietro ; Anzo, A. ; Aphecetche, Laurent Bernard ; Appelshäuser, Harald ; Arcelli, Silvia ; Arceo, R. ; Arend, A. ; Armesto, Néstor ; Arnaldi, Roberta ; Aronsson, Tomas Robert ; Arsene, Ionut Cristian ; Asryan, A. ; Augustinus, Andre ; Averbeck, Ralf Peter ; Awes, T.C. ; Äystö, J. ; Azmi, Mohd Danish ; Bablok, Sebastian ; Bach, Matthias ; Badalà, Angela ; 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Wagner, Boris ; Wagner, V. ; Wallet, L. ; Wan, R. ; Wang, D. ; Wang, Y. ; Wang, Y. ; Watanabe, K. ; Wen, Q. ; Wessels, J. ; Westerhoff, Uwe ; Wiechula, Jens ; Wikne, Jon ; Wilk, A. ; Wilk, Grzegorz Andrzej ; Williams, M. Crispin S. ; Willis, N. ; Windelband, Bernd ; Xu, C. ; Yang, C. ; Yang, H. ; Yasnopolskiy, S. ; Yermia, F. ; Yi, J. ; Yin, Zhongbao ; Yokoyama, Hiroki ; Yoo, In-Kwon ; Yuan, X. ; Yurevich, V. ; Yushmanov, Igor E. ; Zabrodin, E. ; Zagreev, B. ; Zalite, A. ; Zampolli, Chiara ; Zanevsky, Yuri V. ; Zaporozhets, Sergey ; Zarochentsev, Andrey ; Závada, Petr ; Zbroszczyk, Hanna Paulina ; Zelnicek, P. ; Zenin, A. ; Zepeda, A. ; Zgura, I. ; Zhalov, Mikhail ; Zhang, X. ; Zhou, D. ; Zhou, S. ; Zhu, J. ; Zichichi, Antonino ; Zinchenko, A. ; Zinovjev, Gennady M. ; Zoccarato, Y. ; Zycháček, V. ; Zynovyev, M.
The inclusive charged particle transverse momentum distribution is measured in proton–proton collisions at s=900 GeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region (|η|<0.8) over the transverse momentum range 0.15<pT<10 GeV/c. The correlation between transverse momentum and particle multiplicity is also studied. Results are presented for inelastic (INEL) and non-single-diffractive (NSD) events. The average transverse momentum for |η|<0.8 is 〈pT〉INEL=0.483±0.001 (stat.)±0.007 (syst.) GeV/c and 〈pT〉NSD=0.489±0.001 (stat.)±0.007 (syst.) GeV/c, respectively. The data exhibit a slightly larger 〈pT〉 than measurements in wider pseudorapidity intervals. The results are compared to simulations with the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET.
A new era in experimental nuclear physics has begun with the start-up of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN and its dedicated heavy-ion detector system ALICE. Measuring the highest energy density ever produced in nucleus-nucleus collisions, the detector has been designed to study the properties of the created hot and dense medium, assumed to be a Quark-Gluon Plasma.
Comprised of 18 high granularity sub-detectors, ALICE delivers data from a few million electronic channels of proton-proton and heavy-ion collisions.
The produced data volume can reach up to 26 GByte/s for central Pb–Pb
collisions at design luminosity of L = 1027 cm−2 s−1 , challenging not only the data storage, but also the physics analysis. A High-Level Trigger (HLT) has been built and commissioned to reduce that amount of data to a storable value prior to archiving with the means of data filtering and compression without the loss of physics information. Implemented as a large high performance compute cluster, the HLT is able to perform a full reconstruction of all events at the time of data-taking, which allows to trigger, based on the information of a complete event. Rare physics probes, with high transverse momentum, can be identified and selected to enhance the overall physics reach of the experiment.
The commissioning of the HLT is at the center of this thesis. Being deeply embedded in the ALICE data path and, therefore, interfacing all other ALICE subsystems, this commissioning imposed not only a major challenge, but also a massive coordination effort, which was completed with the first proton-proton collisions reconstructed by the HLT. Furthermore, this thesis is completed with the study and implementation of on-line high transverse momentum triggers.
Abelev, Betty ; Adam, Jaroslav ; Adamová, Dagmar ; Adare, A.M. ; Aggarwal, Madan Mohan ; Aglieri Rinella, Gianluca ; Agocs, A.G. ; Agostinelli, A. ; Aguilar Salazar, S. ; Ahammed, Zubayer ; Ahmad, Nazeer ; Ahmad Masoodi, A. ; Ahn, Sang Un ; Akindinov, Alexander ; Aleksandrov, Dmitry ; Alessandro, Bruno ; Alfaro Molina, Jose Ruben ; Alici, Andrea ; Alkin, Anton ; Almaráz Aviña, E. ; Alme, Johan ; Alt, Torsten ; Altini, V. ; Altinpinar, Sedat ; Altsybeev, Igor ; Andrei, Cristian ; Andronic, Anton ; Anguelov, Venelin ; Anielski, Jonas ; Anson, Christopher Daniel ; Antičić, Tome ; Antinori, Federico ; Antonioli, Pietro ; Aphecetche, Laurent Bernard ; Appelshäuser, Harald ; Arbor, N. ; Arcelli, Silvia ; Arend, A. ; Armesto, Néstor ; Arnaldi, Roberta ; Aronsson, Tomas Robert ; Arsene, Ionut Cristian ; Arslandok, Mesut ; Asryan, A. ; Augustinus, Andre ; Averbeck, Ralf Peter ; Awes, T.C. ; Äystö, J. ; Azmi, Mohd Danish ; Bach, Matthias ; Badalà, Angela ; Baek, Yong Wook ; Bailhache, Raphaëlle ; Bala, Remu ; Baldini Ferroli, Rinaldo ; Baldisseri, Alberto ; Baldit, A. ; Baltasar Dos Santos Pedrosa, Fernando ; Bán, J. ; Baral, Rama Chandra ; Barbera, Roberto ; Barile, Francesco ; Barnaföldi, Gergely Gábor ; Barnby, Lee Stuart ; Barret, Valerie ; Bartke, Jerzy ; Basile, Maurizio ; Bastid, Nicole ; Basu, Sumit ; Bathen, Bastian ; Batigne, Guillaume ; Batyunya, Boris ; Baumann, C. ; Bearden, Ian Gardner ; Beck, Hans ; Belikov, Iouri ; Bellini, Francesca ; Bellwied, Rene ; Belmont-Moreno, Ernesto ; Bencédi, Gyula ; Beolè, Stefania ; Berceanu, Ionela ; Bercuci, Alexandru ; Berdnikov, Yaroslav ; Berényi, Dániel ; Berzano, Dario ; Betev, Latchezar ; Bhasin, Anju ; Bhati, Ashok Kumar ; Bhom, Jihyun ; Bianchi, Nicola ; Bianchi, Livio ; Bianchin, Chiara ; Bielčík, Jaroslav ; Bielčíková, Jana ; Bilandzic, Ante ; Bjelogrlic, Sandro ; Blanco, Fernando ; Blanco, Fernando ; Blau, Dmitry S. ; Blume, Christoph ; Boccioli, M. ; Bock, N. ; Böttger, Stefan ; Bogdanov, Alexey A. ; Bøggild, Hans ; Bogolyubsky, M. ; 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Chawla, I. ; Cherney, Michael Gerard ; Cheshkov, Cvetan Valeriev ; Cheynis, Brigitte ; Chibante Barroso, Vasco Miguel ; Chinellato, David Dobrigkeit ; Chochula, Peter ; Chojnacki, Marek ; Choudhury, Subikash ; Christakoglou, Panagiotis ; Christensen, Christian Holm ; Christiansen, Peter L. ; Chujo, Tatsuya ; Chung, Suh-Urk ; Cicalò, Corrado ; Cifarelli, Luisa ; Cindolo, Federico ; Cleymans, Jean Willy Andre ; Coccetti, F. ; Colamaria, Fabio Filippo ; Colella, Domenico ; Conesa Balbastre, Gustavo ; Conesa del Valle, Zaida ; Constantin, P. ; Contin, Giacomo ; Contreras Nuno, Jesus Guillermo ; Cormier, Thomas Michael ; Corrales Morales, Yasser ; Cortese, Pietro ; Cortés Maldonado, Ismael ; Cosentino, Mauro Rogerio ; Costa, Filippo ; Cotallo, M.E. ; Crescio, E. ; Crochet, Philippe ; Cruz Alaniz, E. ; Cuautle Flores, Eleazar ; Cunqueiro Mendez, Leticia ; Dainese, Andrea ; Dalsgaard, H.H. ; Danu, Andrea ; Das, Indranil ; Das, K. ; Das, Debasish ; Dash, Ajay Kumar ; Dash, Sadhana ; De, Sudipan ; 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Huang, M. ; Humanic, Thomas J. ; Hwang, Dae Sung ; Ichou, R. ; Ilkaev, Radiy ; Ilkiv, Iryna ; Inaba, Motoi ; Incani, E. ; Innocenti, Gian Michele ; Innocenti, P.G. ; Ippolitov, Mikhail ; Irfan, M. ; Ivan, C. ; Ivanov, A. ; Ivanov, V. ; Ivanov, Marian ; Ivanytskyi, O. ; Jacholkowski, Adam Wlodzimierz ; Jacobs, Peter Martin ; Jancurová, L. ; Jang, Haeng Jin ; Jangal, S. ; Janik, R. ; Janik, Malgorzata Anna ; Jayarathna, Pahula Hewage Sandun Yasassri ; Jena, Satyajit ; Jha, D.M. ; Jiménez Bustamante, Raúl Tonatiuh ; Jirden, L. ; Jones, Peter Graham ; Jung, H. ; Jusko, Anton ; Kaidalov, A.B. ; Kakoyan, V. ; Kalcher, S. ; Kaliňák, Peter ; Kalliokoski, T. ; Kalweit, Alexander Philipp ; Kanaki, K. ; Kang, Ju Hwan ; Kaplin, Vladimir ; Karasu Uysal, Ayben ; Karavichev, Oleg V. ; Karavicheva, Tatiana L. ; Karpechev, Evgeny ; Kazantsev, Andrey ; Kebschull, Udo ; Keidel, Ralf ; Khan, P. ; Khan, M.M. ; Khan, Shuaib Ahmad ; Khanzadeev, Alexei ; Kharlov, Yury ; Kileng, Bjarte ; Kim, T. ; Kim, D.J. ; Kim, D.W. ; Kim, J.H. ; Kim, J.S. ; Kim, M. ; Kim, M. ; Kim, S.H. ; Kim, S. ; Kim, B. ; Kirsch, Stefan ; Kisel, Ivan ; Kiselev, Sergej N. ; Kisiel, Adam Ryszard ; Klay, Jennifer Lynn ; Klein, Jochen ; Klein-Bösing, Christian ; Kliemant, Michael ; Kluge, Alexander ; Knichel, Michael Linus ; Knospe, Anders Garritt ; Koch, K. ; Köhler, Markus Konrad ; Kolojvari, Anatoly ; Kondratiev, Valery P. ; Kondratyeva, Natalia ; Konevskikh, Artem ; Korneev, A. ; Kour, R. ; Kowalski, Marek ; Kox, Serge ; Koyithatta Meethaleveedu, Greeshma ; Kral, Jiří ; Králik, Ivan ; Kramer, F. ; Kraus, Ingrid ; Krawutschke, T. ; Křelina, Michal ; Kretz, Matthias ; Krivda, Marian ; Krizek, Filip ; Krus, M. ; Kryshen, Evgeny ; Krzewicki, Mikolaj ; Kucheriaev, Yury ; Kuhn, Christian Claude ; Kuijer, Paulus Gerardus ; Kulakov, Igor ; Kurashvili, Podist ; Kurepin, Alexander ; Kurepin, Alexey B. ; Kuryakin, Alexey ; Kushpil, Svetlana ; Kushpil, V. ; Kvaerno, H. ; Kweon, Min Jung ; Kwon, Youngil ; Ladron de Guevara, Pedro ; Lakomov, Igor ; Langoy, Rune ; La Pointe, Sarah Louise ; Lara Martinez, Camilo Ernesto ; Lardeux, Antoine Xavier ; La Rocca, Paola ; Lazzeroni, C. ; Lea, Ramona ; Le Bornec, Y. ; Lechman, M. ; Lee, S.C. ; Lee, Graham Richard ; Lee, K.S. ; Lefèvre, F. ; Lehnert, Jörg ; Leistam, L. ; Lenhardt, M. ; Lenti, Vito ; León, H. ; León Monzón, Ildefonso ; León Vargas, H. ; Lévai, Péter ; Lien, Jørgen André ; Lietava, Roman ; Lindal, Svein ; Lindenstruth, Volker ; Lippmann, Christian ; Lisa, Michael A. ; Liu, L. ; Lønne, Per-Ivar ; Loggins, Vera Renee ; Loginov, Vitaly ; Lohn, S. ; Lohner, D. ; Loizides, Constantinos ; Loo, K.K. ; Lopez, Xavier Bernard ; López Torres, Ernesto ; Løvhøiden, G. ; Lu, X.-G. ; Lüttig, Philipp ; Lunardon, Marcello ; Luo, J. ; Luparello, Grazia ; Luquin, L. ; Luzzi, C. ; Ma, K. ; Ma, R. ; Madagodahettige-Don, D.M. ; Maevskaya, Alla ; Mager, Magnus ; Mahapatra, Durga Prasad ; Maire, Antonin ; Malaev, Mikhail ; Maldonado Cervantes, Ivonne Alicia ; Malinina, Liudmila ; MalʼKevich, D. ; Malzacher, Peter ; Mamonov, Alexander ; Manceau, Loic Henri Antoine ; Mangotra, L. ; Manko, Vladislav ; Manso, Franck ; Manzari, Vito ; Mao, Yaxian ; Marchisone, Massimiliano ; Mareš, Jiří ; Margagliotti, Giacomo Vito ; Margotti, Anselmo ; Marín, Ana ; Marin Tobon, C.A. ; Markert, Christina ; Martashvili, Irakli ; Martinengo, Paolo ; Martínez Hernández, Mario Iván ; Martínez Davalos, A. ; Martínez Garcia, Ginés ; Martynov, Yevgen ; Mas, Alexis Jean-Michel ; Masciocchi, Silvia ; Masera, Massimo ; Masoni, Alberto ; Massacrier, Laure Marie ; Mastromarco, Mario ; Mastroserio, Annalisa ; Matthews, Z.L. ; Matyja, Adam Tomasz ; Mayani, D. ; Mayer, Christoph ; Mazer, Joel Anthony ; Mazzoni, Alessandra Maria ; Meddi, Franco ; Menchaca-Rocha, Arturo Alejandro ; Mercado Pérez, Jorge ; Meres, Michal ; Miake, Yasuo ; Milano, Leonardo ; Milošević, Jovan ; Mischke, André ; Mishra, Aditya Nath ; Miśkowiec, Dariusz Czesław ; Mitu, C. ; Mlynarz, J. ; Mohanty, A.K. ; Mohanty, Bedangadas ; Molnar, Levente ; 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Oyama, Ken ; Ozawa, K. ; Pachmayer, Yvonne C. ; Pachr, Miloš ; Padilla, F. ; Pagano, Paola ; Paić, Guy ; Painke, F. ; Pajares Vales, Carlos ; Pal, Susanta Kumar ; Pal, S. ; Palaha, A. ; Palmeri, A. ; Papikyan, Vardanush ; Pappalardo, Giuseppe Salvatore ; Park, WooJin ; Passfeld, Annika ; Pastirčák, B. ; Patalakha, D.I. ; Paticchio, Vincenzo ; Pavlinov, A. ; Pawlak, Tomasz Jan ; Peitzmann, Thomas ; Pereira da Costa, Hugo Denis Antonio ; Filho, Elienos Pereira de Oliveira ; Peresunko, Dmitry Yurevich ; Pérez Lara, Carlos Eugenio ; Pérez Lezama, Edgar ; Perini, D. ; Perrino, D. ; Peryt, Wiktor Stanislaw ; Pesci, A. ; Peskov, Vladimir ; Pestov, Yury N. ; Petráček, Vojtech ; Petran, M. ; Petris, M. ; Petrov, P. ; Petrovici, Mihai A. ; Petta, Catia ; Piano, Stefano ; Piccotti, A. ; Pikna, Miroslav ; Pillot, Philippe ; Pinazza, Ombretta ; Pinsky, Lawrence ; Pitz, N. ; Piyarathna, Danthasinghe B. ; Płoskoń, Mateusz ; Pluta, Jan Marian ; Pocheptsov, T. ; Pochybova, Sona ; Podesta Lerma, Pedro Luis Manuel ; 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Riggi, Francesco ; Rodrigues Fernandes Rabacal, B. ; Rodrı́guez Cahuantzi, Mario ; Rodriguez Manso, Alis ; Røed, Ketil ; Rohr, David ; Röhrich, Dieter ; Romita, Rosa ; Ronchetti, Federico ; Rosnet, Philippe ; Rossegger, S. ; Rossi, Andrea ; Roy, Pradip Kumar ; Roy, Christelle Sophie ; Rubio Montero, Antonio Juan ; Rui, Rinaldo ; Ryabinkin, Evgeny ; Rybicki, Andrzej ; Sadovskiy, Sergey ; Šafařík, Karel ; Sahoo, Raghunath ; Sahu, Pradip Kumar ; Saini, Jogender ; Sakaguchi, H. ; Sakai, Shingo ; Sakata, D. ; Salgado, Carlos A. ; Salzwedel, Jai ; Sambyal, Sanjeev Singh ; Samsonov, Vladimir ; Sanchez Castro, Xitzel ; Šándor, Ladislav ; Sandoval, Andres ; Sano, S. ; Sano, Masato ; Santo, R. ; Santoro, R. ; Sarkamo, J. ; Scapparone, Eugenio ; Scarlassara, Fernando ; Scharenberg, Rolf Paul ; Schiaua, Claudiu Cornel ; Schicker, Rainer ; Schmidt, Christian Joachim ; Schmidt, Hans Rudolf ; Schreiner, S. ; Schuchmann, Simone ; Schukraft, Jürgen ; Schutz, Yves Roland ; Schwarz, Kilian ; Schweda, Kai ; Scioli, Gilda ; Scomparin, Enrico ; Scott, Rebecca Michelle ; Scott, P.A. ; Segato, G. ; Selyuzhenkov, Ilya ; Senyukov, Serhiy ; Seo, Jeewon ; Serci, S. ; Serradilla, Eulogio ; Sevcenco, Adrian ; Shabetai, Alexandre ; Shabratova, G. ; Shahoyan, Ruben ; Sharma, S. ; Sharma, Natasha ; Rohni, S. ; Shigaki, Kenta ; Shimomura, Maya ; Shtejer, Katherin ; Sibiriak, Yury ; Siciliano, M. ; Sicking, E. ; Siddhanta, Sabyasachi ; Siemiarczuk, Teodor ; Silvermyr, David Olle Rickard ; Silvestre, Catherine Micaela ; Simatovic, Goran ; Simonetti, Giuseppe ; Singaraju, Rama Narayana ; Singh, R. ; Singha, Subhash ; Sarkar-Sinha, Tinku ; Sinha, Bikash ; Sitar, Branislav ; Sitta, Mario ; Skaali, Toralf Bernhard ; Skjerdal, K. ; Smakal, R. ; Smirnov, Nikolai ; Snellings, Raimond ; Søgaard, C. ; Soltz, Ron ; Son, H. ; Song, J. ; Song, M. ; Soos, C. ; Soramel, Francesca ; Sputowska, Iwona Anna ; Spyropoulou-Stassinaki, Martha ; Srivastava, Brijesh Kumar ; Stachel, Johanna ; Stan, Ionel ; Stan, Ionel ; Stefanek, Grzegorz ; Steinbeck, T. ; Steinpreis, M. ; Stenlund, Evert Anders ; Steyn, Gideon Francois ; Stiller, Johannes Hendrik ; Stocco, Diego ; Stolpovskiy, M. ; Strabykin, K. ; Strmen, Peter ; Suaide, Alexandre Alarcon do Passo ; Subieta Vasquez, Martin Alfonso ; Sugitate, Toru ; Suire, Christophe Pierre ; Sukhorukov, M. ; Sultanov, Rishat ; Šumbera, Michal ; Šuša, Tatjana ; Toledo, Alejandro Szanto de ; Szarka, Imrich ; Szczepankiewicz, Adam ; Szostak, A. ; Szymanski, Maciej ; Takahashi, Jun ; Tapia Takaki, Jesus Daniel ; Tauro, Arturo ; Tejeda Muñoz, Guillermo ; Telesca, Adriana ; Terrevoli, Cristina ; Thäder, Jochen ; Thomas, Deepa ; Tieulent, Raphael Noel ; Timmins, Anthony Robert ; Tlusty, David ; Toia, Alberica ; Torii, H. ; Toscano, L. ; Truesdale, David Christopher ; Trzaska, Wladyslaw Henryk ; Tsuji, Tomoya ; Tumkin, Alexandr ; Turrisi, Rosario ; Tveter, Trine Spedstad ; Ulery, Jason Glyndwr ; Ullaland, Kjetil ; Ulrich, Jiri ; Uras, Antonio ; Urbán, J. ; Urciuoli, G.M. ; Usai, Gianluca ; Vajzer, Michal ; Vala, Martin ; Valencia Palomo, Lizardo ; Vallero, Sara ; Kolk, Naomi van der ; Vyvre, Pierre vande ; Leeuwen, Marco van ; Vannucci, L. ; Vargas Treviño, Maria Aurora Diozcora ; Varma, Raghava ; Vasileiou, Maria ; Vasiliev, Andrey ; Vechernin, Vladimir ; Veldhoen, Misha ; Venaruzzo, Massimo ; Vercellin, Ermanno ; Vergara, S. ; Vernet, Renaud ; Verweij, Marta ; Vicković, Linda ; Viesti, Giuseppe ; Vikhlyantsev, O. ; Vilakazi, Zabulon ; Villalobos Baillie, Orlando ; Vinogradov, Alexander A. ; Vinogradov, Yury I. ; Vinogradov, Leonid ; Virgili, Tiziano ; Viyogi, Yogendra P. ; Vodopyanov, Alexander ; Voloshin, Sergei ; Voloshin, Kirill ; Volpe, Giacomo ; Haller, Barthélémy von ; Vranić, Danilo ; Øvrebekk, G. ; Vrláková, Janka ; Vulpescu, Bogdan ; Vyushin, Alexey ; Wagner, Boris ; Wagner, V. ; Wan, R. ; Wang, Y. ; Wang, D. ; Wang, M. ; Wang, Y. ; Watanabe, K. ; Weber, Michael ; Wessels, Johannes P. ; Westerhoff, Uwe ; Wiechula, Jens ; Wikne, Jon ; Wilde, Martin ; Wilk, Grzegorz Andrzej ; Wilk, A. ; Williams, M. Crispin S. ; Windelband, Bernd ; Xaplanteris Karampatsos, L. ; Yaldo, C.G. ; Yamaguchi, Yorito ; Yang, S. ; Yang, H. ; Yasnopolskiy, S. ; Yi, J. ; Yin, Zhongbao ; Yoo, In-Kwon ; Yoon, J. ; Yu, W. ; Yuan, X. ; Yushmanov, Igor E. ; Zach, C. ; Zampolli, Chiara ; Zaporozhets, Sergey ; Zarochentsev, Andrey ; Závada, Petr ; Zaviyalov, Nikolaj ; Zbroszczyk, Hanna Paulina ; Zelnicek, P. ; Zgura, Ion-Sorin ; Zhalov, Mikhail ; Zhang, X. ; Zhang, H. ; Zhou, Y. ; Zhou, D. ; Zhou, F. ; Zhu, X. ; Zhu, J. ; Zhu, J. ; Zichichi, Antonino ; Zimmermann, Alice ; Zinovjev, Gennady M. ; Zoccarato, Y. ; Zynovyev, M. ; Zyzak, Maksym
A measurement of the multi-strange Ξ− and Ω− baryons and their antiparticles by the ALICE experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is presented for inelastic proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. The transverse momentum (pT) distributions were studied at mid-rapidity (|y|<0.5) in the range of 0.6<pT<8.5 GeV/c for Ξ− and Ξ¯+ baryons, and in the range of 0.8<pT<5 GeV/c for Ω− and Ω¯+. Baryons and antibaryons were measured as separate particles and we find that the baryon to antibaryon ratio of both particle species is consistent with unity over the entire range of the measurement. The statistical precision of the current data has allowed us to measure a difference between the mean pT of Ξ− (Ξ¯+) and Ω− (Ω¯+). Particle yields, mean pT, and the spectra in the intermediate pT range are not well described by the PYTHIA Perugia 2011 tune Monte Carlo event generator, which has been tuned to reproduce the early LHC data. The discrepancy is largest for Ω− (Ω¯+). This PYTHIA tune approaches the pT spectra of Ξ− and Ξ¯+ baryons below pT<0.85 GeV/c and describes the Ξ− and Ξ¯+ spectra above pT>6.0 GeV/c. We also illustrate the difference between the experimental data and model by comparing the corresponding ratios of (Ω−+Ω¯+)/(Ξ−+Ξ¯+) as a function of transverse mass.
On development, feasibility, and limits of highly efficient CPU and GPU programs in several fields
(2013)
With processor clock speeds having stagnated, parallel computing architectures have achieved a breakthrough in recent years. Emerging many-core processors like graphics cards run hundreds of threads in parallel and vector instructions are experiencing a revival. Parallel processors with many independent but simple arithmetical logical units fail executing serial tasks efficiently. However, their sheer parallel processing power makes them predestined for parallel applications while the simple construction of their cores makes them unbeatably power efficient. Unfortunately, old programs cannot profit by simple recompilation. Adaptation often requires rethinking and modifying algorithms to make use of parallel execution. Many applications have some serial subroutines which are very hard to parallelize, hence contemporary compute clusters are often homogeneous, offering fast processors for serial tasks and parallel processors for parallel tasks. In order not to waste the available compute power, highly efficient programs are mandatory.
This thesis is about the development of fast algorithms and their implementations on modern CPUs and GPUs, about the maximum achievable efficiency with respect to peak performance and to power consumption respectively, and about feasibility and limits of programs for CPUs, GPUs, and heterogeneous systems. Three totally different applications from distinct fields, which were developed in the extent of this thesis, are presented.
The ALICE experiment at the LHC particle collider at CERN studies heavy-ion collisions at high rates of several hundred Hz, while every collision produces thousands of particles, whose trajectories must be reconstructed. For this purpose, ALICE track reconstruction and ALICE track merging have been adapted for GPUs and deployed on 64 GPU-enabled compute-nodes at CERN.
After a testing phase, the tracker ran in nonstop operation during 2012 providing full real-time track reconstruction. The tracker employs a multithreaded pipeline as well as asynchronous data transfer to ensure continuous GPU utilization and outperforms the fastest available CPUs by about a factor three.
The Linpack benchmark is the standard tool for ranking compute clusters. It solves a dense system of linear equations using primarily matrix multiplication facilitated by a routine called DGEMM. A heterogeneous GPU-enabled version of DGEMM and Linpack has been developed, which can utilize the CAL, CUDA, and OpenCL APIs as backend. Employing this implementation, the LOEWE-CSC cluster ranked place 22 in the November 2010 Top500 list of the fastest supercomputers, and the Sanam cluster achieved the second place in the November 2012 Green500 list of the most power efficient supercomputers. An elaborate lookahead algorithm, a pipeline, and asynchronous data transfer hide the serial CPU-bound tasks of Linpack behind DGEMM execution on the GPU reaching the highest efficiency on GPU-accelerated clusters.
Failure erasure codes enable failure tolerant storage of data and real-time failover, ensuring that in case of a hardware defect servers and even complete data centers remain operational. It is an absolute necessity for present-day computer infrastructure. The mathematical theory behind the codes involves matrix-computations in finite fields, which are not natively supported by modern processors and hence computationally very expensive. This thesis presents a novel scheme for fast encoding matrix generation and demonstrates a fast implementation for the encoding itself, which uses exclusively either integer or logical vector instructions. Depending on the scenario, it is always hitting different hard limits of the hardware: either the maximum attainable memory bandwidth, or the peak instruction throughput, or the PCI Express bandwidth limit when GPUs or FPGAs are used.
The thesis demonstrates that in most cases with respect to the available peak performance, GPU implementations can be as efficient as their CPU counterparts.
With respect to costs or power consumption, they are much more efficient. For this purpose, complex tasks must be split in serial as well as parallel parts and the execution must be pipelined such that the CPU bound tasks are hidden behind GPU execution. Few cases are identified where this is not possible due to PCI Express limitations or not reasonable because practical GPU languages are missing.
As an integral part of ALICE, the dedicated heavy ion experiment at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) contributes to the experiment’s tracking, triggering and particle identification. Central element in the TRD’s processing chain is its trigger and readout processor, the Global Tracking Unit (GTU). The GTU implements fast triggers on various signatures, which rely on the reconstruction of up to 20 000 particle track segments to global tracks, and performs the buffering and processing of event raw data as part of a complex detector readout tree.
The high data rates the system has to handle and its dual use as trigger and readout processor with shared resources and interwoven processing paths require the GTU to be a unique, high-performance parallel processing system. To achieve high data taking efficiency, all elements of the GTU are optimized for high running stability and low dead time.
The solutions presented in this thesis for the handling of readout data in the GTU, from the initial reception to the final assembly and transmission to the High-Level Trigger computer farm, address all these aspects. The presented concepts employ multi-event buffering, in-stream data processing, extensive embedded diagnostics, and advanced features of modern FPGAs to build a robust high-performance system that can conduct the high- bandwidth readout of the TRD with maximum stability and minimized dead time. The work summarized here not only includes the complete process from the conceptual layout of the multi-event data handling and segment control, but also its implementation, simulation, verification, operation and commissioning. It also covers the system upgrade for the second data taking period and presents an analysis of the actual system performance.
The presented design of the GTU’s input stage, which is comprised of 90 FPGA-based nodes, is built to support multi-event buffering for the data received from the 18 TRD supermodules on 1080 optical links at the full sender aggregate net bandwidth of 2.16 Tbit/s. With careful design of the control logic and the overall data path, the readout on the 18 concentrator nodes of the supermodule stage can utilize an effective aggregate output bandwidth of initially 3.33 GiB/s, and, after the successful readout bandwidth upgrade, 6.50 GiB/s via 18 optical links. The high possible readout link utilization of more than 99 % and the intermediate buffering of events on the GTU helps to keep the dead time associated with the local event building and readout typically below 10%. The GTU has been used for production data taking since start-up of the experiment and ever since performs the event buffering, local event building and readout for the TRD in a correct, efficient and highly dependable fashion.
The ALICE High-Level-Trigger (HLT) is a large scale computing farm designed and constructed for the purpose of the realtime reconstruction of particle interactions (events) inside the ALICE detector. The reconstruction of such events is based on the raw data produced in collisions inside the ALICE at the Large Hadron Collider. The online reconstruction in the HLT allows the triggering on certain event topologies and a significant data reduction by applying compression algorithms. Moreover, it enables a real-time verification of the quality of the data.
To receive the raw data from the various sub-detectors of ALICE, the HLT is equipped with 226 custom built FPGA-based PCI-X cards, the H-RORCs. The H-RORC interfaces the detector readout electronics to the nodes of the HLT farm. In addition to the transfer of raw data, 108 H-RORCs host 216 Fast-Cluster-Finder (FCF) processors for the Time-Projection-Chamber (TPC). The TPC is the main tracking detector of ALICE and contributes with up to 16 GB/s to over 90% of the overall data volume. The FCF processor implements the first of two steps in the data reconstruction of the TPC. It calculates the space points and their properties from charge clouds (clusters) created by charged particles traversing the TPCs gas volume. Those space points are not only the base for the tracking algorithm, but also allow for a Huffman-based data compression, which reduces the data volume by a factor of 4 to 6.
The FCF processor is designed to cope with any incoming data rate up to the maximum bandwidth of the incoming optical link (160 MB/s) without creating back-pressure to the detectors readout electronics. A performance comparison with the software implementation of the algorithm shows a speedup factor of about 20 compared with one AMD Opteron 6172 Core @ 2.1 GHz, the CPU type used in the HLT during the LHC Run1 campaign. Comparison with an Intel E5-2690 Core @ 3.0 GHz, the CPU type used by the HLT for the LHC Run2 campaign, results in a speedup factor of 8.5. In total numbers, the 216 FCF processors provide the computing performance of 4255 AMD Opteron cores or 2203 Intel cores of the previously mentioned type. The performance of the reconstruction with respect to the physics analysis is equivalent or better than the official ALICE Offline clusterizer. Therefore, ALICE data taking was switched in 2011 to FCF cluster recording and compression only, discarding the raw data from the TPC. Due to the capability to compress the clusters, the recorded data volume could be increased by a factor of 4 to 6.
For the LHC Run3 campaign, starting in 2020, the FCF builds the foundation of the ALICE data taking and processing strategy. The raw data volume (before processing) of the upgraded TPC will exceed 3 TB/s. As a consequence, online processing of the raw data and compression of the results before it enters the online computing farms is an essential and crucial part of the computing model.
Within the scope of this thesis, the H-RORC card and the FCF processor were developed and built from scratch. It covers the conceptual design, the optimisation and implementation, as well as the verification. It is completed by performance benchmarks and experiences from real data taking.
Der Urknall vor ungefähr 13.8 Milliarden Jahren markiert die Entstehung des Universums. Die gesamte Energie und Materie war in einem Punkt konzentriert und expandiert seitdem kontinuierlich. Wenige Sekundenbruchteile nach dem Urknall war die Temperatur und Dichte dieser Materie extrem hoch und die erschaffenen Elementarteilchen, speziell Quarks und Gluonen, durchliefen einen Zustand den man als Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) bezeichnet und innerhalb dessen die starke Wechselwirkung dominiert. Innerhalb dieses Plasmas können Quarks und Gluonen, welche sonst in Hadronen gebunden sind, sich frei bewegen. Die direkte Beobachtung des frühzeitlichen QGPs ist mit heutigen Mitteln nicht möglich. Allerdings ist es möglich die Dynamik und Kinematik innerhalb eines künstlich erzeugten QGPs zu erforschen und damit Rückschlüsse auf die Vorgänge während des Urknalls zu machen.
Um künstliche QGPs unter kontrollierten Bedingungen zu erzeugen, werden heutzutage ultrarelativistische Schwerionen zur Kollision gebracht. Der stärkste je gebaute Schwerionenbeschleuniger LHC befindet sich am Kernforschungzentrum CERN in der Nähe von Genf. Das ALICE Experiment, als eines der vier großen Experimente am LHC, wurde speziell gebaut um das QGP näher zu untersuchen. Vollständig ionisierte Bleikerne werden mit nahezu Lichtgeschwindigkeit in den Experimenten zur Kollision gebracht. Die deponierte Energie lässt die Temperatur der Quarks und Gluonen innerhalb der kollidierenden Nukleonen ansteigen bis eine kritische Temperatur überschritten wird und ein Phasenübergang in das QGP erfolgt. Im Laufe der Kollision kühlt das Medium ab und gelangt unter die kritische Temperatur. Nun werden aus den ehemals freien Quarks Hadronen gebildet. Diese Hadronen oder Zerfallsprodukte dieser Hadronen können daraufhin in die Detektoren des Experiments fliegen und werden dann dort gemessen.
Es gibt mehrere mögliche Observablen des QGP, die messbar mit dem ALICE Experiment sind. Die Observablen, die in dieser Arbeit detailliert untersucht werden, sind die invariante Masse und der Paartransversalimpuls eines Dielektrons. Ein Dielektron besteht aus einem Elektron und einem Positron, welche miteinander korreliert sind. Dielektronen sind ideale Sonden zur Vermessung des QGPs. Sie werden durch verschiedene Prozesse während allen Kollisionsphasen produziert, wie beispielsweise bei den initialen, harten Stößen der kollidierenden Nukleonen oder durch den elektromagnetischen Zerfall verschiedener Hadronen wie π0 und J/ψ. Zusätzlich strahlt das QGP Dielektronen abhängig von seiner Temperatur ab. Theoretisch erlaubt dies die direkte Temperaturmessung des QGPs. Ein weiterer Vorteil der Dielektronenmessung gegenüber der Messung von Hadronen liegt darin, dass Elektronen und Positronen keine Farbladungen tragen und somit auch nicht mit der dominierenden starken Wechselwirkung innerhalb des QGPs interagieren und somit unbeeinflusst Informationen über seine Dynamik liefern können.
In dieser vorliegenden Arbeit werden Dielektronenspektren als Funktion der invarianten Masse und des Paartransversalimpulses in Blei-Blei-Kollisionen mit einer Schwerpunktsenergie von √sNN = 5.02 TeV gemessen. Das erste Mal in Schwerionenkollisionen konnte an einem der großen LHC Experimente der minimale Transversalimpuls der gemessenen Elektronen und Positronen auf peT > 0.2 GeV/c minimiert werden. Dies gibt im Vergleich zu der publizierten Messung mit peT > 0.4 GeV/c die Möglichkeit auch sogenannte weiche Prozesse zu messen, erhöht aber auch den Komplexit ätsgrad der Messung durch massiv gesteigerten Untergrund. Zusätzlich ist die Messung zentralitäsabhängig durchgeführt. Zentralität ist ein Maß für den Abstand der beiden Bleikerne zum Zeitpunkt der Kollision. Je zentraler eine Kollision, desto größer ist die deponierte Energie und desto größer und heißer ist das erzeugte QGP und die daraus resultierenden Effekte.
Die gemessenen Dielektronenverteilungen werden mit dem erwarteten Beiträgen aus hadronischen Zerfällen verglichen. Die Messung ergibt, dass der Beitrag aus semileptonischen Zerfällen von Charmquarks gemessen im Vakuum, welcher mit der Anzahl der binären Nukleon-Nukleon-Kollisionen in Blei-Blei-Ereignissen hochskaliert ist, nicht das Dielektronenspektrum beschreibt. Eine Modifizierung des Beitrag gemäß des unabhängig gemessenen nuklearen Modifikationsfaktors für einzelne Elektronen aus Charm- und Beautyquarks verbessert die Beschreibung des Dielektronenspektrums. Zusätzlich wurde der Beitrag virtueller direkter Photonen abgeschätzt. Die gemessenen Werte sind vergleichbar mit vorangegangenen Messungen bei einer niedrigeren Schwerpunktsenergie. Ebenso ist es möglich in periphären Kollisionen einen Beitrag durch eine Quelle zu vermessen, die Dielektronen bei niedrigem Transversalimpuls pT,ee < 0.15 GeV/c aussendet.