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Spielfilme stellen für die meisten Lernenden ein attraktives Medium dar, das ein großes Potenzial für sprachliches, interkulturelles, filmästhetisches sowie mediales Lernen besitzt. In der Fremdsprachendidaktik wurden exakte Kriterien für die Filmauswahl sowie vielfältige Methoden zum produktiven Umgang mit Film-werken entwickelt. Trotzdem werden Spielfilme im schulischen Fremdsprachenunterricht relativ selten eingesetzt und noch seltener evaluiert. Das Ziel des vor-liegenden Beitrags ist deshalb, neben einer theoretischen Auseinandersetzung mit der Filmdidaktik, Evaluationsergebnisse eines schulischen Filmprojekts anzwei PASCH-Schulen und zwei deutschen bilingualen Gymnasien in der Slowakei zu präsentieren. Mittels didaktischer Tests wurden Effekte der Filmarbeit auf die Wortschatzerweiterung, den Ausbau des kulturspezifischen Hintergrundwissens sowie den Einfluss auf die "Filmlesefähigkeit" erhoben. Überdies wurden mit je-der Schülergruppe Interviews zu subjektiven Lernerfahrungen durchgeführt. Die Testergebnisse weisen auf positive Effekte hin, die durch die qualitativen Daten noch differenzierter betrachtet werden können.
Ölçme ve değerlendirme birçok alanda olduğu gibi yabancı dil öğretiminde de büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Ölçme işlemi, öğrenciye not vermenin yanı sıra öğretim sürecinin, programın, yöntemin etkililiği gibi birçok amaç için de yapılmaktadır. Öğretim sürecinin etkililiğini belirlemek için ise amaca hizmet eden ölçme araçlarının hazırlanması önemli bir unsurdur. Almanca dilbilgisi dersinin ölçme sürecinde genellikle boşluk doldurma, eşleştirme gibi ölçme teknikleri kullanılmaktadır. Ancak bu özellikteki ölçme araçları, dilin biçimsel yönünün ölçülmesini sağlarken; dilin kullanım yönünü ölçmede yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmanın amacı Almanca dilbilgisi derslerinde etkili bir ölçme ve değerlendirme yapabilmek için kullanılan ölçme araçlarının hangi özelliklere sahip olması gerektiği, ölçme aracı hazırlarken soruların nitelikleri, yapısı, ölçme aracının amaca hizmet etmesi için hangi özelliklere sahip olması gerektiğine ilişkin önerilerde bulunmaktır. Çalışmanın sonucunda ölçme ve değerlendirme sürecine işlevsellik kazandırmak amacıyla alternatif ölçme araçlarının kullanılması gerektiği vurgulanarak Almanca dilbilgisi dersinin ölçme ve değerlendirme aşamasında kullanılabilecek alternatif ölçme ve değerlendirme tekniklerine ilişkin önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Background: The purpose of this pilot study was to create a valid and reliable set of assessment questions for examining Evidence-based Dentistry (EbD) knowledge. For this reason, we adapted and validated for dental students the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ), which assesses Evidence-based Medicine (EbM) abilities.
Methods: The Berlin Questionnaire was validated with medical residents. We adapted it for use in a dentistry setting. An expert panel reviewed the adapted BQ for content validity. A cross-sectional cohort representing four training levels (EbD-novice dental students, EbD-trained dental students, dentists, and EbM−/EbD-expert faculty) completed the questionnaire. A total of 140 participants comprised the validation set. Internal reliability, item difficulty and item discrimination were assessed. Construct validity was assessed by comparing the mean total scores of students to faculty and comparing proportions of students and faculty who passed each item.
Results: Among the 133 participants (52 EbD-novice dental students, 53 EbD-trained dental students, 12 dentists, and 16 EbM-/ EbD-expert faculty), a statistically significant (p < 0.001) difference was evident in the total score corresponding to the training level. The total score reliability and psychometric properties of items modified for discipline-specific content were acceptable. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.648.
Conclusion: The adapted Berlin Questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument to assess competence in Evidence-based Dentistry in dental students. Future research will focus on refining the instrument further.
In der vorliegenden Evaluationsstudie wurde die Wirkung der Lehre des universitären Lehrprojektes ‚Expertise und Kooperation für eine Basisqualifikation Inklusion‘ (EKBI) auf inklusionsbezogene Einstellungen, Haltungen und Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen untersucht. Diese Lehre schloss jeweils Lehrtandems aus mindestens zwei Dozierenden sowie interdisziplinäre Kooperationen ein. Die Teilnehmenden der Kurse (Experimentalgruppe, n = 101) sowie Studierende, die nicht daran teilgenommen hatten (Kontrollgruppe, n = 54), wurden vor und nach dem Semester, in dem die Lehre stattfand, mittels Fragebogen untersucht. Bei der Entwicklung allgemeinerer Einstellungen, Haltungen und Bedenken konnte kein signifikanter Effekt der Zeit in Abhängigkeit von der Gruppe verzeichnet werden. Es zeigte sich aber, dass sowohl die spezifischen unterrichtsbezogenen Einstellungen als auch die subjektiv eingeschätzte Lehrer*innenwirksamkeit in Bezug auf Inklusion in der Experimentalgruppe stärker anstiegen als in der Kontrollgruppe. Es ist zu schlussfolgern, dass die Tandemlehre mindestens kurzfristig wirksam in Bezug auf eine proinklusive Entwicklung ist. Zukünftige Studien könnten die Nachhaltigkeit der Effekte sowie ihren Praxistransfer untersuchen.
Hintergrund: Bislang fehlen umfassende Daten zu Evaluationspraktiken und Leistungsorientierter Mittelvergabe (LOM) in der Lehre für die deutschen medizinischen Fakultäten. Vor diesem Hintergrund haben sich die Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e.V. (AWMF) und der Medizinische Fakultätentag (MFT) das gemeinsame Ziel gesetzt, die Praxis der Evaluationen und LOM in der Lehre (LOM-Lehre) an den medizinischen Fakultäten in Deutschland zu analysieren.
Methoden: Die Datenerhebung erfolgte mittels Fragebogen, der an alle medizinischen Fakultäten in Deutschland gesandt wurde.
Ergebnisse: An der Befragung nahmen 30 Fakultäten mit insgesamt 33 Studiengängen teil (Rücklauf: 83%). Die an den Fakultäten eingesetzten Erhebungsinstrumente erfassen vorrangig strukturelle und prozedurale Aspekte sowie einen Gesamteindruck der Lehre. Zwischen den Fakultäten herrscht bezüglich der verwendeten Instrumente eine recht hohe Heterogenität. Teilweise bleibt unklar, inwiefern die Erhebungsinstrumente internationalen Qualitätsstandards genügen. Die finanzielle Honorierung der Lehre erfolgt überwiegend im Rahmen der Grundausstattung bzw. nach Kriterien der Lehr-Quantität. Qualitätsbasierte Mittelzuweisung spielt eine eher untergeordnete Rolle.
Schlussfolgerung: Eine möglichst bundesweite Konsentierung eines Leitbilds guter Lehre sowie die Identifikation bzw. Entwicklung valider und reliabler Erhebungsinstrumente in deutschlandweiter Zusammenarbeit scheint erstrebenswert und würde eine Weiterentwicklung der gültigen LOM-Lehre darstellen.
Kinder aus zugewanderten Familien und aus den unteren Sozialschichten haben es an deutschen Schulen schwer. Zu ihrer Unterstützung werden vielfältige Fördermaßnahmen angeboten. Welche Art der Förderung insbesondere Familien mit Migrationshintergrund benötigen, wird in der vorliegenden Schrift besprochen.
Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage wurde ein Familien-Bildungsprogramm - mittels qualitativer und quantitativer Erhebungsmethoden - evaluiert. In dem Programm werden Familien über die Dauer von zwei Jahren (im Übergang von der 4. in die 5. Klasse) eng begleitet. Das vielfältige Unterstützungsangebot ist dahingehend ausgerichtet, die teilnehmenden Kinder auf ihrem schulischen Weg zu unterstützen. Ebenso möchte das Programm zur Erhöhung der gesellschaftlichen Teilhabe der Familien beitragen.
Erhebliche Leistungsfortschritte erreichen fast alle Kinder im Kompetenzbereich Lesen. Besonders die leistungsschwächeren Kinder haben von der Förderung profitiert. Auch die Rechtschreibkompetenzen haben sich im Schnitt verbessert. Das schulbezogene Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept der Kinder sowie ihre Lern- und Leistungsmotivation bleibt von der Förderung relativ unbeeinflusst. Die Eltern profitieren insbesondere von dem Zugewinn einer konstanten Ansprechperson. Es gelingt den Mitarbeiterinnen ein Stützungs-Setting aufzubauen, welches den Eltern Sicherheit vermittelt und sie zuversichtlicher werden lässt. Daneben wurde eine Reihe differentieller Wirksamkeiten ermittelt (wie Entlastung, Aktivierung, Qualifizierung). Das Ausmaß der Wirksamkeit wird durch spezielle Bedingungen - auf Seite der Teilnehmer und auf Seite der Ausführenden - moderiert.
Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse werden mit Bezug auf Implikationen für die Praxis (in Schulen und Bildungsprogrammen) diskutiert.
Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de ilköğretim kurumlarından itibaren en az bir yabancı dil öğretilmesine rağmen neden Ölçme Seçme ve Yerleştirme Merkezi (ÖSYM) tarafından hazırlanan, uygulanan ve değerlendirilen sınavlarda birçok kişinin istenilen başarıya ulaşamadığı, özellikle dört yıl yabancı dilde eğitim alan Almanca öğretmenlik lisans mezunu öğretmen adaylarının Öğretmenlik Alan Bilgisi Testinden neden istedikleri sonuçları elde edemedikleri araştırılmış, sınavlara girenlerin sınav sorularını ne ölçüde doğru cevaplandırdıkları veya sorulara cevap verirken neden hata yaptıkları sorularına cevap aranmıştır. Araştırmaya ilişkin veriler rastgele seçilen ÖSYM'nin hazırlamış olduğu sınavlardan alınan örnek sorulardan oluşturulan bir örnek sınavın Trakya Üniversitesi lisans öğrencilerine uygulanması suretiyle toplanmış, okuduğunu anlama, çeviri gibi birçok soru tipinde iyi sonuçlar elde edilmesi ancak dilbilgisine ilişkin soruların çok azının doğru cevaplandırılması sonucunda araştırma cevap şıkları arasında en az bir adet bağlaç bulunan sorular ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Bağlaçlar üzerine yapılan inceleme, ÖSYM tarafından hazırlanan ve uygulanan sınavlarda günlük yaşamda sık kullanılan bağlaçların yanı sıra çok nadir kullanılan bağlaçlara da yer verildiğini ve sorulara doğru cevap verebilmek için lisans süresince kullanılan dilbilgisi kitaplarındaki konuları tekrar etmenin yeterli olmayacağı, merkezi sınavlarda yer alan soruları doğru cevaplandırabilmek için özellikle şıklarda yer alan uygun bir kelime ile tamamlanması gereken cümlelerin anlamlarının çok iyi anlaşılması ve bunun için de çok geniş bir kelime hazinesine sahip olunması ve öte yandan bağlaçların üstlenebilecekleri tüm işlevlerini ve anlamsal ve sözdizimsel özelliklerini bilmek gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur. Ancak Almanca Öğretmenliği lisans eğitimi süresince kullanılan dilbilgisi kitapları incelendiğinde, bunlarda her bir bağlaca yer verilmediği gibi bağlaçların sunuluş biçiminde de farklılıkların olduğu ve her kaynakta bağlaçların her bir anlamsal ve sözdizimsel özelliğine yer verilmediği, bu nedenle Almanca öğretmen adaylarının sınavlarda başarılı olmak için lisans süresince aldıkları eğitimin yanı sıra mutlaka daha başka kaynaklardan da aydalanarak bireysel olarak ek çalışmalar yapmaları gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Background: In Germany, patients suffering from life-limiting conditions are eligible for specialized outpatient palliative care (SOPC). Evaluation of the quality of this service lacks currently integration of patient-relevant outcomes. There is also no scientific consensus how to prove quality of care in the special context of SOPC adequately. Existing quality reports are primarily based on descriptive structural data which do not allow for estimation of process quality or result quality. The ELSAH study ("Evaluation of Specialized Outpatient Palliative Care in the German state of Hesse") aims to choose - or, if necessary, to adopt - to evaluate and to implement a suit of measures to assess, evaluate and monitor the quality of specialized, home-based palliative care.
Methods: All 22 SOPC teams providing their services in the state of Hesse, Germany, participate in the ELSAH study. The study is divided in two phases: a preparation phase and a main study phase. Based on the findings of the preparation phase we have chosen a preliminary set of instruments including the Integrated Palliative Outcome Scale, Views on Care, Zarit Burden Interview, Phase of Illness, Goal Attainment Scaling, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, Consumer Quality Indices Palliative Care and Sense of Security in Care. During the main study phase, we will use a mixed-methods approach to evaluate the instruments’ psychometric properties (reliability, validity, feasibility and practicability), to identify barriers, facilitators and limitations of their routine use and to explore how their use affects the care within the SOPC setting.
Discussion: At the end of this study, an outcome- and patient-centered, validated measurement approach should be provided, adapted for standardized evaluations in SOPC across patient groups, palliative care services and regions nationwide. The standardized application of instruments should allow for making valid statements and comparisons of health care quality in SOPC based on process- and outcome-evaluation rather than relying on structural data only. Moreover, the instruments might directly influence the care of patients in palliative situations.
Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00012421).
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the acceptance and assessment of work shadowing carried out by students and dentists in dental practices. Furthermore, the extent to which students perceive an improvement in their specialised, communication and social competencies, was to be examined.
Methods: 61 dental students in their clinical semesters at a German university participated in work shadowing placements at 27 different general dental practices. Before beginning, they received checklists of various competencies that they self-assessed using school grades (from 1 = "very good", to 6 = "failed"), which they also repeated after completion. The dentists supplemented this with their external assessments. In addition, the students were requested to fill out a 54-item questionnaire and compose a freely-structured report after the work shadowing; the dentists filled out a questionnaire containing 16 items. The statistical analysis was carried out by means of the Friedman Test, including a post-hoc test (Bonferroni-Holm correction).
Results: The analysis showed a significant overall improvement in the students’ self-assessed competencies by 0.71* ± 0.43 grades. With an average of 0.33* ± 0.36, the dentists’ external assessment proved significantly higher than the self-assessment. The greatest improvements were perceived by the students in the areas of accounting (1.17* ± 0.77), practice organisation (1.05* ± 0.61) and dentist’s discussions (0.94* ±0.80) [*p < 0.05]. The students confirmed experiencing an expansion of knowledge, an improvement in their communication skills and indicated a high degree of satisfaction in regard to the dentists (school grade 1.58 ± 0.93). A maximum amount of satisfaction towards the work shadow students was demonstrated by the dentists, and this form of teaching was assessed with a school grade of 1.69 ± 0.89.
Conclusion: Both students and dental practitioners demonstrated a high level of satisfaction in regard to the work shadowing. The students felt their knowledge had increased, viewed the dentists as motivating role models and acknowledged a significant improvement in their specialised, communication and social competencies. Work shadowing in dental teaching practices presents a sensible addition to academic teaching at a university.
Background: Lectures remain an important teaching method to present and structure knowledge to many students concurrently. Adequate measures are necessary to maintain the quality of the lectures. The aim of this study was to determine the impact on the lecture quality using written structured feedback and to compare the ratings of surgical lectures between students and surgical peers.
Methods: Prospective analysis of two consecutive surgical lecture series for undergraduate students at Goethe-University Medical School was performed before and after evaluation of the lecturers via independent written feedback from trained undergraduate students and surgeons. The 22-item feedback instrument covered three areas of performance: content, visualization, and delivery. Additional suggestions for improvement were provided from
both students and surgical peers who anonymously attended the lectures. The lecturers, experienced surgeons, as well as the student and peer raters were blinded in terms of the aim and content of the study. Their response to the feedback was collected using a web-based 13-item questionnaire. The Kendall’s-W coefficient was computed to calculate inter-rater reliability (IRR). Differences between ratings before and after feedback were analyzed using Student’s t-test for dependent samples. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov-test was used for independent samples.
Results: A total of 22 lectures from a possible 32 given by 13 lecturers were included and analyzed by at least three surgeons and two students. There were significant improvements in overall score as well as in the details of 9 of the 13 items were found. The average inter-rater reliability was 0.71. There were no differences in the ratings as a function of the rater’s level of expertise (peers vs. students). We found that 13/23 lecturers (56.5%) answered the questionnaire, and 92% strongly agreed that the written feedback was useful. 76.9% of the lecturers revised their lecture based on the written feedback requiring on average 112.5 min (range from 20 to 300 min).
Conclusions: Overall, this study indicates that structured written feedback provided by trained peers and students that is subsequently discussed by the lecturers concerned is a highly effective and efficient method to improve aspects of lecturing. We anticipate that structured written feedback by trained students that is discussed by the lecturers concerned will improve lecturing.
Keywords: Lecture, Feedback, Surgery, Peer-feedback, Evaluation, Undergraduate training