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We analyze hadrochemical freeze-out in central Pb+Pb collisions at CERN SPS and LHC energies. Employing the UrQMD hybrid transport model we study the effects of the final hadron/resonance expansion phase on the hadron multiplicities established at hadronization. The bulk meson yields freeze out directly at hadronization whereas the baryon-antibaryon sector is subject to significant alterations, due to annihilation and regeneration processes. We quantify the latter changes by survival factors for each species which are applied to modify the statistical model predictions for the data. The modified SM analysis recovers the hadronization points, which coincide with the recent lattice QCD predictions of the parton-hadron transition line at finite baryochemical potential.
Experiment NA49 at the Cern SPS uses a large acceptance detector for a systematic study of particle yields and correlations in nucleus-nucleus, nucleon-nucleus and nucleon-nucleon collisions. Preliminary results for Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 A*GeV beam energy are shown and compared to measurements at lower and higher energies.
Particle production in central Pb+Pb collisions was studied with the NA49 large acceptance spectrometer at the CERN SPS at beam energies of 20, 30, 40, 80, and 158 GeV per nucleon. A change of the energy dependence is observed around 30A GeV for the yields of pions and strange particles as well as for the shapes of the transverse mass spectra. At present only a reaction scenario with onset of deconfinement is able to reproduce the measurements.
System size dependence of multiplicity fluctuations of charged particles produced in nuclear collisions at 158 A GeV was studied in the NA49 CERN experiment. Results indicate a non-monotonic dependence of the scaled variance of the multiplicity distribution with a maximum for semi-peripheral Pb+Pb interactions with number of projectile participants of about 35. This effect is not observed in a string-hadronic model of nuclear collision HIJING.
Event-by-event fluctuations of particle ratios in central Pb + Pb collisions at 20 to 158 AGeV
(2004)
In the vicinity of the QCD phase transition, critical fluctuations have been predicted to lead to non-statistical fluctuations of particle ratios, depending on the nature of the phase transition. Recent results of the NA49 energy scan program show a sharp maximum of the ratio of K+ to Pi+ yields in central Pb+Pb collisions at beam energies of 20-30 AGeV. This observation has been interpreted as an indication of a phase transition at low SPS energies. We present first results on event-by-event fluctuations of the kaon to pion and proton to pion ratios at beam energies close to this maximum.
A non-monotonic energy dependence of the K + / pi + ratio with a sharp maximum close to 30 A GeV is observed in central Pb+Pb collisions. Within a statistical model of the early stage, this is interpreted as a sign of the phase transition to a QGP, which causes a sharp change in the energy dependence of the strangeness to entropy ratio. This observation naturally motivates us to study the production of multistrange hyperons (Xi, Omega) as a function of the beam energy. Furthermore it was suggested that the kinematic freeze-out of Omega takes place directly at QGP hadronization. If this is indeed the case, the transverse momentum spectra of the Omega directly reflect the transverse expansion velocity of a hadronizing QGP. In this report we show preliminary NA49 results on Omega - and Omega + production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 40 and 158 A GeV and compare them to measurements of Xi - and Xi + production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 30, 40, 80 and 158 A GeV.
Rapidity distributions for $\Lambda$ and $\bar{\Lambda}$ hyperons in central Pb-Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 A$\cdot$GeV and for ${\rm K}_{s}^{0}$ mesons at 158 A$\cdot$GeV are presented. The lambda multiplicities are studied as a function of collision energy together with AGS and RHIC measurements and compared to model predictions. A different energy dependence of the $\Lambda/\pi$ and $\bar{\Lambda}/\pi$ is observed. The $\bar{\Lambda}/\Lambda$ ratio shows a steep increase with collision energy. Evidence for a $\bar{\Lambda}/\bar{\rm p}$ ratio greater than 1 is found at 40 A$\cdot$GeV.
Rapidity distributions for Lambda and anti-Lambda hyperons in central Pb-Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV and for K 0 s mesons at 158 AGeV are presented. The lambda multiplicities are studied as a function of collision energy together with AGS and RHIC measurements and compared to model predictions. A different energy dependence of the Lambda/pi and anti-Lambda/pi is observed. The anti-Lambda/Lambda ratio shows a steep increase with collision energy. Evidence for a anti-Lambda/anti-p ratio greater than 1 is found at 40 AGeV.
A data-driven method was applied to Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV made with the STAR detector at RHIC to isolate pseudorapidity distance η-dependent and η-independent correlations by using two- and four-particle azimuthal cumulant measurements. We identified a η-independent component of the correlation, which is dominated by anisotropic flow and flow fluctuations. It was also found to be independent of η within the measured range of pseudorapidity |η| < 1. In 20–30% central Au+Au collisions, the relative flow fluctuation was found to be 34%±2%(stat.)±3%(sys.) for particles with transverse momentum pT less than 2 GeV/c. The η-dependent part, attributed to nonflow correlations, is found to be 5% ± 2%(sys.) relative to the flow of the measured second harmonic cumulant at |η| > 0.7.
The energy dependence of hadron production in central Pb+Pb collisions is presented and discussed. In particular, midrapidity m_T-spectra for pi-, K-, K+, p, bar p, d, phi, Lambda and bar Lambda at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV are shown. In addition Xi and Omega spectra are available at 158 AGeV. The spectra allow to determine the thermal freeze-out temperature T and the transverse flow velocity beta_T at the three energies. We do not observe a significant energy dependence of these parameters; furthermore there is no indication of early thermal freeze-out of Xi and Omega at 158 AGeV. Rapidity spectra for pi-, K-, K+ and phi at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV are shown, as well as first results on Omega rapidity distributions at 158 AGeV. The chemical freeze-out parameters T and mu_B at the three energies are determined from the total yields. The parameters are close to the expected phase boundary in the SPS energy range and above. Using the total yields of kaons and lambdas, the energy dependence of the strangeness to pion ratio is discussed. A maximum in this ratio is found at 40 AGeV. This maximum could indicate the formation of deconfined matter at energies above 40 AGeV. A search for open charm in a large sample of 158 AGeV events is presented. No signal is observed. This result is compared to several model predictions.
Die Struktur der uns umgebenden Materie sowie die zwischen ihren Bestandteilen wirkenden Kräfte waren schon immer eine der zentralen wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen. Nach den gegenwärtigen Erkenntnissen ist die uns umgebende Materie aus einigen wenigen Elementarteilchen aufgebaut; sechs Quarks und sechs Leptonen. Zwischen ihnen wirken vier fundamentale Kräfte; die starke, die schwache, die elektromagnetische und die Gravitationskraft. Dominierende Kraft zwischen Quarks ist auf kleinen Skalen, wie im Inneren von Nukleonen, die starke Kraft. Die sie beschreibende Theorie ist die Quantum Chromo Dynamic (QCD). Eine besondere Eigenschaft der QCD ist die Vorhersage, dass Quarks nur in gebundenen Zuständen auftreten, entweder als Paar (Mesonen) oder als Kombination aus drei Quarks (Baryonen). Tatsächlich wurden bisher keine freien Quarks experimentell gefunden. Dieses Phänomen wird als "confinement" bezeichnet. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob es möglich ist, einen Materiezustand zu erzeugen in welchem sich die Quarks in einem ausgedehnten Volumen wie freieTeilchen verhalten. Tatsächlich sagen theoretische Berechnungen einen solchen Zustand, das Quark-Gluon-Plasma, für sehr hohe Temperaturen und/oder Dichten voraus. Ultrarelativistische Schwerionenkollisionen sind die einzige derzeit bekannte Möglichkeit, die nötigen Temperaturen und Dichten im Labor zu erreichen. Erschwert wird die Interpretation des hierbei erzeugten Materiezustandes durch die Tatsache, dass im Experiment nur der hadronische Endzustand der Kollision beobachtet werden kann, auf Grund der sehr kurzen Zeitskala jedoch nicht die erzeugte Materie selbst. Trotzdem wurden inzwischen einige Observablen gemessen, die einen Rückschluss auf den Materiezustand in den frühen Phasen der Kollision zulassen. Die kombinierte Information legt die Bildung eines "deconfinten" Zustandes nahe. Eine dieser Proben ist die Produktion von schweren Quarkonia, d.h. Mesonen, die aus charm-anticharm (bzw. bottom-antibottom) Quarkpaaren bestehen. Wie in Kapitel 2 näher erläutert, kann von ihrer Produktion möglicherweise auf die in der Kollision erreichte Temperatur geschlossen werden. Das bisherige experimentelle Programm konzentrierte sich auf die Messung des J/Ã Mesons, dem 1S Zustandes des charm - anticharm Systems. Wie von der Theorie vorhergesagt, wurde eine Unterdrückung seiner Produktion in Schwerionenkollisionen relativ zur Produktion in Proton-Proton-Kollisionen beobachtet, z.B. vom Experiment NA50 am SPS Beschleuniger des Europäischen Zentrums für Teilchenphysik CERN, wie in Abbildung 2.2 gezeigt.Die Deutung dieser Meßdaten ist jedoch umstritten. Neben einer Interpretation im Rahmen des oben beschriebenen Modells können die Daten sowohl von hadronischen Modellen als auch von statistischen Hadronisierungsmodellen, die eine Bildung des cc Zustandes nicht in den initialen Partonkollisionen, sondern erst beim Übergang zum hadronischen Endzustand annehmen, beschrieben werden. Eine Möglichkeit, einzelne Modelle zu falsifizieren bzw. einige der Modellparameter weiter einzuschränken, besteht in der Messung anderer Quarkonia Zustände als dem J/Ã Meson. Hier wären zum einen die anderen Zustände der cc Familie zu nennen, z.B. das Âc(1P). Dieses ist jedoch durch seine Zerfallskanäle experimentell nur schwer nachzuweisen. Eine andere Möglichkeit bietet die Messung von Bindungszuständen zwischen bottom Quarks. Das bb System hat durch die grössere Massendifferenz zwischen dem ersten Bindungszustand, dem (1S), und der für die Erzeugung zweier Hadronen mit jeweils einem bottom und einem leichten Quark, wesentlich mehr Zustände als das cc System. Experimentell sind durch den Zerfallskanal in zwei Leptonen insbesondere die Upsilon gut nachzuweisen.Die Messung von Upsilons in ultrarelativistischen Schwerionenkollisionen ist jedoch experimentell äusserst herausfordernd. Durch die große Masse von circa 10 GeV/c2 ist die Produktionswahrscheinlichkeit sehr klein im Vergleich zu leichteren Teilchen, zum Beispiel dem nur 3.14 GeV/2 schwerem J/Ã. Der im Jahr 2000 in Betrieb genommene Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC, siehe Kapitel 3.1) des Brookhaven National Laboratories (BNL) auf Long Island in der Nähe vonNew York erreicht zum ersten Mal eine ausreichend grosse Schwerpunktsenergie und Luminosit ät, welche eine Upsilon Messung möglich erscheinen lassen. Die Entwicklung des experimentellen Programms zur Messung von Upsilons mit dem STAR Detektor am RHIC und erste Ergebnisse aus der Strahlzeit der Jahre 2003/2004 werden in dieser Arbeit beschrieben. Herzstück des STAR Detektors, der in Kapitel 3.2 näher beschrieben wird, ist eine Time Projection Chamber (TPC) welche die Rekonstruktion geladener Teilchen in einem grossen Phasenraumbereich bei mittlerer Rapidität erlaubt. In den Jahren 2001 bis 2005 wurde das Experiment um elektromagnetische Kalorimeter (BEMC, EEMC) erweitert, mit welchen zusätzlich die Energie von Photonen und Elektronen bestimmt werden kann. Die verschiedenen Detektoren des STAR Detektorsystems können in zwei, durch ihre mögliche Ausleserate definierte, Klassen eingeteilt werden. Ein Teil der Detektoren wird bei jedem RHIC Bunch Crossing ausgelesen, d.h. mit einer Frequenz von 9.3 MHz. Zu dieser Klasse der sogenannten Triggerdetektoren gehören unter anderem das schon erwähnte elektromagnetische Kalorimeter, der Central Trigger Barrel (CTB), die Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) und die Beam-Beam Counter (BBC). Die Time Projection Chamber und einige andere Detektoren, wie z.B. der Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT), können im Gegensatz dazu nur mit maximal 100 Hz ausgelesen werden.
Report from NA49
(2004)
The most recent data of NA49 on hadron production in nuclear collisions at CERN SPS energies are presented. Anomalies in the energy dependence of pion and kaon production in central Pb+Pb collisions are observed. They suggest that the onset of deconfinement is located at about 30 AGeV. Large multiplicity and transverse momentum fluctuations are measured for collisions of intermediate mass systems at 158 AGeV. The need for a new experimental programme at the CERN SPS is underlined.
New results from the energy scan programme of NA49, in particular kaon production at 30 AGeV and phi production at 40 and 80 AGeV are presented. The K+/pi+ ratio shows a pronounced maximum at 30 AGeV; the kaon slope parameters are constant at SPS energies. Both findings support the scenario of a phase transition at about 30 AGeV beam energy. The phi/pi ratio increases smoothly with beam energy, showing an energy dependence similar to K-/pi-. The measured particle yields can be reproduced by a hadron gas model, with chemical freeze-out parameters on a smooth curve in the T-muB plane. The transverse spectra can be understood as resulting from a rapidly expanding, locally equilibrated source. No evidence for an earlier kinetic decoupling of heavy hyperons is found.
The hadronic final state of central Pb+Pb collisions at 20, 30, 40, 80, and 158 AGeV has been measured by the CERN NA49 collaboration. The mean transverse mass of pions and kaons at midrapidity stays nearly constant in this energy range, whereas at lower energies, at the AGS, a steep increase with beam energy was measured. Compared to p+p collisions as well as to model calculations, anomalies in the energy dependence of pion and kaon production at lower SPS energies are observed. These findings can be explained, assuming that the energy density reached in central A+A collisions at lower SPS energies is sufficient to transform the hot and dense nuclear matter into a deconfined phase.
The hadronic final state of central Pb+Pb collisions at 20, 30, 40, 80, and 158 AGeV has been measured by the CERN NA49 collaboration. The mean transverse mass of pions and kaons at midrapidity stays nearly constant in this energy range, whereas at lower energies, at the AGS, a steep increase with beam energy was measured. Compared to p+p collisions as well as to model calculations, anomalies in the energy dependence of pion and kaon production at lower SPS energies are observed. These findings can be explained, assuming that the energy density reached in central A+A collisions at lower SPS energies is sufficient to force the hot and dense nuclear matter into a deconfined phase.
The large acceptance and high momentum resolution as well as the significant particle identification capabilities of the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS allow for a broad study of fluctuations and correlations in hadronic interactions. In the first part recent results on event-by-event charge and p_t fluctuations are presented. Charge fluctuations in central Pb+Pb reactions are investigated at three different beam energies (40, 80, and 158 AGeV), while for the p_t fluctuations the focus is put on the system size dependence at 158 AGeV. In the second part recent results on Bose Einstein correlations of h-h- pairs in minimum bias Pb+Pb reactions at 40 and 158 AGeV, as well as of K+K+ and K-K- pairs in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 AGeV are shown. Additionally, other types of two particle correlations, namely pi p, Lambda p, and Lambda Lambda correlations, have been measured by the NA49 experiment. Finally, results on the energy and system size dependence of deuteron coalescence are discussed.
Production of Lambda and Antilambda hyperons was measured in central Pb-Pb collisions at 40, 80, and 158 A GeV beam energy on a fixed target. Transverse mass spectra and rapidity distributions are given for all three energies. The Lambda/pi ratio at mid-rapidity and in full phase space shows a pronounced maximum between the highest AGS and 40 A GeV SPS energies, whereas the anti-Lambda}/pi ratio exhibits a monotonic increase. PACS numbers: 25.75.-q
Results are presented on event-by-event fluctuations in transverse momentum of charged particles, produced at forward rapidities in p+p, C+C, Si+Si and Pb+Pb collisions at 158 AGeV. Three different characteristics are discussed: the average transverse momentum of the event, the Phi_pT fluctuation measure and two-particle transverse momentum correlations. In the kinematic region explored, the dynamical fluctuations are found to be small. However, a significant system size dependence of Phi_pT is observed, with the largest value measured in peripheral Pb+Pb interactions. The data are compared with predictions of several models. PACS numbers: 14.20.Jn, 13.75.Cs, 12.39.-x
The transverse mass mt distributions for deuterons and protons are measured in Pb+Pb reactions near midrapidity and in the range 0<mt–m<1.0 (1.5) GeV/c2 for minimum bias collisions at 158A GeV and for central collisions at 40 and 80 A GeV beam energies. The rapidity density dn/dy, inverse slope parameter T and mean transverse mass <mt> derived from mt distributions as well as the coalescence parameter B2 are studied as a function of the incident energy and the collision centrality. The deuteron mt spectra are significantly harder than those of protons, especially in central collisions. The coalescence factor B2 shows three systematic trends. First, it decreases strongly with increasing centrality reflecting an enlargement of the deuteron coalescence volume in central Pb+Pb collisions. Second, it increases with mt. Finally, B2 shows an increase with decreasing incident beam energy even within the SPS energy range. The results are discussed and compared to the predictions of models that include the collective expansion of the source created in Pb+Pb collisions.