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PaCATB : a secreted catalase protecting Podospora anserina against exogenous oxidative stress
(2011)
A differential mass spectrometry analysis of secreted proteins from juvenile and senescentPodospora anserina cultures revealed age-related differences in protein profiles. Among other proteins with decreased abundance in the secretome of senescent cultures a catalase, termed PaCATB, was identified. Genetic modulation of the abundance of PaCATB identified differential effects on the phenotype of the corresponding strains. Deletion of PaCatB resulted in decreased resistance, over-expression in increased resistance against hydrogen peroxide. While the lifespan of the genetically modified strains was found to be unaffected under standard growth conditions, increased exogenous hydrogen peroxide stress in the growth medium markedly reduced the lifespan of the PaCatB deletion strain but extended the lifespan of PaCatB over-expressors. Overall our data identify a component of the secretome of P. anserina as a new effective factor to cope with environmental stress, stress that under natural conditions is constantly applied on organisms and influences aging processes.
Extending the carotenoid pathway to astaxanthin in plants is of scientific and industrial interest. However, expression of a microbial beta-carotene ketolase (BKT) that catalyses the formation of ketocarotenoids in transgenic plants typically results in low levels of astaxanthin. The low efficiency of BKTs in ketolating zeaxanthin to astaxanthin is proposed to be the major limitation for astaxanthin accumulation in engineered plants. To verify this hypothesis, several algal BKTs were functionally characterized using an Escherichia coli system and three BKTs were identified, with high (up to 85%), moderate (~38%), and low (~1%) conversion rate from zeaxanthin to astaxanthin from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrBKT), Chlorella zofingiensis (CzBKT), and Haematococcus pluvialis (HpBKT3), respectively. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing the CrBKT developed orange leaves which accumulated astaxanthin up to 2 mg g -1 dry weight with a 1.8-fold increase in total carotenoids. In contrast, the expression of CzBKT resulted in much lower astaxanthin content (0.24 mg g -1 dry weight), whereas HpBKT3 was unable to mediate synthesis of astaxanthin in A. thaliana. The none-native astaxanthin was found mostly in a free form integrated into the light-harvesting complexes of photosystem II in young leaves but in esterified forms in senescent leaves. The alteration of carotenoids did not affect chlorophyll content, plant growth, or development significantly. The astaxanthin-producing plants were more tolerant to high light as shown by reduced lipid peroxidation. This study advances a decisive step towards the utilization of plants for the production of high-value astaxanthin. Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana, astaxanthin, beta-carotene ketolase, carotenoid, Haematococcus pluvialis
The avian magnetic compass was analyzed by testing migratory birds, using their orientation as an indicator. These tests revealed some remarkable properties of the avian magnetic compass: (1) It is an inclination compass’, (2) it is light-dependent, with (3) receptors located in the right eye. These characteristics are in agreement with the Radical Pair model proposed by Ritz et al. (2000). Using the same experimental set-up, we tested the model by behavioral spectroscopy’, exposing migratory birds to radiofrequency fields of different frequencies and intensities. Such fields affected the orientation only when applied at an angle to the field lines. Tests with different frequencies led to an estimate of the life time of the crucial radical pair between 2-10 μs. We also could identify an extremely sensitive resonance at the Larmor frequency, which implies specific properties of the radical pair. Cryptochromes, a blue-light absorbing photopigment, has been proposed to be the receptor-molecule; it has been found to be present in the retina of birds.
Unmasking a temperature-dependent effect of the P. anserina i-AAA protease on aging and development
(2011)
Different molecular pathways involved in maintaining mitochondrial function are of fundamental importance to control cellular homeostasis. Mitochondrial i-AAA protease is part of such a surveillance system, and PaIAP is the putative ortholog in the fungal aging model Podospora anserina. Here, we investigate the role of PaIAP in aging and development. Deletion of the gene encoding PaIAP resulted in a specific phenotype. When incubated at 27°C, spore germination and fruiting body formation are not different from that of the corresponding wild-type strain. Unexpectedly, the lifespan of the deletion strain is strongly increased. In contrast, cultivation at an elevated temperature of 37°C leads to impairments in spore germination and fruiting body formation and to a reduced lifespan. The higher PaIAP abundance in wild-type strains of the fungus grown at elevated temperature and the phenotype of the deletion strain unmasks a temperature-related role of the protein. The protease appears to be part of a molecular system that has evolved to allow survival under changing temperatures, as they characteristically occur in nature.
Prion-Erkrankungen sind neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, die durch die Fehlfaltung des zellulären Prion Proteins (PrPC) in seine pathogene Isoform PrPSc verursacht werden. Welche zellulären Mechanismen an dieser Fehlfaltung oder der Pathogenese beteiligt sind, ist bis heute nur teilweise geklärt. Einerseits wird vermutet, dass z.B. eine toxische cytosolische Form des PrPC aufgrund einer Störung des Proteasoms akkumulieren könnte und spontan in PrPSc umgewandelt wird. Andererseits konnte gezeigt werden, dass viele Signalwege, wie die MAPK-Signalwege am Prozess der Neurodegeneration beteiligt sein könnten.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war daher zum einen die Untersuchung der morphologischen Veränderung einer Zelllinie, die cytosolisches PrP exprimiert, und zum anderen die Identifikation weiterer Signalwege, die an der Prionpathogenese beteiligt sein könnten, was mittels Analysen des (Phospho)proteoms Prion-infizierter Zellen und Mäusegehirne durchgeführt werden sollte.
Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden murine Neuroblastoma Zellen charakterisiert, die eine cytosolische Form des Prion Proteins (CyPrP) exprimierten. Diese Zellen zeigten zwar keine cytotoxischen Merkmale, jedoch wiesen sie dramatische morphologische Veränderungen auf. Weiterhin wurde herausgefunden, dass diese Zellen vermutlich eine Isoform des cytosolischen PrP (CyPrPmod) exprimierten, die sowohl glykosyliert als auch auf der Zelloberfläche verankert war und somit Eigenschaften des Volllängen-PrP aufwies. Die Glykosylierung des CyPrPs wurde in Western Blots nachgewiesen, während die Verankerung des CyPrPs in der Plasmamembran anhand der Durchflusszytometrie untersucht wurde. Der vermutete Zusammenhang zwischen der CyPrPmod-Expression und der morphologischen Veränderung der Zellen wurde mittels Herunterregulation von CyPrP untersucht. Jedoch resultierte dies nicht in der erwarteten Reversion der morphologischen Effekte. Die Wiederholung der stabilen Transfektion in den parentalen N2a Zellen und anderen Zelllinien führte außerdem weder zu einer veränderten Morphologie noch zur Expression von CyPrPmod. Somit sind diese Veränderungen auf unspezifische Prozesse während der ersten stabilen Transfektion der N2a Zellen mit CyPrP zurückzuführen.
Um neue Therapien oder Biomarker bei Prion-Erkrankungen zu entwickeln, ist die Untersuchung von Signalwegen, die die Prionpathogenese beeinflussen können, wichtig. Oft werden zelluläre Signalwege über die Phosphorylierung von Proteinen gesteuert, allerdings gab es bisher in der Prionenforschung keine Untersuchungen des Phosphoproteoms von Prion-infizierten Zellen in vivo oder in vitro. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde daher das Phosphoproteom eines Prionen-replizierenden Zellkultursystems näher untersucht. In einer SILAC-Analyse von nicht infizierten und Prion-infizierten Zellen wurden über 100 Phosphoproteine identifiziert und quantifiziert, von denen drei in Western Blots validiert wurden. Die Phosphorylierung von Stathmin und Cdc2 an spezifischen Phosphorylierungsstellen war in den Prion-infizerten Zellen vermindert, während Cofilin eine erhöhte Phosphorylierung aufwies. Diese Proteine sind an der Regulation des Zellzyklus und des Zytoskeletts beteiligt und könnten eine Rolle in der Prionpathogenese spielen. Außerdem wurde nach 2D-Analysen des Proteoms Prion-infizierter Mäusegehirne eine Hochregulation des antioxidativen Proteins Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) festgestellt. Auch im Prionen-replizierenden Zellkultursystem konnte dieses Protein in erhöhten Mengen nachgewiesen werden. Experimente zur Unterdrückung bzw. Überexpression von PRDX6 ergaben, dass seine Phospholipase A2-Aktivität Signalkaskaden beeinflussen könnte, die vermutlich die Expression von PrPC und somit die Prion-Replikation regulieren können. Weitere Untersuchungen der PRDX6-abhängigen Signalwege in der Prionpathogenese sowie Inokulationen PRDX6-defizienter Mäuse mit Prionen, könnten erste Ansätze für die Entwicklung neuer Therapien bei Prion-Erkrankungen sein.
The mfl-riboswitch regulates expression of ribonucleotide reductase subunit in Mesoplasma florum by binding to 2´-deoxyguanosine and thereby promoting transcription termination. We characterized the structure of the ligand-bound aptamer domain by NMR spectroscopy and compared the mfl-aptamer to the aptamer domain of the closely related purine-sensing riboswitches. We show that the mfl-aptamer accommodates the extra 2´-deoxyribose unit of the ligand by forming a more relaxed binding pocket than these found in the purine-sensing riboswitches. Tertiary structures of the xpt-aptamer bound to guanine and of the mfl-aptamer bound to 2´-deoxyguanosine exhibit very similar features, although the sequence of the mfl-aptamer contains several alterations compared to the purine-aptamer consensus sequence. These alterations include the truncation of a hairpin loop which is crucial for complex formation in all purine-sensing riboswitches characterized to date. We further defined structural features and ligand binding requirements of the free mfl-aptamer and found that the presence of Mg2+ is not essential for complex formation, but facilitates ligand binding by promoting pre-organization of key structural motifs in the free aptamer.
Giftige Zwerge in der Umwelt? : Über Wirkungen von Nanomaterialien in aquatischen Ökosystemen
(2011)
Eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis requires the concerted action of numerous ribosome assembly factors, for most of which structural and functional information is currently lacking. Nob1, which can be identified in eukaryotes and archaea, is required for the final maturation of the small subunit ribosomal RNA in yeast by catalyzing cleavage at site D after export of the preribosomal subunit into the cytoplasm. Here, we show that this also holds true for Nob1 from the archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii, which efficiently cleaves RNA-substrates containing the D-site of the preribosomal RNA in a manganese-dependent manner. The structure of PhNob1 solved by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed a PIN domain common with many nucleases and a zinc ribbon domain, which are structurally connected by a flexible linker. We show that amino acid residues required for substrate binding reside in the PIN domain whereas the zinc ribbon domain alone is sufficient to bind helix 40 of the small subunit rRNA. This suggests that the zinc ribbon domain acts as an anchor point for the protein on the nascent subunit positioning it in the proximity of the cleavage site.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important cool season food legume, cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The goal of this study was to develop novel molecular markers such as microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-end sequences (BESs) and diversity arrays technology (DArT) markers, and to construct a high-density genetic map based on recombinant inbred line (RIL) population ICC 4958 (C. arietinum)×PI 489777 (C. reticulatum). A BAC-library comprising 55,680 clones was constructed and 46,270 BESs were generated. Mining of these BESs provided 6,845 SSRs, and primer pairs were designed for 1,344 SSRs. In parallel, DArT arrays with ca. 15,000 clones were developed, and 5,397 clones were found polymorphic among 94 genotypes tested. Screening of newly developed BES-SSR markers and DArT arrays on the parental genotypes of the RIL mapping population showed polymorphism with 253 BES-SSR markers and 675 DArT markers. Segregation data obtained for these polymorphic markers and 494 markers data compiled from published reports or collaborators were used for constructing the genetic map. As a result, a comprehensive genetic map comprising 1,291 markers on eight linkage groups (LGs) spanning a total of 845.56 cM distance was developed (http://cmap.icrisat.ac.in/cmap/sm/cp/thudi/). The number of markers per linkage group ranged from 68 (LG 8) to 218 (LG 3) with an average inter-marker distance of 0.65 cM. While the developed resource of molecular markers will be useful for genetic diversity, genetic mapping and molecular breeding applications, the comprehensive genetic map with integrated BES-SSR markers will facilitate its anchoring to the physical map (under construction) to accelerate map-based cloning of genes in chickpea and comparative genome evolution studies in legumes.