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Einleitung: Schnell und gut durchgeführte BLS-Maßnahmen (Basic Life Support-Maßnahmen) können die Überlebensrate von Patient*innen mit einem Herzkreislaufstillstand enorm verbessern. Jedoch zeigen sich nicht nur bei medizinischen Laien, sondern bereits bei Medizinstudierenden deutliche Kompetenzdefizite. Die Studierenden selbst messen den Reanimationsfertigkeiten eine hohe Bedeutung bei.
Studierenden bietet das Internet insbesondere bei der rasanten technischen Entwicklung mit mittlerweile fast ubiquitärer Nutzbarkeit über Smartphones und Tablets eine einfache Möglichkeit, Lerninhalte zu vertiefen. Sie nutzen dafür Google, YouTube, Wikipedia und andere Internetquellen. Da es für die meisten Inhalte dieser Opensource-Plattformen keine Qualitätskontrolle gibt, ist die Gefahr groß, dass Studierende durch das Lernen mit Videos auf öffentlichen Plattformen auch Fehler und falsche Abläufe lernen.
Daher wäre eine Liste mit Empfehlungen der Lehrvideos zum Thema Reanimation, die den AHA-Guidelines (American Heart Association) entsprechen, wünschenswert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine inhaltliche Checkliste entwickelt und zusammen mit einer didaktischen Checkliste zur Bewertung solcher Videos angewendet.
Material und Methoden: Im ersten Schritt des mehrstufigen Studiendesigns erfolgte die Entwicklung der inhaltlichen Checkliste. Die inhaltliche Checkliste wurde basierend auf den AHA-Richtlinien 2015 und des Updates 2017 erstellt. Sie wurde in einem 3-stufigen interdisziplinären Überarbeitungsprozess im Hinblick auf Anwendbarkeit und Verständlichkeit optimiert. Zur Bewertung der didaktischen Qualität der Videos wurde eine validierte Didaktik-Checkliste für medizinische Lehrvideos zugrunde gelegt. Insgesamt wurden 74 Videos der Plattform YouTube von jeweils zwei Reviewern anhand der beiden Checklisten bewertet.
Ergebnisse: Die resultierende Checkliste umfasst 25 Items in den Gruppen Initiale Maßnahmen, Thoraxkompression, AED und Beatmung. Die Bewertung erfolgt anhand einer 3-stufigen Likert-Skala, zusätzlich gibt es die Option Items auszuschließen, falls das Item in dem Kontext des Videos nicht zutrifft oder die Maßnahme bereits erfolgt ist. Die beiden Reviewer stimmten durchschnittlich in 65,06 ±12,56% der Items überein. Kein Video erreichte die vollständige Punktzahl der inhaltlichen oder didaktischen Checkliste. Durchschnittlich erreichten die Videos in der inhaltlichen Checkliste 56,21 ±19,18% und in der Didaktikcheckliste 66,61 ±14,32%. Es konnte kein Zusammenhang zwischen der Anzahl der Aufrufe und dem jeweiligen Score der Videos oder dem Rang der Videos und deren Score festgestellt werden. Die Videos von medizinischen und staatlichen Institutionen schnitten zwar durchschnittlich besser ab, jedoch gab es auch in dieser Untergruppe Videos mit niedrigen Scores.
Schlussfolgerung: Die auf YouTube zur Verfügung gestellten Videos zu Reanimationsmaßnahmen sind häufig von schlechter inhaltlicher Qualität. Trotzdem spielen diese Videos bereits jetzt eine wichtige Rolle im Erlernen der Reanimationsmaßnahmen und werden sowohl von Laien als auch von medizinischem Personal und Medizinstudierenden genutzt. Für die Zukunft wäre daher ein Qualitätssiegel bzw. eine Liste der empfehlenswerten Videos sinnvoll. Da keins der untersuchten Videos uneingeschränkt empfehlenswert ist, anhand der beiden erprobten Checklisten sorgsam neue Videos zu dem Thema zu erstellen.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) offers an effective interventional option for treating symptomatic chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy is performed to facilitated endoscopic treatment. Pancreatic duct strictures can be treated by inserting plastic stents, and a 10 Fr endoprosthesis is adequate in many cases. Before stent insertion, hydrostatic balloon dilation is needed in some cases. Pancreatic stones can be removed with a dormia basket, but combining ERCP and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) is often most effective.
Standard and advanced endoscopic treatment approaches are delineated in this article and include stricture dilation with a Soehendra retriever, cSEMS placement and multi-stenting.
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy that is characterized by intraepithelial lymphocytosis, crypt hyperplasia, and villous atrophy. Prevalence is high and has been estimated to range between 0.5% and 1.5%. Capsule endoscopy (CE) has a sensitivity and specificity of approximately 90%. CD is an important differential diagnosis for diagnostic workup for anemia, malabsorption, or diarrhea, and must be recognized reliably by the investigator. Moreover, CE is the preferred method to screen for complications in CD, such as enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, ulcerative jejunitis, and small bowel adenocarcinoma. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Small bowel tumors are detected in approximately 10% of patients with small bowel endoscopies for obscure or overt mid-intestinal bleeding. Small bowel tumors may be of malignant or benign etiology. Malignant etiologies include adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, or lymphoma, whereas benign lesions are typically lipomas, inflammatory polyps, or adenomas. Within the group of nonneoplastic lesions inflammatory polyps are most frequent. Significant bleeding and bowel obstruction due to intussusception might occur, and surgical or endoscopic treatment has been reported for symptomatic patients. A case is demonstrated with an inflammatory fibroid polyp detected by capsule endoscopy and confirmed by balloon enteroscopy. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
In the stomach, neoplastic lesions often arise in the setting of precursor conditions such as gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, or adenomatous lesions. Biopsies may, therefore, underestimate disease severity or even miss the diagnosis (sampling error). Endomicroscopy is able to visualize typical features of such pathologies. It enables in vivo microscopy of gastritis with definition of enhanced vascularity and vascular leakage, but the typical cobblestone appearance of the gastric mucosa is preserved. The presence of intestinal metaplasia is confirmed by columnar absorptive cells with brush border and goblet cells within villiform foveolar epithelium. Gastric neoplasia is characterized by crowded glands with intraluminal folding and glandular budding and branching accompanied by increased density of dilated and distorted capillaries. Finally, in gastric cancer, gland and overall mucosal architecture is progressively lost. These features are shown side by side with white-light endoscopic findings. Endomicroscopy is used in such a setting to rapidly screen larger areas (optical biopsies) and subsequently target tissue sampling to areas with highly suspicious microscopic patterns. In experienced hands, it therefore constitutes an important part especially in the presence of neoplastic lesions within noncircumscript gastric premalignant conditions. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Dieulafoy's lesion (DL) is a rare source of gastrointestinal tract bleeding that may occur at any site in the gastrointestinal tract and may be difficult to detect by endoscopy. DL is characterized by a large, tortuous arteriole in the submucosa. This is a case of duodenal DL that is detected and treated by endoscopy. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare autosomal-dominant inherited disorder characterized by gastrointestinal hamartomas, mucocutaneous pigmentation, and an elevated cancer risk. Moreover, intussusception risk may be as high as 50% at the age of 20 years and is caused by large polyps. There is some evidence that endoscopic surveillance of PJS patients with removal of small intestinal polyps with a diameter of more than 15 mm efficiently prevents intussusceptions. In recent years, capsule endoscopy (CE) has largely replaced small-bowel radiography techniques to screen for small-bowel polyps. Magnetic resonance imaging may be equally efficient as CE for screening of large polyps. Balloon enteroscopy may be used for endoscopic snare resection of polyps. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
The small intestine is a part of the gastrointestinal tract in which digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place. The small bowel follows the stomach and is followed by the large intestine, reaching from the pylorus to the valve of Bauhin and is separated into the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.
Capsule endoscopy (CE) has the potential to offer a perfect overview of the small-bowel mucosa and complete visualization of the entire small bowel is achieved in most cases. In this video, there is an overview offered on normal findings in small-bowel CE and typical anatomical landmarks are indicated. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Small bowel endoscopy is indicated for patients with an unidentified bleeding site in esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy and ileo-colonoscopy and symptoms of intestinal blood loss or unexplained anemia. In approximately two-thirds of these cases, capsule endoscopy (CE) detects a lesion within the small bowel that explains the patient's symptoms. In few cases, though, lesions outside of the small bowel might be revealed by CE. Therefore, attention to all intestines that are visualized by CE might be necessary not to overlook bleeding sites that had not been discovered by prior flexible endoscopy.
The authors present the case of a 71-year-old male patient who presented to their outpatient clinic for unexplained anemia. Small bowel CE revealed minor bleeding from an adenocarcinoma in the cecum. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Operatively altered anatomy such as Billroth II gastroenterostomy represents a challenge in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and might require dedicated instruments. In this article, the authors demonstrate the technique of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and sphincterotomy in a patient with Billroth's operation-II. Sphincterotomy is performed with a specially designed Billroth papillotome to enable papillotomy in the direction of the papillary roof. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.