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Escott-Price, Valentina ; Bellenguez, Céline ; Wang, Li-San ; Choi, Seung-Hoan ; Harold, Denise ; Jones, Lesley ; Holmans, Peter ; Gerrish, Amy ; Vedernikov, Alexey ; Richards, Alexander ; DeStefano, Anita L. ; Lambert, Jean-Charles ; Ibrahim-Verbaas, Carla A. ; Naj, Adam C. ; Sims, Rebecca ; Jun, Gyungah ; Bis, Joshua C. ; Beecham, Gary W. ; Grenier-Boley, Benjamin ; Russo, Giancarlo ; Thornton-Wells, Tricia A. ; Denning, Nicola ; Smith, Albert V. ; Chouraki, Vincent ; Thomas, Charlene ; Ikram, M. Arfan ; Zelenika, Diana ; Vardarajan, Badri N. ; Kamatani, Yoichiro ; Lin, Chiao-Feng ; Schmidt, Helena ; Kunkle, Brian ; Dunstan, Melanie L. ; Vronskaya, Maria ; Johnson, Andrew D. ; Ruiz, Agustin ; Bihoreau, Marie-Thérèse ; Reitz, Christiane ; Pasquier, Florence ; Hollingworth, Paul ; Hanon, Olivier ; Fitzpatrick, Annette L. ; Buxbaum, Joseph D. ; Campion, Dominique ; Crane, Paul K. ; Baldwin, Clinton ; Becker, Tim ; Gudnason, Vilmundur ; Cruchaga, Carlos ; Craig, David ; Amin, Najaf ; Berr, Claudine ; Lopez, Oscar L. ; Jager, Philip L. De ; Deramecourt, Vincent ; Johnston, Janet A. ; Evans, Denis ; Lovestone, Simon ; Letenneur, Luc ; Hernández, Isabel ; Rubinsztein, David C. ; Eiriksdottir, Gudny ; Sleegers, Kristel ; Goate, Alison M. ; Fiévet, Nathalie ; Huentelman, Matthew J. ; Gill, Michael ; Brown, Kristelle ; Kamboh, M. Ilyas ; Keller, Lina ; Barberger-Gateau, Pascale ; McGuinness, Bernadette ; Larson, Eric B. ; Myers, Amanda J. ; Dufouil, Carole ; Todd, Stephen ; Wallon, David ; Love, Seth ; Rogaeva, Ekaterina ; Gallacher, John ; St George-Hyslop, Peter ; Clarimon, Jordi ; Lleo, Alberto ; Bayer, Anthony ; Tsuang, Debby W. ; Yu, Lei ; Tsolaki, Magda ; Bossù, Paola ; Spalletta, Gianfranco ; Proitsi, Petra ; Collinge, John ; Sorbi, Sandro ; Sanchez Garcia, Florentino ; Fox, Nick C. ; Hardy, John ; Deniz Naranjo, Maria Candida ; Bosco, Paolo ; Clarke, Robert ; Brayne, Carol ; Galimberti, Daniela ; Scarpini, Elio ; Bonuccelli, Ubaldo ; Mancuso, Michelangelo ; Siciliano, Gabriele ; Moebus, Susanne ; Mecocci, Patrizia ; Del Zompo, Maria ; Maier, Wolfgang ; Hampel, Harald ; Pilotto, Alberto ; Frank-García, Ana ; Panza, Francesco ; Solfrizzi, Vincenzo ; Caffarra, Paolo ; Nacmias, Benedetta ; Perry, William ; Mayhaus, Manuel ; Lannfelt, Lars ; Hakonarson, Hakon ; Pichler, Sabrina ; Carrasquillo, Minerva M. ; Ingelsson, Martin ; Beekly, Duane ; Alvarez, Victoria ; Zou, Fanggeng ; Valladares, Otto ; Younkin, Steven G. ; Coto, Eliecer ; Hamilton-Nelson, Kara L. ; Gu, Wei ; Razquin, Cristina ; Pastor, Pau ; Mateo, Ignacio ; Owen, Michael J. ; Faber, Kelley M. ; Jonsson, Palmi V. ; Combarros, Onofre ; O'Donovan, Michael C. ; Cantwell, Laura B. ; Soininen, Hilkka ; Blacker, Deborah ; Mead, Simon ; Mosley, Thomas H. ; Bennett, David A. ; Harris, Tamara B. ; Fratiglioni, Laura ; Holmes, Clive ; Bruijn, Renee F. A. G. de ; Passmore, Peter ; Montine, Thomas J. ; Bettens, Karolien ; Rotter, Jerome I. ; Brice, Alexis ; Morgan, Kevin ; Foroud, Tatiana M. ; Kukull, Walter A. ; Hannequin, Didier ; Powell, John F. ; Nalls, Michael A. ; Ritchie, Karen ; Lunetta, Kathryn L. ; Kauwe, John S. K. ; Boerwinkle, Eric ; Riemenschneider, Matthias ; Boada, Mercè ; Hiltunen, Mikko ; Martin, Eden R. ; Schmidt, Reinhold ; Rujescu, Dan ; Dartigues, Jean-François ; Mayeux, Richard ; Tzourio, Christophe ; Hofman, Albert ; Nöthen, Markus Maria ; Graff, Caroline ; Psaty, Bruce M. ; Haines, Jonathan L. ; Lathrop, Mark ; Pericak-Vance, Margaret Ann ; Launer, Lenore J. ; Broeckhoven, Christine Van ; Farrer, Lindsay A. ; Duijn, Cornelia M. van ; Ramirez, Alfredo ; Seshadri, Sudha ; Schellenberg, Gerard D. ; Amouyel, Philippe ; Williams, Julie
Background: Alzheimer's disease is a common debilitating dementia with known heritability, for which 20 late onset susceptibility loci have been identified, but more remain to be discovered. This study sought to identify new susceptibility genes, using an alternative gene-wide analytical approach which tests for patterns of association within genes, in the powerful genome-wide association dataset of the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project Consortium, comprising over 7 m genotypes from 25,580 Alzheimer's cases and 48,466 controls.
Principal findings: In addition to earlier reported genes, we detected genome-wide significant loci on chromosomes 8 (TP53INP1, p = 1.4×10−6) and 14 (IGHV1-67 p = 7.9×10−8) which indexed novel susceptibility loci.
Significance: The additional genes identified in this study, have an array of functions previously implicated in Alzheimer's disease, including aspects of energy metabolism, protein degradation and the immune system and add further weight to these pathways as potential therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease.
Randall, Joshua C. ; Winkler, Thomas W. ; Kutalik, Zoltán ; I. Berndt, Sonja ; Jackson, Anne U. ; Monda, Keri L. ; Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O. ; Esko, Tõnu ; Mägi, Reedik ; Li, Shengxu ; Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie ; Feitosa, Mary F. ; Croteau-Chonka, Damien C. ; Day, Felix R. ; Fall, Tove ; Ferreira, Teresa ; Gustafsson, Stefan ; Locke, Adam E. ; Mathieson, Iain ; Scherag, André ; Vedantam, Sailaja ; Wood, Andrew R. ; Liang, Liming ; Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur ; Thorleifsson, Gudmar ; Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T. ; Dimas, Antigone S. ; Karpe, Fredrik ; Min, Josine L. ; Nicholson, George ; Clegg, Deborah J. ; Person, Thomas ; Krohn, Jon P. ; Bauer, Sabrina ; Buechler, Christa ; Eisinger, Kristina ; Bonnefond, Amélie ; Froguel, Philippe ; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan ; Prokopenko, Inga ; Waite, Lindsay L. ; Harris, Tamara B. ; Smith, Albert Vernon ; Shuldiner, Alan R. ; McArdle, Wendy L. ; Caulfield, Mark J. ; Munroe, Patricia B. ; Grönberg, Henrik ; Chen, Yii-Der Ida ; Li, Guo ; Beckmann, Jacques S. ; Johnson, Toby ; Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur ; Teder-Laving, Maris ; Khaw, Kay-Tee ; Wareham, Nicholas J. ; Zhao, Jing Hua ; Amin, Najaf ; Oostra, Ben A. ; Kraja, Aldi T. ; Province, Michael A. ; Cupples, L. Adrienne ; Heard-Costa, Nancy L. ; Kaprio, Jaakko ; Ripatti, Samuli ; Surakka, Ida ; Collins, Francis S. ; Saramies, Jouko ; Tuomilehto, Jaakko ; Jula, Antti ; Salomaa, Veikko ; Erdmann, Jeanette ; Hengstenberg, Christian ; Loley, Christina ; Schunkert, Heribert ; Lamina, Claudia ; Wichmann, Heinz Erich ; Albrecht, Eva ; Gieger, Christian ; Hicks, Andrew A. ; Johansson, Åsa ; Pramstaller, Peter P. ; Kathiresan, Sekar ; Speliotes, Elizabeth K. ; Penninx, Brenda W. J. H. ; Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa ; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta ; Gyllensten, Ulf ; Boomsma, Dorret I. ; Campbell, Harry ; Wilson, James F. ; Chanock, Stephen J. ; Farrall, Martin ; Goel, Anuj ; Medina-Gomez, Carolina ; Rivadeneira, Fernando ; Estrada, Karol ; Uitterlinden, André G. ; Hofman, Albert ; Zillikens, M. Carola ; Heijer, Martin den ; Kiemeney, Lambertus Adrianus ; Maschio, Andrea ; Hall, Per ; Tyrer, Jonathan ; Teumer, Alexander ; Völzke, Henry ; Kovacs, Peter ; Tönjes, Anke ; Mangino, Massimo ; Spector, Tim D. ; Hayward, Caroline ; Rudan, Igor ; Hall, Alistair S. ; Samani, Nilesh J. ; Attwood, Antony Paul ; Sambrook, Jennifer G. ; Hung, Joseph ; Palmer, Lyle J. ; Lokki, Marja-Liisa ; Sinisalo, Juha ; Boucher, Gabrielle ; Huikuri, Heikki ; Lorentzon, Mattias ; Ohlsson, Claes ; Eklund, Niina ; Eriksson, Johan G. ; Barlassina, Cristina ; Rivolta, Carlo ; Nolte, Ilja M. ; Snieder, Harold ; Klauw, Melanie M. van der ; Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V. van ; Gejman, Pablo V. ; Shi, Jianxin ; Jacobs, Kevin B. ; Wang, Zhaoming ; Bakker, Stephan J. L. ; Mateo Leach, Irene ; Navis, Gerjan ; Harst, Pim van der ; Martin, Nicholas Gordon ; Medland, Sarah E. ; Montgomery, Grant W. ; Yang, Jian ; Chasman, Daniel I. ; Ridker, Paul M. ; Rose, Lynda M. ; Lehtimäki, Terho ; Raitakari, Olli ; Absher, Devin ; Iribarren, Carlos ; Basart, Hanneke ; Hovingh, Kees G. ; Hyppönen, Elina ; Power, Chris ; Power, Chris ; Anderson, Denise ; Beilby, John P. ; Hui, Jennie ; Jolley, Jennifer ; Sager, Hendrik ; Bornstein, Stefan R. ; Schwarz, Peter E. H. ; Kristiansson, Kati ; Perola, Markus ; Lindström, Jaana ; Swift, Amy J. ; Uusitupa, Matti ; Atalay, Mustafa ; Lakka, Timo A. ; Rauramaa, Rainer ; Bolton, Jennifer L. ; Fowkes, Gerry ; Fraser, Ross M. ; Price, Jackie F. ; Fischer, Krista ; KrjutÅ¡kov, Kaarel ; Metspalu, Andres ; Mihailov, Evelin ; Langenberg, Claudia ; Luan, Jian'an ; Ong, Ken K. ; Chines, Peter S. ; Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M. ; Saaristo, Timo E. ; Edkins, Sarah ; Franks, Paul W. ; Hallmans, Göran ; Shungin, Dmitry ; Morris, Andrew David ; Palmer, Colin N. A. ; Erbel, Raimund ; Moebus, Susanne ; Nöthen, Markus Maria ; Pechlivanis, Sonali ; Hveem, Kristian ; Narisu, Narisu ; Hamsten, Anders ; Humphries, Steve E. ; Strawbridge, Rona J. ; Tremoli, Elena ; Grallert, Harald ; Thorand, Barbara ; Illig, Thomas ; Koenig, Wolfgang ; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina ; Peters, Annette ; Böhm, Bernhard O. ; Kleber, Marcus E. ; März, Winfried ; Winkelmann, Bernhard R. ; Kuusisto, Johanna ; Laakso, Markku ; Arveiler, Dominique ; Cesana, Giancarlo ; Kuulasmaa, Kari ; Virtamo, Jarmo ; Yarnell, John W. G. ; Kuh, Diana ; Wong, Andrew ; Lind, Lars ; Faire, Ulf de ; Gigante, Bruna ; Magnusson, Patrik K. E. ; Pedersen, Nancy L. ; Dedoussis, George ; Dimitriou, Maria ; Kolovou, Genovefa ; Kanoni, Stavroula ; Stirrups, Kathleen ; Bonnycastle, Lori L. ; Njølstad, Inger ; Wilsgaard, Tom ; Ganna, Andrea ; Rehnberg, Emil ; Hingorani, Aroon ; Kivimaki, Mika ; Kumari, Meena ; Assimes, Themistocles L. ; Barroso, Inês ; Boehnke, Michael ; Borecki, Ingrid B. ; Deloukas, Panos ; Fox, Caroline S. ; Frayling, Timothy ; Groop, Leif C. ; Haritunians, Talin ; Hunter, David ; Ingelsson, Erik ; Kaplan, Robert ; Mohlke, Karen L. ; North, Kari E. ; Lindgren, Cecilia M. ; Qi, Lu ; Loos, Ruth J. F. ; Heid, Iris M. ; Hirschhorn, Joel N. ; McCarthy, Mark I. ; Abecasis, Gonçalo R. ; Stefansson, Kari ; Strachan, David P. ; Schlessinger, David ; O'Connell, Jeffrey R. ; Duijn, Cornelia M. van
Men and women differ substantially regarding height, weight, and body fat. Interestingly, previous work detecting genetic effects for waist-to-hip ratio, to assess body fat distribution, has found that many of these showed sex-differences. However, systematic searches for sex-differences in genetic effects have not yet been conducted. Therefore, we undertook a genome-wide search for sexually dimorphic genetic effects for anthropometric traits including 133,723 individuals in a large meta-analysis and followed promising variants in further 137,052 individuals, including a total of 94 studies. We identified seven loci with significant sex-difference including four previously established (near GRB14/COBLL1, LYPLAL1/SLC30A10, VEGFA, ADAMTS9) and three novel anthropometric trait loci (near MAP3K1, HSD17B4, PPARG), all of which were significant in women, but not in men. Of interest is that sex-difference was only observed for waist phenotypes, but not for height or body-mass-index. We found no evidence for sex-differences with opposite effect direction for men and women. The PPARG locus is of specific interest due to its link to diabetes genetics and therapy. Our findings demonstrate the importance of investigating sex differences, which may lead to a better understanding of disease mechanisms with a potential relevance to treatment options.
Chang, Hong ; Hoshina, Naosuke ; Zhang, Chen ; Ma, Yina ; Cao, Hongxin ; Wang, Yaling ; Wu, Dong-Dong ; Bergen, Sarah E. ; Landén, Mikael ; Hultman, Christina M. ; Preisig, Martin ; Kutalik, Zoltán ; Castelao, Enrique ; Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Maria ; Forstner, Andreas Josef ; Strohmaier, Jana ; Hecker, Julian ; Schulze, Thomas Gerd ; Müller-Myhsok, Bertram ; Reif, Andreas ; Mitchell, Philip B. ; Martin, Nicholas Gordon ; Schofield, Peter R. ; Cichon, Sven ; Nöthen, Markus Maria ; Walter, Henrik ; Erk, Susanne ; Heinz, Andreas ; Amin, Najaf ; Duijn, Cornelia M. van ; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas ; Tost, Heike ; Xiao, Xiao ; Yamamoto, Tadashi ; Rietschel, Marcella ; Li, Ming
Major mood disorders, which primarily include bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, are the leading cause of disability worldwide and pose a major challenge in identifying robust risk genes. Here, we present data from independent large-scale clinical data sets (including 29 557 cases and 32 056 controls) revealing brain expressed protocadherin 17 (PCDH17) as a susceptibility gene for major mood disorders. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the PCDH17 region are significantly associated with major mood disorders; subjects carrying the risk allele showed impaired cognitive abilities, increased vulnerable personality features, decreased amygdala volume and altered amygdala function as compared with non-carriers. The risk allele predicted higher transcriptional levels of PCDH17 mRNA in postmortem brain samples, which is consistent with increased gene expression in patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy subjects. Further, overexpression of PCDH17 in primary cortical neurons revealed significantly decreased spine density and abnormal dendritic morphology compared with control groups, which again is consistent with the clinical observations of reduced numbers of dendritic spines in the brains of patients with major mood disorders. Given that synaptic spines are dynamic structures which regulate neuronal plasticity and have crucial roles in myriad brain functions, this study reveals a potential underlying biological mechanism of a novel risk gene for major mood disorders involved in synaptic function and related intermediate phenotypes.
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