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All three hitherto published novels by Dana Grigorcea do explicitly refer to Romania. Had her first novel been set in the Danube Delta and her second in Bucharest, so the plot of the recently released novel "Die nicht sterben" is located in the touristic town B. (= Buşteni) at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains. Based on Bram Stoker’s Dracula as literary pre-text, the plot of "Die nicht sterben" interweaves elements of Romanian history, Romanian contemporary events as well as elements of the family history of the first-person narrator. The present paper is focused especially on the female narrator’s bodily, erotic and flying fantasies. The social and moral revolt which manifests itself first and foremost in the vampiresses’ urge to impale, subsides in the end in uncritical idyllic and narcissistic self-reflection.
According to Arthur Rimbaud’s famous saying “Je est un autre” Max Frisch develops in his early diaries an idea of love which has to orient itself by the ban on images in the Old Testament and which, as a modern concept, has to renounce every image of oneself and the other at all. In Max Frisch’s novel Stiller the roots of this seemingly biblical belief can be found both in an aesthetic attitude towards life (as pointed out in Sören Kierkegaardʼs scriptures, especially in Entweder-Oder) and in an existentialist understanding of life (as set forth in the philosophical work of Jean-Paul Sartre). Max Frisch’s novel Stiller can be read as a literary experiment of achieving the ultimate goal of love and self-acceptance by radical self-negation and negation of the other.
While the title of Friedrich Schlegel’s novel Lucinde (1799) bears the name of a woman, the eponymic protagonist in Dorothea Schlegel’s novel Florentin (1801) is a man. Both novels have remained fragmentary as well in the literal as in the romantic sense of the word, both novels deal with literary constructions of femininity and masculinity. While Dorothea follows a more traditional role model in her primarily narrative novelistic text, Friedrich pursues in his predominantly speculative novelistic text rather new ways of thinking. According to the romantic concept of ‚progressive Universalpoesie’ he combines the two distinct principles of femininity and masculinity by establishing a connection between them and at the same time dissolving them in a universal context.
The present contribution deals with the three most recent novels of the Romanian-born Swiss Author Catalin Dorian Florescu: Zaira [Zaira] (2008), Jacob beschließt zu lieben [Jacob Decides to Love] (2011) and Der Mann, der das Glück bringt [The Man who Brings Happiness] (2016). The author unfolds in these novels family sagas spanning centuries which make the destiny of migrants between the poles of east and west a subject of discussion. In contrast to Florescu’s three former novels the reader can detect in these family novels the tendency towards a folkloristic presentation of a multicultural ambience at the expense of an intercultural involvement in the narrative depiction.
The present contribution deals with the reception of the figure of Alkestis both in Greek antiquity (Euripides) and in German literature around 1900 (Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Rainer Maria Rilke). The contribution shows on the one hand that already Euripides had problems with the dramatic transformation of the antique mythological narrative into a tragic subject. On the other hand it shows that the two modern versions of the narrative of Alkestis around 1900 deal with it quite differently: Hofmannsthal’s free adaptation of the Euripidean Alkestis shifts the subject matter into a Dionysian context, in the light of Schopenhauer’s and Nietzsche’s philosophy, whereas Rilke implants themes and motifs of his own poetry in the narrative of Alkestis and amalgamates them with it.
TRADITIONALLY, THE COST OF DEBT IS SOLELY SEEN DEPENDENT ON FIRM OR DEBT CHARACTERISTICS. HOWEVER, INCREASED PRICE TRANSPARENCY AS CAN BE FOUND IN THE U.S. CORPORATE BOND MARKET HAS REDUCED CORPORATE BOND YIELDS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK IS TO MEASURE THE SPILL-OVER EFFECT OF INCREASED PRICE TRANSPARENCY IN CORPORATE BONDS ON THE COST OF CORPORATE BORROWING OF SYNDICATED LOANS BY MAKING USE OF A NATURAL EXPERIMENT, I.E., THE INTRODUCTION OF THE TRACE SYSTEM FOR BONDS.
Hugo von Hofmannsthal wird nicht müde, in seinem Essay über Victor Eftimiu die Doppelheit des "lateinisch-slawische[n] Wesen[s]" zu betonen: "[D]er Rumäne ist Lateiner und Slawe zugleich." In ihren Ausführungen zur Hofmannsthal-Rezeption in Rumänien bescheinigt die rumänische Germanistin Mariana-Virginia Lazarescu dem österreichischen Dichter eine "genaue Kenntnis des rumänischen Lebensgefühls, der rumänischen Seelen- und Mythenlandschaft und der rumänischen Volksüberlieferungen". Repräsentiert die Latinität bei Hugo von Hofmannsthal also die kulturelle, europäische, ja vielleicht sogar die universale Perspektive, so stehen das Slawische und das Walachische, die jedoch um andere und weitere Volkselemente beliebig zu ergänzen wären, für die partikulare landschafts-, heimat- und volksbezogene Dimension. Dennoch lassen sich bei Hugo von Hofmannsthal auch in dieser letztgenannten Dimension universale Perspektiven erblicken. So spricht er etwa in seinem Geleitwort zu einer Sammlung von Übersetzungen tschechischer und slowakischer Volkslieder von "dem ewig Gleichen und der beharrenden Wurzel" der Volksüberlieferung, der er zugleich eine religiöse Dimension zuspricht. So wie Hofmannsthal bzw. Borchardt im Europabegriff der Renaissance die "Gemeinbürgschaft aller an der Latinität der höheren geistigen Existenz beteiligten für Erweckung und Bewahrung dieses grundlegenden Erbes" sahen, so war Hugo von Hofmannsthals Europabegriff während und in der Zeit nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg von der Idee des Ineinanderklingens der zahlreichen volkshaften und sozialen Partikularismen geprägt.
Species’ functional traits set the blueprint for pair-wise interactions in ecological networks. Yet, it is unknown to what extent the functional diversity of plant and animal communities controls network assembly along environmental gradients in real-world ecosystems. Here we address this question with a unique dataset of mutualistic bird–fruit, bird–flower and insect–flower interaction networks and associated functional traits of 200 plant and 282 animal species sampled along broad climate and land-use gradients on Mt. Kilimanjaro. We show that plant functional diversity is mainly limited by precipitation, while animal functional diversity is primarily limited by temperature. Furthermore, shifts in plant and animal functional diversity along the elevational gradient control the niche breadth and partitioning of the respective other trophic level. These findings reveal that climatic constraints on the functional diversity of either plants or animals determine the relative importance of bottom-up and top-down control in plant–animal interaction networks.
Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.