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Aim: The aim of this study was to measure cortico-cortical connectivity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients by TMS-evoked potential (TEP) latencies in EEG evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the hand area of the primary motor cortex of one hemisphere. TEPs were recorded on the stimulated- and at the homologue site in the non-stimulated contralateral hemisphere. Both interhemispheric directions were tested. Interhemispheric latencies of the two main reproducible TEPs, the positive component at 60 ms and the negative component at 100 ms (P60 and N100, respectively), were expected to be significantly prolonged in MS-patients compared to healthy volunteers.
Material and methods: The study compared interhemispheric propagation of P60 and N100 in groups of 12 patients with early-stage relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 16 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the Goethe-University of Frankfurt/Main and conformed to the latest revision of the Declaration of Helsinki of 2008. TEPs were recorded by means of EEG and their latencies were statistically evaluated in 10 channels around the stimulation site and in 10 corresponding electrodes in the non-stimulated contralateral hemisphere. Interhemispheric conduction time was calculated by the difference of TEP latency in non-stimulated vs. stimulated hemisphere.
Results: An ANOVA on interhemispheric conduction time showed a significant prolongation for the N100 from left to right hemisphere in MS compared to controls, while no group differences were found for the P60 and the N100 from right to left hemisphere.
Conclusion: The results provide first evidence that the N100 may constitute an interesting marker to measure interhemispheric conduction delays in early-stage RRMS. The specificity of the present finding and its relation to fiber tract pathology should be examined in further correlative analyses with diffusion tensor imaging and other structural MRI data.
Metallorganische Netzwerke (engl. metal-organic frameworks, MOFs) sind eine neuartige Klasse mikro/mesoporöser Materialien, für die eine Vielzahl von möglichen Anwendungen demonstriert werden konnte. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht in der Synthese von MOF Mikro/Nanopartikeln sowie der Herstellung von sogenannten Oberflächen-deponierten MOFs (engl. surface-attached metal-organic frameworks, SURMOFs). MOF Partikel mit kontrollierbarer Morphologie und Größe wurden unter milden Bedingungen synthetisiert. Um MOFs als Sensoren, intelligente Membrane, oder in nanotechnologischen Bauelementen verwenden zu können, ist die Integration auf der jeweiligen Oberfläche wichtig. Daher beschäftigt sich der Großteil dieser Arbeit mit der kontrollierten Abscheidung von SURMOFs auf verschiedenartigen Trägermaterialien. Etliche interessante Eigenschaften (z.B. die Fluoreszenz in Abhängigkeit von der Gegenwart von Gastmolekülen und die dynamische Gasadsorptionskapazität) der SURMOFs wurden untersucht.
This work presents a biochemical, functional and structural characterization of Aquifex aeolicus F1FO ATP synthase obtained using both a native form (AAF1FO) and a heterologous form (EAF1FO) of this enzyme.
F1FO ATP synthases catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate driven by ion motive forces across the membrane and therefore play a key cellular function. Because of their central role in supporting life, F1FO ATP synthases are ubiquitous and have been remarkably conserved throughout evolution. For their biological importance, F1FO ATP synthases have been extensively studied for many decades and many of them were characterized from both a functional and a structural standpoint. However, important properties of ATP synthases – specifically properties pertaining to their membrane embedded subunits – have yet to be determined and no structures are available to date for the intact enzyme complex. Therefore, F1FO ATP synthases are still a major focus of research worldwide. Our research group had previously reported an initial characterization of AAF1FO and had indicated that this enzyme presents unique features, i.e. a bent central stalk and a putatively heterodimeric peripheral stalk. Based on such a characterization, this enzyme revealed promising for structural and functional studies on ATP synthases and became the focus of this doctoral thesis. Two different lines of research were followed in this work.
First, the characterization of AAF1FO was extended by bioinformatic, biochemical and enzymatic analyses. The work on AAF1FO led to the identification of a new detergent that maintains a higher homogeneity and integrity of the complex, namely the detergent trans-4-(trans-4’-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexyl-α-D-maltoside (α-PCC). The characterization of AAF1FO in this new detergent showed that AAF1FO is a proton-dependent, not a sodium ion-dependent ATP synthase and that its ATP hydrolysis mechanism needs to be triggered and activated by high temperatures, possibly inducing a conformational switch in subunit γ. Moreover, this approach suggested that AAF1FO may present unusual features in its membrane subunits, i.e. short N-terminal segments in subunits a and c with implications for the membrane insertion mechanism of these subunits.
Investigating on these unique features of A. aeolicus F1FO ATP synthase could not be done using A. aeolicus cells, because these require a harsh and dangerous environment for growth and they are inaccessible to genetic manipulations. Therefore, a second approach was pursued, in which an expression system was created to produce the enzyme in the heterologous host E. coli. This second approach was experimentally challenging, because A. aeolicus F1FO ATP synthase is a 500-kDa multimeric membrane enzyme with a complicated and still not entirely determined stoichiometry and because its encoding genes are scattered throughout A. aeolicus genome, rather than being organized in one single operon. However, an artificial operon suitable for expression was created in this work and led to the successful production of an active and fully assembled form of Aquifex aeolicus F1FO ATP synthase. Such artificial operon was created using a stepwise approach, in which we expressed and studied first individual subunits, then subcomplexes, and finally the entire F1FO ATP synthase complex. We confirmed experimentally that subunits b1 and b2 form a heterodimeric subcomplex in the E. coli membranes, which is a unique case among ATP synthases of non-photosynthetic organisms. Moreover, we determined that the b1b2 subcomplex is sufficient to recruit the soluble F1 subcomplex to the membranes, without requiring the presence of the other membrane subunits a and c. The latter subunits can be produced in our expression system only when the whole ATP synthase is expressed, but not in isolation nor in the context of smaller FO subcomplexes. These observations led us to propose a novel mechanism for the assembly of ATP synthases, in which first the F1 subcomplex attaches to the membrane via subunit b1b2, and then cring and subunits a assemble to complete the FO subcomplex. Furthermore, we could purify the heterologous ATP synthase (EAF1FO) to homogeneity by chromatography and electro-elution. Enzymatic assays showed that the purified form of EAF1FO is as active as AAF1FO. Peptide mass fingerprinting showed that EAF1FO is composed of the same subunits as AAF1FO and all soluble and membrane subunits could be identified. Finally, single-particle electron microscopy analysis revealed that the structure of EAF1FO is identical to that of AAF1FO. Therefore, the EAF1FO expression system serves as a reliable platform for investigating on properties of AAF1FO.
Specifically, in this work, EAF1FO was used to study the membrane insertion mechanism of rotary subunit c. Subunits c possess different lengths and levels of hydrophobicity across species and by analyzing their N-terminal variability, four phylogenetic groups of subunits c were distinguished (groups 1 to 4). As a member of group 2, the subunit c from A. aeolicus F1FO ATP synthase is characterized by an N-terminal segment that functions as a signal peptide with SRP recognition features, a unique case for bacterial F1FO ATP synthases. By accurately designing mutants of EAF1FO, we determined that such a signal peptide is strictly necessary for membrane insertion of subunit c and we concluded that A. aeolicus subunit c inserts into E. coli membranes using a different pathway than E. coli subunit c. Such a property may be common to other ATP synthases from extremophilic organisms, which all cluster in the same phylogenetic group.
In conclusion, the successful production of the fully assembled and active F1FO ATP synthase from A. aeolicus in E. coli reported in this work provides a novel genetic system to study A. aeolicus F1FO ATP synthase. To a broader extent, it will also serve in the future as a solid reference for designing strategies aimed at producing large multi-subunit complexes with complicated stoichiometry.
Modern computational molecular quantum chemical studies, such as the present one, typically employ a wide range of theoretical techniques. The latter are often rather complicated and one should not generally expect that an experimental scientist in the area of physical chemistry, a potential reader of this work, should be familiar with all these techniques. To simplify the reading of the Thesis and to make it self-sufficient, it is supplied with an overview of the employed theoretical methodologies (Chapter 1). The overview explains basic quantum-chemical terminology referred to throughout the Thesis, introduces theoretical foundations of the methods and outlines their properties and limitations. In Part 1.1 of Chapter 1, methods for the solution of the molecular Schrödinger equation are introduced, while in the subsequent Parts 1.2 and 1.3 methods for the solution of the electronic Schrödinger equation are presented to find the ground and excited states, respectively. Part 1.4 is dedicated to basis-set effects which are omnipresent in electronic-structure calculations. It contains a number of unusual insights and concepts proposed by the author and, thus, may be insightful also to experts in quantum chemistry.
In Chapter 2, the phenomenon of acetone-water proton exchange catalyzed by tubular as well as amorphous aggregates of calix[4]hydroquinone (CHQ) macromolecules, which has been observed previously in NMR experiments (Ref. D1D), is investigated by means of correlated quantum-chemical methods. The first part of the study (Section 2.3-2.7) considers concerted proton transfer, assisted by several initially neutral OH-groups in the hydrogen-bonded networks of CHQ aggregates. The second part of the study (Section 2.8-2.13) is dedicated to a second mechanism of proton exchange: step-wise proton transfer via formation of ionic intermediates resulting from CHQ pre-dissociation. CHQ application-specific as well as general conclusions, relevant to the main topic of the Thesis (i.e. influence of specific microsolvation on the considered proton transfer processes), are presented in Section 2.14.
The phenomenon of dual fluorescence observed in clusters of methyl 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzoate ester (DMABME) and two water molecules in the gas phase, is studied in Chapter 3. Experimentally, the dual fluorescence was detected in experiments combining optical and ground-state ion-depletion infrared spectroscopies in ultracold molecular beams (Ref. D2D). In Section 3.3, calculated ground-state infrared spectra are presented that allow to identify the structures of those isomers, which are present in the gas-phase, as well as the structure of the isomer responsible for dual fluorescence. To further understand the reaction mechanism of dual fluorescence, excited-state potential energy surfaces of the identified isomers were computed along the relevant twisted intermolecular charge-transfer formation coordinate and the mechanism of energy dissipation in these complexes was investigated (Section 3.4-3.5) (Ref. D3D). A brief summary of the main results of this chapter and conclusions are given in Section 3.6. Finally, in Section 3.7 a complementary benchmark study of the quality of ground-state potential energy surfaces of prototypical hydrogen-bonded systems (ammonia-water and formic acid-water dimers) obtained at the level of BSSE-corrected MP2 combined with moderate basis sets, has been conducted. The quality of potential energy surfaces was tested with respect to basis-set size, level of electron correlation and anharmonicity effects and the applied methodology to identify the IR spectrum of hydrated DMABME complexes (Section 3.3) has been found to be sufficient to uniquely assign the IR spectra.
We investigate multivariate Laurent polynomials f \in \C[\mathbf{z}^{\pm 1}] = \C[z_1^{\pm 1},\ldots,z_n^{\pm 1}] with varieties \mathcal{V}(f) restricted to the algebraic torus (\C^*)^n = (\C \setminus \{0\})^n. For such Laurent polynomials f one defines the amoeba \mathcal{A}(f) of f as the image of the variety \mathcal{V}(f) under the \Log-map \Log : (\C^*)^n \to \R^n, (z_1,\ldots,z_n) \mapsto (\log|z_1|, \ldots, \log|z_n|). I.e., the amoeba \mathcal{A}(f) is the projection of the variety \mathcal{V}(f) on its (componentwise logarithmized) absolute values. Amoebas were first defined in 1994 by Gelfand, Kapranov and Zelevinksy. Amoeba theory has been strongly developed since the beginning of the new century. It is related to various mathematical subjects, e.g., complex analysis or real algebraic curves. In particular, amoeba theory can be understood as a natural connection between algebraic and tropical geometry.
In this thesis we investigate the geometry, topology and methods for the approximation of amoebas.
Let \C^A denote the space of all Laurent polynomials with a given, finite support set A \subset \Z^n and coefficients in \C^*. It is well known that, in general, the existence of specific complement components of the amoebas \mathcal{A}(f) for f \in \C^A depends on the choice of coefficients of f. One prominent key problem is to provide bounds on the coefficients in order to guarantee the existence of certain complement components. A second key problem is the question whether the set U_\alpha^A \subseteq \C^A of all polynomials whose amoeba has a complement component of order \alpha \in \conv(A) \cap \Z^n is always connected.
We prove such (upper and lower) bounds for multivariate Laurent polynomials supported on a circuit. If the support set A \subset \Z^n satisfies some additional barycentric condition, we can even give an exact description of the particular sets U_\alpha^A and, especially, prove that they are path-connected.
For the univariate case of polynomials supported on a circuit, i.e., trinomials f = z^{s+t} + p z^t + q (with p,q \in \C^*), we show that a couple of classical questions from the late 19th / early 20th century regarding the connection between the coefficients and the roots of trinomials can be traced back to questions in amoeba theory. This yields nice geometrical and topological counterparts for classical algebraic results. We show for example that a trinomial has a root of a certain, given modulus if and only if the coefficient p is located on a particular hypotrochoid curve. Furthermore, there exist two roots with the same modulus if and only if the coefficient p is located on a particular 1-fan. This local description of the configuration space \C^A yields in particular that all sets U_\alpha^A for \alpha \in \{0,1,\ldots,s+t\} \setminus \{t\} are connected but not simply connected.
We show that for a given lattice polytope P the set of all configuration spaces \C^A of amoebas with \conv(A) = P is a boolean lattice with respect to some order relation \sqsubseteq induced by the set theoretic order relation \subseteq. This boolean lattice turns out to have some nice structural properties and gives in particular an independent motivation for Passare's and Rullgard's conjecture about solidness of amoebas of maximally sparse polynomials. We prove this conjecture for special instances of support sets.
A further key problem in the theory of amoebas is the description of their boundaries. Obviously, every boundary point \mathbf{w} \in \partial \mathcal{A}(f) is the image of a critical point under the \Log-map (where \mathcal{V}(f) is supposed to be non-singular here). Mikhalkin showed that this is equivalent to the fact that there exists a point in the intersection of the variety \mathcal{V}(f) and the fiber \F_{\mathbf{w}} of \mathbf{w} (w.r.t. the \Log-map), which has a (projective) real image under the logarithmic Gauss map. We strengthen this result by showing that a point \mathbf{w} may only be contained in the boundary of \mathcal{A}(f), if every point in the intersection of \mathcal{V}(f) and \F_{\mathbf{w}} has a (projective) real image under the logarithmic Gauss map.
With respect to the approximation of amoebas one is in particular interested in deciding membership, i.e., whether a given point \mathbf{w} \in \R^n is contained in a given amoeba \mathcal{A}(f). We show that this problem can be traced back to a semidefinite optimization problem (SDP), basically via usage of the Real Nullstellensatz. This SDP can be implemented and solved with standard software (we use SOSTools and SeDuMi here). As main theoretic result we show that, from the complexity point of view, our approach is at least as good as Purbhoo's approximation process (which is state of the art).
Hintergrund: Das Burkitt Lymphom und das Diffus großzellige B-Zell Lymphom können überlappende morphologische und immunhistochemische Eigenschaften aufweisen. Eine Differenzierung beider Entitäten ist klinisch relevant. Mit Hilfe von Genexpressionsanalysen an kryo-konservierten Proben hochmaligner B-Zell Lymphome, bestehend aus Burkitt Lymphomen und Diffus großzelligen B-Zell Lymphomen, gelang 2006 die molekulare Definition des Burkitt Lymphoms (mBL) mit einer burkittspezifischen Gensignatur (Genchip-Klassifikator). Demgegenüber wurden Proben, die nicht diese Signatur aufwiesen als non-mBL bezeichnet. Proben, die weder mBL noch non-mBL klassifiziert wurden, wurden als intermediär eingestuft.
Ziel: Entwicklung einer Methode zur Unterscheidung von mBL und non-mBL mittels quantitativer Echtzeit-Polymerase Kettenreaktion (qPCR) durch die Etablierung eines Assays-Sets einer kleinen Anzahl von Genen der mBL-Signatur an formalinfixiertem, in paraffineingebettetem (FFPE) Gewebe.
Methoden: An 116 Proben, bestehend aus mBL, non-mBL und intermediären Fällen (entsprechend der Genchip-Klassifikation) wurden qPCR Messungen für sechs Gene und ein Referenzgen durchgeführt. Die Expressionsmessungen wurden auf den vorhandenen Genchip-Klassifikator projiziert.
Ergebnisse: 90 von 116 Proben konnten mit dem qPCR-Klassifikator klassifiziert werden. Bei 22 Proben kam es zu Messausfällen. 4 Fälle wurden bioinformatisch ausgesondert.13 von 14 mBL, 59 von 61 non-mBL und 8 von15 intermediären Fällen wurden identisch zu dem Genchip-Klassifikator bewertet.
Diskussion: Der entwickelte qPCR-Klassifikator ist eine objektive, schnelle und kosteneffiziente diagnostische Herangehensweise zur Bestimmung des mBL. Nicht alle FFPE-Proben waren mit dem qPCR Klassifikator eindeutig auswertbar und für eine Klassifikation zu nutzen. Eine Einflussgröße hierbei stellt das Alter der Proben dar. Mit Hilfe dieser Untersuchung können retrospektive Analysen durchgeführt werden. Der Klassifikator kann zusätzlich zur Morphologie und Immunhistochemie mit eindeutiger Klassifikation von 93% (mBL) und 97% (non-mBL) angewendet werden.
Plants absorb sunlight via photosynthetic pigments and convert light energy intochemical energy in the process of photosynthesis. These pigments are mainly bound to antenna protein complexes that funnel the excitation energy to the photosynthetic reaction centres. The peripheral antenna of plant photosystem II (PSII) consists of the major light-harvesting complex of PSII (LHC-II) and the minor LHCs CP29, CP26 and CP24. Light intensity can change frequently and plants need to adapt to high-light conditions in order to avoid photodamage. When more photons are absorbed than can be utilised by the photosynthetic machinery, excessive excitation energy is dissipated as heat by short-term adaptation processes collectively known as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). A decrease in PSII antenna chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence yield and a reduction in the average Chl fluorescence lifetime are associated with NPQ. The main component of NPQ is the so-called energy-dependent quenching (qE), and it is triggered by the rapid drop in thylakoid lumenal pH resulting from the plant’s photosynthetic activity. This process is thought to take place at the PSII antenna complexes, which therefore not only capture and transfer light energy but are also involved in balancing the energy flow. The decrease in lumenal pH acivates the enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE), which converts the xanthophyll violaxanthin (Vio) into zeaxanthin (Zea) in the xanthophyll cycle. In addition, the PSII subunit PsbS was discovered to be essential for qE by screening qE-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. This membrane protein is considered a member of the LHC superfamily, which also includes LHC-II and the minor LHCs. Previous studies on PsbS isolated either from native source or refolded in vitro have produced inconsistent results on its pigment binding capacity. Interestingly, a pH-dependent change in the quaternary structure of PsbS under high light conditions has been reported. This observed dimer-tomonomer transition very likely follows the protonation of lumenal glutamates upon the drop in pH and is accompanied by a change in PSII supercomplex localisation. PsbS dimers are preferentially found in association with the PSII core, whereas PsbS monomers co-localise with LHC-II.Despite the identification of !pH, Zea and PsbS as key players in qE, both the nature of the quencher(s) as well as the underlying molecular mechanism leading to excess energy dissipation still remain unknown. Several models have been put forward to explain the reversible switch in the antenna from an energy-transmitting to a quenched state. Proposals include a simple pigment exchange of Vio for Zea, and aggregation or an internal conformational change of LHC-II. Charge transfer (CT)quenching in the minor LHCs or quenching by carotenoid dark state (Car S1)-Chl interactions have also been suggested. However, none of these qE models has so far been capable of accommodating all the physiological observations and available experimental data. Most importantly, the function of PsbS remains an enigma. A recent qE model suggested that monomerisation of PsbS enables the protein to transiently bind a carotenoid and form a quenching unit with a Chl of a PSII LHC. In view of the various proposed qE mechanisms, this thesis aimed at understanding the interplay of the different qE components and the contribution of the PSII subunits LHC-II, the minor LHCs and PsbS to qE. The initial approach was to investigate the properties of the PSII subunits in the most simple in vitro model system, namely in detergent solution. For this purpose, LHC-II was isolated either from native source or refolded from recombinantly produced protein. Investigation of the minor LHCs and PsbS required heterologous expression and refolding. In addition, experiments were performed on aggregated LHC-II. Aggregates of LHC-II have been used as a popular model system for qE because they exhibit highly quenched Chl fluorescence. At the final stage of this doctoral work, a more sophisticated model system to approximate the thylakoid membrane was developed by reconstitution of the PSII subunits LHC-II and PsbS into liposomes. This system not only allowed for investigation of these membrane proteins in their native environment, but also for mimicking the xanthophyll cycle by distribution of Zea within the membrane as well as !pH by outside buffer exchange. The role of Zea in qE was first investigated with detergent solubilised antenna proteins. The requirement of this xanthophyll for qE is well-known, but the specific contribution to the molecular quenching mechansim is unclear. Previous work had shown that replacement of Vio for Zea in LHC-II was not sufficient to induce Chl fluorescence quenching in Zea-LHC-II, as suggested by the so-called molecular gearshift mechanism. However, by means of selective two-photon excitation spectroscopy, an increase in electronic interactions between Car S1 and Chls was observed for LHC-II upon lowering the pH of the detergent buffer. Electronic Car S1-Chl coupling became even stronger when Zea-LHC-II was probed. The extent of Car S1-Chl coupling correlated directly with the extent of Chl fluorescence quenching, in a similar way as observed previously in live plants under high-light conditions. However, very similar results were obtained with LHC-II aggregates. This implied that the increase in electronic interactions and fluorescence quenching was independent of Zea and low pH. Further experiments on aggregates of LHC-II Chl mutants indicated that the targeted pigments were also not essential for the observed effects. It is proposed that the same molecular mechanism causes an increase in electronic Car S1-Chl interactions and Chl fluorescence quenching in Zea-LHC-II at low pH as well as in aggregated LHC-II. Most likely, surface exposed pigments form random quenching centres in both cases. On the other hand, it was possible that Zea could act as a direct quencher of excess excitation energy in the minor LHCs. However, enrichment of refolded CP29, CP26 and CP24 with Zea did not lead to a change in the Chl excited state lifetime. Formation of a carotenoid radical cation, previously implied in CT quenching, was also not observed, although artificial generation of such a radical cation was principally possible as shown for CP29. During the course of this work, a study reporting the formation of Zea radical cations in minor LHCs was published. Therefore, Zea-enriched minor LHCs were again investigated on the experimental apparatus used in the reported study. Indeed, the presence of at least one carotenoid radical cation for each minor complex was detected. It is suggested that either the preparation method of incubating the refolded minor LHCs with Zea in contrast to refolding the complexes with only Zea and lutein causes the observed differences or that the observed spectral radical cation signatures are due to experimental artifacts. While the experiments with LHC-II and the minor LHCs gave useful insights into the putative qE mechanism, the quencher site and the mode of action of Zea could still not be unambiguously identified. Most importantly, these studies could not explain the function of the qE keyplayer PsbS. Therefore, the focus of the work was shifted to PsbS protein production, purification and characterisation. In view of inconsistent reports on the pigment binding capacity of this PSII subunit, refolding trials with and without photosynthetic pigments were conducted. The formation of a specific pigmentprotein complex typical for other LHCs was not observed and neither was the earlier reported “activation” of Zea for qE by binding to this protein. Nevertheless, PsbS refolded without pigments displayed secondary structure content in agreement with previous studies, indicating pigment-independent folding. Reconstitution of pigmentfree, refolded PsbS into liposomes confirmed that the protein is stable in the absence of pigments. Zea distributed in PsbS-containing liposomes also showed no spectral alteration that would indicate its “activation”. With the ability to reconstitute PsbS, it was then possible to proceed to modelling qE in a proteoliposome system. For this purpose, PsbS was co-reconstituted with LHC-II, which has been reported to interact with PsbS. One-photon excitation (OPE) and two-photon excitation (TPE) spectroscopy measurements were performed on LHC-II- and LHC-II/PsbS-containing liposomes. This enabled both quantification of Chl fluorescence quenching as well as determination of the extent of electronic Car S1-Chl interactions. The effect of Zea was investigated by incorporating it in the proteoliposome membrane. It was shown that Zea alone was not able to induce significant Chl fluorescence quenching when only LHC-II was present. However, when LHC-II and PsbS were co-reconstituted, pronounced Chl fluorescence quenching and an increase in electronic Car S1-Chl interactions were observed and both effects were enhanced when Zea was present. Western blot analysis indicated the presence of a LHC-II/PsbS-heterodimer in these proteoliposomes. In addition to the OPE and TPE measurements, the average Chl fluorescence lifetime was determined in detergent-free buffer at neutral pH and directly after buffer exchange to low pH. No significant changes in the average lifetime were observed for LHC-II proteoliposomes when either Zea was present or after exchange for low pH buffer. This indicated that Zea alone cannot act as a direct quencher, which concurs with the OPE measurements. Moreover, the complex was also properly reconstituted as no aggregation or significant Chl fluorescence quenching were observed. The average lifetime was not significantly affected in LHC-II/PsbS-proteoliposomes, independent of Zea or pH. However, a shortlived component in the presence of a long-lived component was not resolvable with the time resolution of the fluorescence lifetime apparatus.
Implications for qE model systems and the in vivo quenching mechanism are discussed based on the experiments in detergent solution, on LHC-II aggregates and with the proteoliposome model system.
Kompetenzen bezeichnen „erlernbare kontextspezifische Leistungsdispositionen, die sich funktional auf Situationen und Anforderungen in bestimmten Domänen beziehen“ (Klieme & Hartig, 2007, S. 17). Für den Bereich der Lehrerbildung wurden durch die Kultusministerkonferenz (2004) Standards für die Lehrerbildung: Bildungswissenschaften formuliert, die als Explikation professioneller pädagogischer Kompetenzen gelten können. Durch die Formulierung dieser Standards sieht sich die Lehrerbildung mit der Aufgabe konfrontiert, Studierende des Lehramts so auszubilden, dass die resultierenden Kompetenzen den genannten Standards genügen. Dies impliziert eine standard- und somit kompetenzorientierte Evaluation der Lehrerbildung. Bislang wird eine Evaluation der Lehrerbildung jedoch meist durch Selbsteinschätzungsverfahren umgesetzt – eine Methodik, die im Bereich der Kompetenzdiagnostik kritisch diskutiert wird (z. B. Nerdinger et al, 2008).
Der Situational Judgement Test als kompetenzdiagnostisches Instrumentarium weist die Vorteile situationsorientierter Verfahren auf und kann zusätzlich aufgrund der schriftlichen Darbietung problemlos auf große Stichproben angewandt werden. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde ein solcher Test entwickelt, um die professionelle pädagogische Kompetenz Lehramtsstudierender kontextnah und ökonomisch erfassen zu können. Die Studie hatte zum Ziel, den entwickelten standardorientierten Situational Judgement Test anhand verschiedener Außenkriterien konvergent und diskriminant zu validieren. Hierbei wurden konvergente Validitätsnachweise lediglich teilweise signifikant, wobei diskriminante Validitätsnachweise anhand des Studienfachs (Lehramtsstudium vs. Studium technisch-naturwissenschaftlicher Fächer) deutliche Signifikanzen und Effektstärken zeigten.
Die phylogenetisch hochkonservierte Jak/Stat‐Signaltransduktionskaskade repräsentiert eines der zentralen Säulen zellulärer Signalübertragung eukaryotischer Organismen. Ubiquitär im Organismus exprimiert und über eine Vielzahl von Zytokinen, Hormonen und Wachstumsfaktoren aktiviert, sind Stat‐Transkriptionsfaktoren maßgeblich an dem Erhalt der Physiologie und Homöostase von Organen und Geweben beteiligt. So sind die Mitglieder Stat5A und Stat5B (als homologe Proteine im Verbund als Stat5 bezeichnet) entscheidende Regulatoren des Immunsystems und der Hämatopoese, der Funktion und Entwicklung des Prostata‐ und Brustdrüsengewebes (Mammogenese) oder bestimmter Funktionen der Leber. Wie auch Stat3, konnten Stat5 Proteine in aberrant aktiver Form in verschiedensten Typen und Stadien humaner Tumore nachgewiesen werden, wo sie über die Expression ihrer Zielgene sowie über weitere nicht‐kanonische Funktionen im Zytoplasma und im Zellkern einer fortschreitend malignen Entartung entscheidend beitragen. Als Folge der Unterstützung essentieller Tumorgenese‐
Mechanismen, wie gesteigertes Zellwachstum, Apoptosehemmung, Migration und Metastasierung, Sauerstoff‐unabhängiger Energiestoffwechsel, Angiogenese oder Umgehung der Immunabwehr, entwickeln Tumore häufig eine Abhängigkeit gegenüber der gesteigerten Aktivität dieser Vertreter der Stat‐Proteinfamilie und reagieren mit einem Wachstumsstopp und Apoptoseinduktion auf ihre Inhibierung. Perspektivisch stellt die gezielte Interferenz mit aberranten, Tumortyp‐spezifischen Stat5‐Aktivitäten einen relevanten Ansatz in der personalisierten Therapie Stat5‐abhängiger Tumore, vorrangig leukämischen Ursprungs, dar. ...