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Proceedings of 4th International Workshop "Critical Point and Onset of Deconfinement", July 9-13, 2007, Darmstadt, Germany: The multiplicity fluctuations of hadrons are studied within the statistical hadron-resonance gas model in the large volume limit. The role of quantum statistics and resonance decay effects are discussed. The microscopic correlator method is used to enforce conservation of three charges - baryon number, electric charge, and strangeness - in the canonical ensemble. In addition, in the micro-canonical ensemble energy conservation is included. An analytical method is used to account for resonance decays. The multiplicity distributions and the scaled variances for negatively and positively charged hadrons are calculated for the sets of thermodynamical parameters along the chemical freeze-out line of central Pb+Pb (Au+Au) collisions from SIS to LHC energies. Predictions obtained within different statistical ensembles are compared with the preliminary NA49 experimental results on central Pb+Pb collisions in the SPS energy range. The measured fluctuations are significantly narrower than the Poisson ones and clearly favor expectations for the micro-canonical ensemble. Thus, this is a first observation of the recently predicted suppression of the multiplicity fluctuations in relativistic gases in the thermodynamical limit due to conservation laws.
We discuss the use of Wilson fermions with twisted mass for simulations of QCD thermodynamics.
As a prerequisite for a future analysis of the finite-temperature transition making use
of automatic O(a) improvement, we investigate the phase structure in the space spanned by the
hopping parameter k , the coupling b , and the twisted mass parameter m. We present results for
Nf = 2 degenerate quarks on a 163×8 lattice, for which we investigate the possibility of an Aoki
phase existing at strong coupling and vanishing m, as well as of a thermal phase transition at
moderate gauge couplings and non-vanishing m.
Euclidean strong coupling expansion of the partition function is applied to lattice Yang-Mills theory
at finite temperature, i.e. for lattices with a compactified temporal direction. The expansions
have a finite radius of convergence and thus are valid only for b <bc, where bc denotes the nearest
singularity of the free energy on the real axis. The accessible temperature range is thus the
confined regime up to the deconfinement transition. We have calculated the first few orders of
these expansions of the free energy density as well as the screening masses for the gauge groups
SU(2) and SU(3). The resulting free energy series can be summed up and corresponds to a glueball
gas of the lowest mass glueballs up to the calculated order. Our result can be used to fix
the lower integration constant for Monte Carlo calculations of the thermodynamic pressure via
the integral method, and shows from first principles that in the confined phase this constant is
indeed exponentially small. Similarly, our results also explain the weak temperature dependence
of glueball screening masses below Tc, as observed in Monte Carlo simulations. Possibilities and
difficulties in extracting bc from the series are discussed.
Rawang (Rvwàng) is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the far north of Myanmar (Burma), and is closely related to the Dulong language spoken in China. Rawang manifests a kind of hierarchical person marking on the predicate which marks first person primarily (in several different ways - suffixes, change of final consonant, vowel length - and up to five times within one verb complex), and second person indirectly with a sort of marking similar to the inverse marking found in some North American languages: it appears when there is a first person participant, but that referent is not the actor, and when the second person is a participant. This system is quite different from those that reflect semantic role (e.g. Qiang) or grammatical relations (e.g. English).
Rawang [...] is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by people who live in the far north of Kachin State in Myanmar (Burma), particularly along the Mae Hka ('Nmai Hka) and Maeli Hka (Mali Hka) river valleys (see map on back page); population unknown, although Ethnologue gives 100,000. In the past they had been called ‘Nung’, or (mistakenly) ‘Hkanung’, and are considered to be a sub-group of the Kachin by the Myanmar government. Until government policies put a stop to the clearing of new land in 1994, the Rawang speakers still practiced slash and burn farming on the mountainsides (they still do a bit, but only on already claimed land), in conjunction with planting paddy rice near the river. They are closely related to people on the other side of the Chinese border in Yunnan classified as either Dulong or Nu(ng) (see LaPolla 2001, 2003 on the Dulong language). In this paper, I will be discussing the word-class-changing constructions found in Rawang, using data of the Mvtwang (Mvt River) dialect of Rawang, which is considered the most central of those dialects in Myanmar and so has become something of a standard for writing and inter-group communication.
Trends for distributed, open, and increasingly collaborative models of information delivery challenge the library's classic roles. In addition, trends within the research community for more interdisciplinary and collaborative scholarship create an opportunity for more enabling information infrastructure. In an age of Amazon, Google, and "social" tools, how should the library respond? My presentation will focus on strategies for bringing the library's "assets" into the flow of researchers' work. How can the library integrate its resources into the scholar's workflow? What are the emerging challenges of this integration?
Information Supply in the era of mass digitization Drawing on his experience at the Bodleian Library and now at the British Library, Ronald Milne will share his first-hand impressions of 'boutique' and mass digitization programmes, such as those being undertaken by Google and Microsoft, and their effect on information supply. Collections define libraries. What does this mean in the 21st Century? Will all libraries become equal as the digital revolution progresses? What might the digitization and indexing of millions of works mean for university researchers and the intellectually curious more generally? What are the benefits and what are the strategic issues that we are bound to consider?
The scientific innovation process embraces the steps from problem definition through the development and evaluation of innovative solutions to their successful exploitation. The challenges imposed by this process can be answered by the creation of a powerful and flexible next-generation e-Science infrastructure, which exploits leading edge information and knowledge technologies and enables a comprehensive and intelligent means of supporting this process. This paper describes our vision of a Knowledge-based eScience infrastructure, which is based on the results of an in-depth study of the researchers requirements. Furthermore, it introduces the Fraunhofer e-Science Cockpit as a first implementation of our vision.