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Die Konsequenzen eines unzulässigen Erwerbs eigener Aktien auf ein Rechtsgeschäft zwischen zwei Handelspartnern sind hinreichend bekannt. Die Einführung einer zentralen Gegenpartei hat jedoch zu grundlegenden Veränderungen der Vertrags- und Abwicklungsstruktur im Börsenhandel geführt. Ein wirtschaftlich einheitlicher Kauf wird juristisch aufgeteilt in zwei Rechtsgeschäfte mit der CCP. Der folgende Beitrag zeigt, wie sich ein unzulässiger Erwerb eigener Aktien in diesem System auswirkt und welche Risiken für den zentralen Kontrahenten damit einhergehen.
It is theoretically clear and may be verified empirically that efficient financial markets can make it less necessary for policy to try and offset the welfare effects of labour income risk and unequal consumption dynamics. The literature has also pointed out that, since international competition exposes workers to new sources of risk at the same time as it makes it easier for individual choices to undermine collective policies, international economic integration makes insurance-oriented government policies more beneficial as well as more difficult to implement. This paper reviews the economic mechanisms underlying these insights and assesses their empirical relevance in cross-country panel data sets. Interactions between indicators of international economic integration, of government economic involvement, and of financial development are consistent with the idea that financial market development can substitute public schemes when economic integration calls for more effective household consumption smoothing. The paper’s theoretical perspective and empirical evidence suggest that to the extent that governments can foster financial market development by appropriate regulation and supervision, they should do so more urgently at times of intense and increasing internationalization of economic relationships. JEL Classification: G1, E21
We review savings trends in Italy, summarizing available empirical evidence on Italians’ motives to save, relying on macroeconomic indicators as well as on data drawn from the Bank of Italy’s Survey of Household Income and Wealth from 1984 to 2004. The macroeconomic data indicate that households’ saving has dropped significantly, although Italy continues to rank above most other countries in terms of saving. We then examine with microeconomic data four indicators of household financial conditions: the propensity to save, the proportion of households with negative savings, the proportion of households with debt, and the proportion of households that lack access to formal credit markets. By international comparison, the level of debt of Italian households and default risk are relatively low. But in light of the deep changes undergone by the Italian pension system, the fall in saving is a concern, particularly for individuals who entered the labor market after the 1995 reform and who have experienced the largest decline in pension wealth. JEL Classification: D91
Die Übertragung von Kapitalmarktpapieren nach dem US-amerikanischen Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)
(2007)
I. Einführung Der Gesetzgeber hat mit dem am 1. 11. 2005 in Kraft getretenen „Gesetz zur Unternehmensintegrität und Modernisierung des Anfechtungsrechts (UMAG)“ eine Reform der Anfechtung von Hauptversammlungsbeschlüssen im Aktienrecht eingeleitet. Diese Reform verfolgt im Wesentlichen folgende Ziele: Erstens, die beklagten Gesellschaften sollen leichter und schneller als bisher die Eintragung angefochtener Beschlüsse ins Handelsregister erwirken können, wenn dem keine schwerwiegenden Bedenken entgegenstehen. Zweitens, die funktionswidrige Verwendung der Anfechtungsklage und mißbräuchliche Klagen sollen weiter zurückgedrängt, und die nachteilige Entwicklung eines „Klagegewerbes“ soll eingedämmt werden. Drittens, Qualität und Geschwindigkeit landgerichtlicher Entscheidungen in Beschlußmängelprozessen sollen verbessert werden. Eine empirische Studie zu den Auswirkungen des UMAG in der Unternehmens- und Gerichtspraxis in diesem Bereich hat ergeben, daß der Gesetzgeber wichtige Schritte unternommen hat, daß aber nicht alle Ziele erreicht werden konnten, sondern weiterer dringlicher Reformbedarf besteht, der sich im Wesentlichen erst in jüngerer Zeit, nach dem Abschluß der Beratungen zum UMAG, entwickelt und gezeigt hat. Das Bundesministerium der Justiz hat inzwischen angekündigt, daß weitere gesetzliche Maßnahmen vor allem gegen die zunehmende Flut von Beschlußmängelklagen durch Berufskläger erwogen werden sollen. Die nachstehenden Überlegungen wollen zu dieser Diskussion beitragen. Dabei bleiben die – zwar in engem Zusammenhang hiermit stehenden, gleichwohl Spezialfragen betreffenden – Vorschläge des Handelsrechtsausschusses des DAV zur Ausweitung des Spruchverfahrens bei Umwandlung und Sachkapitalerhöhung hier ausgeklammert. ... VII. Zusammenfassung 1. Es sind weitere gesetzliche Maßnahmen gegen die zunehmende Anzahl von Beschlußmängelklagen durch Berufskläger erforderlich. 2. Gegen das Erfordernis eines pauschalen Mindestanteilsbesitzes als Voraussetzung der Anfechtungsklage bestehen rechtliche und praktische Bedenken. 3. Das Freigabeverfahren sollte umgestaltet werden: Bei den materiellen Freigabevoraussetzungen sollte die sog. Interessenabwägungsklausel im Gesetz entsprechend der Regierungsbegründung zum UMAG gefaßt werden, so daß im praktischen Ergebnis die Eintragung eines angefochtenen strukturändernden Beschlusses in aller Regel vorzunehmen ist, wenn nicht im Einzelfall die Schwere der mit der Klage geltend gemachten Rechtsverletzung dies ausschließt. Das Freigabeverfahren sollte ferner auf eine Instanz beschränkt werden; hierfür sollte die ausschließliche Zuständigkeit der Oberlandesgerichte vorgesehen werden. 4. Die Anreize für Aktionäre, Anfechtungsklagen zu erheben, um sich nicht den Nachteilen - insbesondere der überlangen Dauer - eines Spruchverfahrens aussetzen zu müssen, sollten beseitigt werden.
Mutual insurance companies and stock insurance companies are different forms of organized risk sharing: policyholders and owners are two distinct groups in a stock insurer, while they are one and the same in a mutual. This distinction is relevant to raising capital, selling policies, and sharing risk in the presence of financial distress. Up-front capital is necessary for a stock insurer to offer insurance at a fair premium, but not for a mutual. In the presence of an owner-manager conflict, holding capital is costly. Free-rider and commitment problems limit the degree of capitalization that a stock insurer can obtain. The mutual form, by tying sales of policies to the provision of capital, can overcome these problems at the potential cost of less diversified owners.
We analyze the effect of committee formation on how corporate boards perform two main functions: setting CEO pay and overseeing the financial reporting process. The use of performance-based pay schemes induces the CEO to manipulate earnings, which leads to an increased need for board oversight. If the whole board is responsible for both functions, it is inclined to provide the CEO with a compensation scheme that is relatively insensitive to performance in order to reduce the burden of subsequent monitoring. When the functions are separated through the formation of committees, the compensation committee is willing to choose a higher pay-performance sensitivity as the increased cost of oversight is borne by the audit committee. Our model generates predictions relating the board committee structure to the pay-performance sensitivity of CEO compensation, the quality of board oversight, and the level of earnings management.
We survey contributions to the analysis of household liabilities, highlighting relevant theoretical aspects and outlining how data sources may support empirical testing and measurement efforts. Specifically, we classify aspects of household debt, discussing the theoretical and policy relevance of heterogeneity across individual and country dimensions. Aiming to illustrate conceptual and measurement issues, we refer to the approaches and results of some recent relevant country-specific work on administrative and survey data, and we argue that research in this area would greatly benefit from availability of appropriately classified household liabilities data and of cross-country institutional information. JEL Classification: G1, E21
Recent models with liquidity constraints and impatience emphasize that consumers use savings to buffer income fluctuations. When wealth is below an optimal target, consumers try to increase their buffer stock of wealth by saving more. When it is above target, they increase consumption. This important implication of the buffer stock model of saving has not been subject to direct empirical testing. We derive from the model an appropriate theoretical restriction and test it using data on working-age individuals drawn from the 2002 and 2004 Italian Surveys of Household Income and Wealth. One of the most appealing features of the survey is that it has data on the amount of wealth held for precautionary purposes, which we interpret as target wealth in a buffer stock model. The test results do not support buffer stock behavior, even among population groups that are more likely, a priori, to display such behavior. The saving behavior of young households is instead consistent with models in which impatience, relative to prudence, is not as high as in buffer stock models. JEL Classification: D91
Befristete Anstellungsverhältnisse enden, sofern keine andere vertragliche Vereinbarung getroffen wurde, mit Ende der Laufzeit nach § 620 Abs. 1 BGB oder durch außerordentliche Kündigung gemäß § 626 BGB. Liegt kein wichtiger Grund im Sinne des § 626 BGB vor, kann allenfalls die erfolglose Abmahnung eine vorzeitige Beendigung des Anstellungsverhältnisses ermöglichen. Es sprechen keine zwingenden Gründe dafür, die Abmahnung nicht auch auf einen Geschäftsführer anzuwenden. Etwas anderes ergibt sich auch nicht aus § 14 Abs. 1 Nr. 1 KSchG und der mittlerweile gefestigten Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichtshofes. Diese Rechtsprechung bezieht sich nicht auf den hier erörterten Fall der Pflichtverletzung unterhalb der Schwelle des § 626 BGB. Bei der Frage nach der konkreten Anwendung müssen grundsätzlich zwei Fallkonstellationen unterschieden werden: Im ersten Fall, in dem der Geschäftsführer zunächst nach § 38 GmbHG abberufen wurde, sein Anstellungsverhältnis jedoch weiterhin fortbesteht, kann der Geschäftsführer nur dann abgemahnt werden, wenn dieser nach seiner Abberufung gegen eine nachwirkende Pflicht verstößt und diese Pflichtverletzung nicht ausreicht, um ihn gemäß § 626 BGB fristlos zu kündigen. Wird der Geschäftsführer im Zusammenhang mit der Beendigung seines Organverhältnisses auf eine Stelle unterhalb der Geschäftsführerebene versetzt, findet die Abmahnung nach den allgemeinen Grundsätzen auf zukünftige Pflichtverstöße Anwendung. Wird ein Geschäftsführer trotz einer Pflichtverletzung im Organverhältnis belassen, steht einer Abmahnung ebenfalls kein Hinderungsgrund entgegen. Bei der durch die Abwägung nach § 314 Abs. 2 Satz 2 i. V. m. § 323 Abs. 2 Nr. 3 BGB vorgeschriebenen Berücksichtigung der beiderseitigen Interessen zeigt sich, dass das Rechtsinstitut der Abmahnung in der angesprochenen Konstellation ein geeignetes Instrument des Interessenausgleichs darstellt, auf das im Interesse beider Parteien zunächst zurückgegriffen werden sollte.
This paper analyses cross-border contagion in a sample of European banks from January 1994 to January 2003. We use a multinomial logit model to estimate the number of banks in a given country that experience a large shock on the same day (“coexceedances”) as a function of variables measuring common shocks and coexceedances in other countries. Large shocks are measured by the bottom 95th percentile of the distribution of the first difference in the daily distance to default of the bank. We find evidence in favour of significant cross-border contagion. We also find some evidence that since the introduction of the euro cross-border contagion may have increased. The results seem to be very robust to changes in the specification.
After he had only tightly lost the election in July 2006, Andrés Manuel López Obrador and his Coalición claimed fraud and asserted that unfair conditions during the campaign had diminished his chances to win the presidency. The paper investigates this latter allegation centering on a perceived campaign of hate, unequal access to campaign resources and malicious treatment by the mass media. It further analyzes the mass media’s performance during the conflictual post electoral period until the final decision of the Federal Electoral Tribunal on September 5th, 2006. While the media’s performance during the campaign tells us about their compliance with fair media coverage mechanisms that have been implemented by electoral reforms in the 1990s, the mass media is uncontained by such measures after the election. Thus, their mode of coverage of the postelectoral conflicts allows us to “test” the mass media’s transformation to a more unbiased, social responsible “fourth estate”. Finally the paper scrutinizes whether the claims of fraud and the protests by the leftist movement resulted in lower levels of institutional trust and democratic support. The analysis of the media performance is based on data provided by the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE). Its Media Monitor encompassed more than 150 TV stations, 240 radio stations and 200 press publications. However, there is no comparable data available for the postelectoral period. Interviews with Mexican media experts, which the author has conducted during the postelectoral period, serve as empirical basis for the second part. Data on the public opinions and attitudes of Mexican citizens are taken from the 2007 Latinobarometro, the 2006 Encuesta Nacional and several polls conducted by Grupo Reforma. The results do not support López Obradors notions. Even though a strong party bias is characteristic of the Mexican media system, all findings hint at a continuity of balanced campaign coverage and fair access to mass media publicity. Coverage during the postelectoral period was more polarized, yet both sides remained at least partially open for oppositional views. The claims of fraud, mass protest mobilization and anti-institutional discourse by Lopez Obrador’s leftist movement seem not to have caused significant loss in institutional trust, support of and satisfaction with democracy, even though these levels remain quite low.
Iterative arrays (IAs) are a, parallel computational model with a sequential processing of the input. They are one-dimensional arrays of interacting identical deterministic finite automata. In this note, realtime-lAs with sublinear space bounds are used to accept formal languages. The existence of a proper hierarchy of space complexity classes between logarithmic anel linear space bounds is proved. Furthermore, an optimal spacc lower bound for non-regular language recognition is shown. Key words: Iterative arrays, cellular automata, space bounded computations, decidability questions, formal languages, theory of computation
Economists are beginning to investigate the causes and consequences of financial illiteracy to better understand why retirement planning is lacking and why so many households arrive close to retirement with little or no wealth. Our review reveals that many households are unfamiliar with even the most basic economic concepts needed to make saving and investment decisions. Such financial illiteracy is widespread: the young and older people in the United States and other countries appear woefully under-informed about basic financial concepts, with serious implications for saving, retirement planning, mortgages, and other decisions. In response, governments and several nonprofit organizations have undertaken initiatives to enhance financial literacy. The experience of other countries, including a saving campaign in Japan as well as the Swedish pension privatization program, offers insights into possible roles for financial literacy and saving programs. JEL Classification: D80, D91, G11
Acquiring foreign firms far away might be hazardous to your share price: evidence from Germany
(2007)
This paper examines shareholder wealth effects of cross-border acquisitions. In a sample of 155 large acquisitions by German corporations from 1985–2006 international transactions in total do not lead to significant announcement returns. Geography, however, makes a difference: Shareholders of acquiring firms gain 6.5% in cross-border transactions into countries that have a common border with Germany but lose 4.4% in other international transactions. We find proximity to be one of the most important success factors in cross-border mergers and acquisitions, even when we control for firm, deal and country characteristics.
Household saving behavior : the role of literacy, information and financial education programs
(2007)
Individuals are increasingly in charge of their own financial security after retirement. But how well-equipped are individuals to make saving decisions; do they possess adequate financial literacy, are they informed about the most important components of saving plans, do they even plan for retirement? This paper shows that financial illiteracy is widespread among the US population and particularly acute among specific demographic groups, such as those with low education, women, African-Americans and Hispanics. Moreover, close to half of older workers do not know which type of pensions they have and the large majority of workers know little about the rules governing Social Security benefits. Lack of literacy and lack of information can affect the ability to save and to secure a comfortable retirement; few individuals rely on the help of financial advisors and ignorance about basic financial concepts can be linked to lack of retirement planning and lack of wealth. Financial education programs can help improve saving and financial decision-making, but much more can be done to improve the effectiveness of these programs. JEL Classification: D91
Die Auswertungen der EVS 2003 zur Höhe und Struktur der Konsumausgaben der Paarhaushalte mit einem Kind im unteren Einkommensbereich erfolgten vorrangig mit dem Ziel, Anhaltspunkte zur Beurteilung des gegenwärtigen Niveaus der mit Arbeitslosengeld II und Sozialgeld gegebenen Grundsicherung von Familien zu erarbeiten. Die Ergebnisse vermitteln einen ersten Eindruck über die insgesamt stark eingeschränkten Teilhabemöglichkeiten von Familien mit Bezug von Grundsicherungsleistungen. ...
The European Central Bank has assigned a special role to money in its two pillar strategy and has received much criticism for this decision. In this paper, we explore possible justifications. The case against including money in the central bank’s interest rate rule is based on a standard model of the monetary transmission process that underlies many contributions to research on monetary policy in the last two decades. Of course, if one allows for a direct effect of money on output or inflation as in the empirical “two-pillar” Phillips curves estimated in some recent contributions, it would be optimal to include a measure of (long-run) money growth in the rule. In this paper, we develop a justification for including money in the interest rate rule by allowing for imperfect knowledge regarding unobservables such as potential output and equilibrium interest rates. We formulate a novel characterization of ECB-style monetary cross-checking and show that it can generate substantial stabilization benefits in the event of persistent policy misperceptions regarding potential output. Such misperceptions cause a bias in policy setting. We find that cross-checking and changing interest rates in response to sustained deviations of long-run money growth helps the central bank to overcome this bias. Our argument in favor of ECB-style cross-checking does not require direct effects of money on output or inflation. JEL Classification: E32, E41, E43, E52, E58
The European Central Bank has assigned a special role to money in its two pillar strategy and has received much criticism for this decision. The case against including money in the central bank’s interest rate rule is based on a standard model of the monetary transmission process that underlies many contributions to research on monetary policy in the last two decades. In this paper, we develop a justification for including money in the interest rate rule by allowing for imperfect knowledge regarding unobservables such as potential output and equilibrium interest rates. We formulate a novel characterization of ECB-style monetary cross-checking and show that it can generate substantial stabilization benefits in the event of persistent policy misperceptions regarding potential output. JEL Classification: E32, E41, E43, E52, E58