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According to the Walecka mean field theory of nuclear interaction the collective mutual deceleration of the colliding nuclei gives rise to the bremsstrahlung of real and virtual ! mesons. It is shown that decays of these mesons may give a noticeable contribution to the observed yields of the baryon antibaryon pairs, dileptons and pions. Excitation functions and rapidity distributions of particles produced by this mechanism are calculated under some simplifying assumptions about the space time variation of meson fields in nuclear collisions. The calculated multiplicities of coherently produced particles grow fast with the bombarding energy, reaching a saturation above the RHIC bombarding energy. In the case of central Au+Au collisions the bremsstrahlung mechanism becomes comparable with particle production in incoherent hadron hadron collisions above the AGS energies. The rapidity spectra of antibaryons and pions exhibit a characteristic two hump structure which is a consequence of incomplete projectile target stopping at the initial stage of the reaction. The predicted distribution of e+e pairs has a strong peak at invariant masses Me+e < 0.5 GeV.
Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) calculations of central collisions between heavy nuclei are used to study fragment production and the creation of collective flow. It is shown that the final phase space distributions are compatible with the expectations from a thermally equilibrated source, which in addition exhibits a collective transverse expansion. However, the microscopic analyses of the transient states in the intermediate reaction stages show that the event shapes are more complex and that equilibrium is reached only in very special cases but not in event samples which cover a wide range of impact parameters as it is the case in experiments. The basic features of a new molecular dynamics model (UQMD) for heavy ion collisions from the Fermi energy regime up to the highest presently available energies are outlined.
We argue that the recent analysis of strangeness production in nuclear collisions at 200 A GeV/c performed by Topor Pop et al. is flawed. The conclusions are based on an erroneous interpretation of the data and the numerical model results. The term "strangeness enhancement" is used in a misleading way.
Pion and strangeness puzzles
(1996)
Data on the mean multiplicity of strange hadrons produced in minimum bias proton--proton and central nucleus--nucleus collisions at momenta between 2.8 and 400 GeV/c per nucleon have been compiled. The multiplicities for nucleon--nucleon interactions were constructed. The ratios of strange particle multiplicity to participant nucleon as well as to pion multiplicity are larger for central nucleus--nucleus collisions than for nucleon--nucleon interactions at all studied energies. The data at AGS energies suggest that the latter ratio saturates with increasing masses of the colliding nuclei. The strangeness to pion multiplicity ratio observed in nucleon--nucleon interactions increases with collision energy in the whole energy range studied. A qualitatively different behaviour is observed for central nucleus--nucleus collisions: the ratio rapidly increases when going from Dubna to AGS energies and changes little between AGS and SPS energies. This change in the behaviour can be related to the increase in the entropy production observed in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at the same energy range. The results are interpreted within a statistical approach. They are consistent with the hypothesis that the Quark Gluon Plasma is created at SPS energies, the critical collision energy being between AGS and SPS energies.
The binding problem is regarded as one of today's key questions about brain function. Several solutions have been proposed, yet the issue is still controversial. The goal of this article is twofold. Firstly, we propose a new experimental paradigm requiring feature binding, the "delayed binding response task". Secondly, we propose a binding mechanism employing fast reversible synaptic plasticity to express the binding between concepts. We discuss the experimental predictions of our model for the delayed binding response task.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Prototyp einer Spurendriftkammer mit Mikrostreifenauslese, wie sie als hochauflösende Spurendetektoren in der Kern- und Teilchenphysik zum Einsatz kommen sollen, konstruiert und getestet. Besonderes Augenmerk lag hierbei auf der Signalform und -verteilung, sowie auf dem Langzeitverhalten. Für die verschiedenen Messungen dieser Arbeit wurden die Mikrostreifen-Gasdetektoren in ein Edelstahlrohr eingebaut, das mit einem Vakuumpumpen-System verbunden ist. Durch Evakuieren der Meßapparatur und anschließendes Befüllen mit Zählgas konnten die Detektoren nach kurzer Zeit mit nur geringen Verunreinigungen des Zählgases durch Wasser und Sauerstoff betrieben werden. Als Substrat wurde das Glas S 8900 von Schott verwendet, dessen Leitfähigkeit von rho 1.1 * 10 exp 11 Omega cm durch Elektronenleitung erzeugt wird. Es wurden Mikrostreifen-Platten mit zwei verschiedenen Strukturen untersucht, die sich in der Form der Kathode voneinander unterscheiden. Die Mikrostreifen-Platten haben eine sensitive Fläche von 30 X 40 mm*mm die Breite der Anodenstreifen beträgt 8 mikrometer bei einem Abstand von 1 mm zwischen den Mittellinien von je zwei Anoden. Die Kathoden der Struktur ILL6c bestehen aus einem durchgehenden 400 mikrometer breiten Streifen. Die Kathoden der Struktur ILL6a sind in zwei 8 mikrometer breite Streifen unterteilt, wobei die Gesamtbreite der Kathoden beider Strukturen gleich ist. Die Kopplung des Anodensignals auf die rückseitigen Kathodensegmente (Pads) ist bei der Struktur ILL6a durch die geöffneten Kathoden im Vergleich zur Struktur ILL6c doppelt so groß (51.6% bei einer Glasdicke von 0.45 mm bzw. 31.3% bei 1 mm und 16.9% bei 2 mm. Mit einer gamma-Quelle 55-Fe wurden Untersuchungen von Alterungseffekten durchgeführt, in deren Verlauf an den Anoden eine Ladung von 46 mikroC/cm pro Tag aufgenommen wurde. Simultan wurde ein Draht-Proportionalzähler mit geringerer Rate zur Überwachung der Gasqualität betrieben und damit die Amplitude der Mikrostreifen-Gasdetektoren korrigiert. Die Mikrostreifen-Gasdetektoren konnten bis zu einer Ladung von 125 mikroC/cm in Ar/CH4 bzw. 200 mikroC/cm in Ar/CO2 (90:10) mit einer Energieauflösung von <= 25% (55Fe-Quelle, FWHM) und geringer Variation der Verstärkung betrieben werden. Zur Messung der Breite Theta0 der Kathoden-Ansprech-Funktion (Pad-Response-Funktion) dienten Elektronenspuren, die mit Hilfe einer stark kollimierten Beta-Quelle (90Sr) erzeugt wurden. Die Spuren wurden durch einen 50 cm langen Feldkäfig, der wie die Feldkäfige der NA49-Spurendriftkammern aus aluminisierten Mylarstreifen aufgebaut ist, zur Ausleseebene gedriftet. Auf der Rückseite der Mikrostreifen-Platten befinden sich 1 mm breite Pads mit einem Abstand von 0.5 mm in zwei verschiedenen Anordnungen (isoliert oder mit der Glasrückseite verbunden). Diese Messungen wurden mit verschiedenen Glasdicken durchgeführt: Glasdicke 0.45 mm: theta-0 = 0.51 - 0.94 mm, Glasdicke 1 mm: theta-0 = 0.91 - 1.1 mm, Glasdicke 2 mm: theta-0 = 1.4 mm. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, daß es mit Hilfe der Mikrostreifentechnologie möglich ist, Spurendriftkammern mit einer kleineren Breite theta 0 der Pad-Response-Funktion zu konstruieren, als es mit konventionellen Draht-Ausleseebenen großflächig machbar wäre. Dadurch kann insbesondere die Zweispurauflösung verbessert werden.
We discuss the properties of two distinct forms of hypothetical strange matter, small lumps of strange quark matter (strangelets) and of hyperon matter (metastable exotic multihypernuclear objects: MEMOs), with special empha- sis on their relevance for present and future heavy ion experiments. The masses of small strangelets up to AB = 40 are calculated using the MIT bag model with shell mode filling for various bag parameters. The strangelets are checked for possible strong and weak hadronic decays, also taking into account multiple hadron decays. It is found that strangelets which are stable against strong decay are most likely highly negative charged, contrary to previous findings. Strangelets can be stable against weak hadronic decay but their masses and charges are still rather high. This has serious impact on the present high sensitivity searches in heavy ion experiments at the AGS and CERN facilities. On the other hand, highly charged MEMOs are predicted on the basis of an extended relativistic mean field model. Those objects could be detected in future experiments searching for short lived, rare composites. It is demonstrated that future experiments can be sensitive to a much wider variety of strangelets.
We investigate the properties of di erent modifications to the linear -model (including a dilaton field associated with broken scale invariance) at finite baryon density and nonzero temperature T. The explicit breaking of chiral symmetry and the way the vector meson mass is generated are significant for the appearance of a phase of nearly vanishing nucleon mass besides the solution describing normal nuclear matter. The elimination of the abnormal solution prohibits the onset of a chiral phase transition but allows to lower the compressibility to a reasonable range. The repulsive contributions from the vector mesons are responsible for the wide range of stability of the normal phase in the (µ, T)-plane. The abnormal solution becomes not only energet- ically preferable to the normal state at high temperature or density, but also mechanically stable due to the inclusion of dilatons. PACS number:12.39.F
Nuclear clusters as a probe for expansion flow in heavy ion reactions at 10-A/GeV - 15-A/GeV.
(1996)
A phase space coalescence description based on the Wigner-function method for cluster formation in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions is presented. The momentum distributions of nuclear clusters d,t and He are predicted for central Au(11.6AGeV)Au and Si(14.6AGeV)Si reactions in the framework of the RQMD transport approach. Transverse expansion leads to a strong shoulderarm shape and di erent inverse slope parameters in the transverse spectra of nuclear clusters deviating markedly from thermal distributions. A clear bounce-o event shape is seen: the averaged transverse flow velocities in the reaction plane are for clusters larger than for protons. The cluster yields particularly at low pt at midrapidities and the in-plane (anti)flow of clusters and pions change if suitably strong baryon potential interactions are included. This allows to study the transient pressure at high density via the event shape analysis of nucleons, nucleon clusters and other hadrons.