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This paper focusses On the discussion of the preservation of expressive aspects in translation., Considerations are grounded on the HJELMSLEVian concepts of the isomorphy between the planes of content and expression, which are both constituted by-substance and form. The present study intends to show that the connotative equivalence of a text can only be achieved in the target language when attention is paid to both the formal-stylistic and the textual-normative dimensions. This involves the appropriation of the stylistic values of the linguistic expression in the source language and, mainly, the understanding of the tropes and the relationships between them. Thus, the present study draws on discourse analysis, comprehending "enunciation" theories and the rhetorical and pragmatic considerations on the level of expression. Considering that the literary text is privileged in providing stylistically marked choices, it is important to highlight the phonetic and semantic correspondences, that is, the close relationship between sound and meaning, which harbours one of the major difficulties in translation. The theory is applied to "Os Sertões" (English translation: "Rebellion on the Backlands") by Euclides da Cunha.
A tradução de Samuel Putnam de "Os Sertões" : "Rebellion in the Backlands" de Euclides da Cunha
(1997)
The present paper looks at certain aspects of Samuel Putnam's translation of Euclides da Cunha's "Os Sertões", "Rebellion in the Backlands". Of great importance is the fact that "Os Sertões", usually seen as a work of literature in Brazil, is seen more as a factual narrative in English, and placed by its publisher, the University of Chicago Press, in the Literature/History section. Putnam also adds a large number of footnotes to those of Euclides de Cunha. Also of interest is the fact that Putnam, translating just when the US was entering the Second World War, goes to great lengths in his preface to emphasize how close "Os Sertões" is to the American experience of division in both the Civil War and the entrance of the US into the Second World War.
This paper discusses the question of how Translation Theory and German Philology can be helpful to each other. It starts with some general observations on the history of the German Language with special emphasis on Middle High German. In the second part, a Middle High German Poem is translated into Portuguese.
Stefan Zweig was the only important German writer who chose Brazil for his exile in the 1940s. Before he committed suicide in Brazil, he wrote the frequently cited and more frequently criticized book in which Brazil is called the land of the future. But in Brazil he also finished another book, 'Die Welt von Gestern', a book of memories, an account of the world from which Zweig came, a work of historic, cultural and political relevance, which was immediately published in Spanish (Argentine) and Portuguese (Brazilian) translations. When compared with the German original, these translations contain significant cuts and modifications, which can be understood as interventions of some kind of censorship, and which are prejudicial to the political brisance of the book.
Die poetische Evokation von Strömen und Flüssen, die als Verkehrswege verschiedene Länder und Sprachgemeinschaften untereinander verbinden, erinnert an die poetische Utopie grenzüberschreitend-universaler Kommunikation. Dem Bildfeld um Wasserläufe und Wasserwege affin ist das Bild der Quelle, die zudem für Ursprünglichkeit, Lebendigkeit, Erneuerung steht. Insofern enthält bereits der Titel des (im folgenden vorzustellenden) poetischen Projekts, mit dem Schuldt und Robert Kelly an Hölderlin anknüpfen, in nuce ein poetisch-utopisches Programm. Zudem fällt der Name eines Flusses, der einem Vielvölkerstaat seinen Namen gab: "Am Quell der Donau / Unquell the dawn now" […]. Mit dem zweiten Teil des Titels, der sich als klang-analoge, wenngleich semantisch inäquivalente Übersetzung des ersten versteht ("Unquell the dawn now"), kommt zugleich die nicht minder symbolträchtige Übergangszeit der Dämmerung ins Spiel – einer von vielen merkwürdigen sprachklanglich bedingten Zufällen, deren Erkundung sich dieses Projekt verschreibt. Schon der bilinguale Titel vollzieht eine Grenzüberschreitung – nicht nur zwischen der deutschen und der englischen Sprache, sondern auch zwischen 'Eigenem' und 'Fremdem'. Denn der erste (deutsche) Teil ist Zitat. Friedrich Hölderlin, der in seinem lyrischen Werk die Ströme Europas besungen und dabei eine komplexe symbolische Topographie entfaltet hat […], liefert die "Quelle", von der aus der bilinguale Sprach-Fluß seinen Ausgang nimmt.
The relevance of the work and the influence of Franz Rosenzweig, a German Jewish philosopher of the beginning of the last century; are still to get the appreciation they deserve. Rosenzweig was the author of one of the greatest – and less read – books of the 20th century, "The Star of Redemption", where he develops his philosophical system mainly on basis of theological categories. To the "monologue of the I" of mainstream philosophy, Rosenzweig opposes a "new thinking", of existential character, which values orality and the "other", and where language substitutes reason as a tool for thought. In it one can find some correspondences with the thought of Walter Benjamin. This "new thinking", also, strongly influenced Emmanuel Levinas and nowadays bears its fruits within "linguistic turn" philosophy and theology, and post-modern Jewish thought. This philosophy found in Rosenzweig's work in translation one of its main practical applications. To translate was for Rosenzweig a necessity, emanating from an ethics constituted as "first philosophy". This article examines some aspects of Rosenzweig's writings from where his "philosophy of translation" is made explicit.
This essay aims at making a survey of Kafka’s reception in Brazil. After justifying the importance of this study, I show how intermittently Kafka’s work was translated into Brazilian Portuguese in the very beginning of his reception, that is to say, 1956. The first text published in Brazil was "Die Verwandlung", which was written in German in 1915. However this text was not translated from the German, but from the English. Other texts were translated from the French. Translations from the German only appeared in 1983, among them the one with the 'short stories' "Kleine Fabel", "Der Geier", "Gibs auf!" and "Vor dem Gesetz". It is interesting to notice that essays and other articles in newspapers on Kafka and his work preceded the translations. For example, the first essay on the author was written by Otto Maria Carpeaux in August 1941 in the newspaper "Correio da Manhã". Nowadays Kafka’s work is object of considerable research in Brazil.
A tradução para a criança e para o jovem: a prática como base da reflexão e da relação profissional
(2005)
This article deals with the attempt of systematizing my experience as translator of literature written for children and young people. On the basis of some considerations about aspects shared by both, the production and the translation of this kind of literature, this article presents a number of examples taken from translations of German texts into Brazilian Portuguese. Consequences concerning the importance of concepts like interaction and creativeness in translation are then briefly discussed. A claim for a more systematic consideration of the question by Translation Studies and for a special position to be occupied by this genre of texts in the professional field is the background of the article.
Eines der grundlegenden Probleme, vor denen jeder literarische Übersetzer steht, ist die Übernahme des Stils eines Autors. Die erste Frage, die sich daher dem Übersetzer Sebalds stellt, ist die nach dem Wesen seines Stils, worin seine Magie besteht, damit jeder aufmerksame Leser im Stande sei, ihn sofort wiederzuerkennen und sich, ohne analytische Absicht, bis in die hintersten Winkel des Textes führen lässt - umso mehr ein Übersetzer, der beste Leser eines Autors, nach Friedrich Schlegel der ideale Leser.
Der folgende Artikel untersucht die sich in Thomas Braschs Übersetzung von Shakespeares "Wie es euch gefällt" manifestierenden Übersetzungsstrategien im Hinblick auf den ihnen jeweils zugrundeliegenden Bearbeitungsimpuls. Der Artikel geht dabei von der Annahme aus, dass die kulturelle Leistung einer Übersetzung als unabhängig von Ähnlichkeitskriterien erfahrbar werden kann; nämlich dann, wenn es gelingt, zu verdeutlichen, wie sie ihre beiden an Ursprungs- und Zielsprache gebundenen kulturellen (Kon-)Texte als sprachlich-ästhetisch gefasste Welten zitiert und immer zugleich variiert. In dieser doppelten Distanz zu Ursprungstext und tradiertem Kontext der eigenen Zielsprache manifestiert sich Übersetzung als kulturelle Handlung. Braschs Übersetzung enthüllt ihren emotionalen, sprachlichen, und kulturellen Reichtum, sobald der Leser erkennt, wie die politische Überzeugung des Autors seinen verschiedenen Übersetzungsstrategien zugrundeliegt.
Der Autor als Schreiber und Herausgeber : Perspektiven auf die Paratexte von Brentanos „Godwi“
(2006)
In Brentanos ›Godwi‹ [wird] das eigentümliche romantische Verfahren des Anbildens und Aneignens als »Uebersetzung« bezeichnet. Neben der Übersetzung aus fremden Sprachen – man denke an das Schlegel-Tiecksche Projekt der Übersetzung Shakespeares – kann sich der Begriff der ›Übersetzung‹ auch auf die intermediale Transformation von Zeichensystemen, etwa die Auflösung von Bildern in Sprache, oder auf die editoriale Tätigkeit beziehen. Ein sprechendes Beispiel hierfür ist die von Arnim und Brentano besorgte Sammlung und Überarbeitung von Volksliedern in ›Des Knaben Wunderhorn‹. Die beiden Herausgeber praktizierten ein editorisches Verfahren, das sich nicht mit der Transkription in die Schriftsprache begnügt, sondern eine sehr weitreichende »literarische Stilisierung« des Ausgangsmaterials vornimmt. Das gemeinsame Merkmal dieser verschiedenen Modi der Übersetzung liegt darin, daß ihnen jeweils eine eigentümliche Bewegung des Zitierens zugrunde liegt, mit der das Original in einen anderen Kontext manövriert und dort neu gerahmt wird. Dabei strebt die Übersetzung nicht die »Ähnlichkeit mit dem Original« an, sondern nimmt eine modulierende »Wandlung und Erneuerung des Lebendigen« vor, durch die sich das Original ändert. In gleicher Weise legt das Konzept einer anbildenden und umbildenden ›Neuen Mythologie‹ nahe, daß die »alte Natur und Kraft« der Poesie mit einer neu ins Werk zu setzenden »Kraft zum Bruch« interagiert.
Neste trabalho pretendo analisar a relação entre frases célebres e a tradução. Inicialmente discutirei a origem e as particularidades do termo "Geflügelte Worte" em alemão. A seguir apresentarei traduções para o português de frases célebres muito conhecidas do Fausto de Goethe, a fim de ilustrar a complexidade estrutural e semântica das mesmas e, conseqüentemente, o especial desafio que elas representam para a tradução. Ao final, mostrarei que frases célebres alteradas são um recurso estilístico freqüente da linguagem jornalística e publicitária e tecerei alguns breves comentários sobre como lidar com este fenômeno na tradução.
A partir de meados da década de 1980, observa-se uma mudança de paradigma na pesquisa sobre tradução: a primazia reservada até então ao texto de partida cede lugar paulatinamente aos fatores que coatuam na recepção do texto traduzido. Tal mudança tem conseqüências para a noção de competência tradutória: dos tradutores iniciantes não se espera apenas que tenham bons conhecimentos das línguas com as quais trabalham, mas também que sejam capazes de, na fase de compreensão do texto a ser traduzido, ativarem outras formas de conhecimento e, na fase de retextualização, traçarem estratégias que lhes possibilitem preencher lacunas adequadas à tarefa de tradução. Este artigo visa a demonstrar que a aplicação sistemática de conceitos da pesquisa lingüística de base contrastiva para o par de línguas alemão-português, bem como de conceitos da lingüística textual, pode contribuir para que os tradutores iniciantes ampliem e aprofundem seus conhecimentos na língua estrangeira, ao mesmo tempo em que são orientados nos primeiros passos da tradução. As considerações teóricas sobre o tema (Parte I) são ilustradas por um exemplo de aplicação (Parte II).
Rezension zu Döblin, Alfred, Berlin Alexanderplatz. trad. Irene Aron. São Paulo: Martins, 2009.
It is no longer possible to ignore how crucial the processes of cultural translation and their analysis have become, whether for cultural contact or interreligious relations and conflicts, for integration strategies in multicultural societies, or for the exploration of productive interfaces between humanities and the natural sciences. The globalization of world society, in particular, demands increased attention to mediation processes and problems of transfer, in terms both of the circulation of global representations and "travelling concepts" and of the interactions that make up cultural encounters. Here, translation becomes, on the one hand, a condition for global relations of exchange ("global translatability"), and on the other, a medium especially liable to reveal cultural differences, power imbalances and scope for action. An explicit focus on translation processes something increasingly prevalent across the humanities may thus enable us to scrutinize more closely current and historical situations of cultural encounter as complex processes of cultural translation. Translation is opened up to a transnational cultural practice that in no way remains restricted to binary relationships between national languages, national literatures or national cultures.
In order to disseminate the information in newspapers, one of the instruments that increase sharing of knowledge in the globalizing world, at the international level, it is obligatory to translate texts from the source language to other languages. However, there are some criteria taken into account in order to transfer the information to a large target audience during the preparation of news. These criteria should also be taken into consideration while translating this kind of texts. Especially in the translation of news texts that are oriented towards the target audience and that address the knowledge/ interest levels of the target audience, the decisions and approaches of the translator are determining. In this study, the discussion will be based on what kind of knowledge the journalists/ translators who translate news texts should have. In this context, an analysis will be carried out regarding which factors have had a determining role in the translation of news in Turkish as source language into German to be used in a German newspaper.
This study examines the theory and practice of Kussmauls creative translating idea during the translating process of metaphors by Lakoff and Johnson. Creative translating could be functionalized for the process of literary translation. In this case it will be a vehicle for problem solving by the translation of the holistically metaphors defined by Lakoff/Johnson. These kinds of metaphors determine our live and are significant points of the language we use every day. Mostly they are very important for the receptively understanding of literary language and aims of the author and his text.
The learning outcomes of teaching translation in German departments at Moroccan universities have hardly been the subject of scientific debate among translation teachers and researchers alike. The actual translation course can only train students to pursue a career in intercultural communication and not in translation, because the teaching material and methodology don’t reflect the training objectives. The thesis of this paper is that the teaching of translation in the departments of German studies in Moroccan universities, as it stands, can have professional rather than academic goals, if the university pedagogical and technical conditions change and if the constraints projected in section 4 and the lines proposed in the same section below are followed.
Even if translation has a long tradition within the conveyance of foreign languages, there has been a vehement discussion on its role since the 1970s – at least with respect to some languages, such as English. In the context of German as a foreign language this topic has been discussed only to some extent. With this in mind, the following article aims to examine the role of translation in the field of the German as a foreign language with specific focus on the advantages and limitations associated with its conveyance and the resultant consequences.
This study concentrates on the problems of subtitling, mainly focusing on compensating strategies in the context of its restrictions with respect to time and space. With the help of a corpus analysis, what kind of information is condensed in the subtitling and whether these reductions have a role on the reception of the film will be analysed with regard to the confrontation of 1119 translating segments.
Rezension zu: E. T. A. Hoffmann, A janela da esquina de meu primo. Tradução: Maria Aparecida Barbosa, Ilustrações: Daniela Bueno, Posfácio: Marcus Mazzari. São Paulo, Cosac Naify, 2010
Rezension zu Victor Klemperer: LTI – A Linguagem do III Reich. trad. Miriam Ölsner. Rio de Janeiro: Contexto, 2009
At the end of the 18th century, German literature boasted a wide range of exemplary translations, especially from ancient literatures. When, a few decades later, translation theory began to flourish in Germany, translations like J.H. Voß’s “foreignizing” versions of Homer’s epic poems were considered as examples to be followed. Although today’s dominant translation theories – as, for instance, skopos theory – tend to advocate “domesticating” procedures, most translators of literary texts cling to the tradition established by (pre-) romantic German translators and philosophers like Voß or Schleiermacher, thus obviously meeting the expectations of the German reader.
Nazım Hikmet’s fairy tale “Cloud in Love” (Sevdalı Bulut) enjoys a world-wide popularity: It has been already translated into many languages, has been filmed and staged several times. This even confirms the thesis of the poet that the fairy tale would appeal to every nation, every age and every cultural level. This article aims to examine Hikmet’s fairy tales under the aspect of the interculturality in his intersemiotic and interlingual translations. First, Hikmet’s perception of fairy tales will be studied, from which some clues are to be gained about the translations of his work. Afterwards, examples from intersemiotic translations of this fairy tale will be indicated. Finally, the German translation of this work will be analyzed, taking into account the transmission of cultural and stylistic elements.
This article has the objective to focus on the effects of globalization on the field of activity of the translators. With a historical overview covering the period from the Antique up to the present it is aimed to reveal that the emphasis on the translational demands were connected to the specific needs of that term. This analysis will show that the need for technical translation has increased. Based on this framework the effectivity of modern technical aids, which may be used with the purpose of accomplishing the translation of technical texts, is dealt with.
Translation is an intercultural and literary process. The intertextuality of each literary translation depends on the difference of the cultural context. It is important to respect a double difference, on the one hand the poetic and on the other hand the cultural variance. This is the result of many theories on current translations. George Steiner and Peter Utz are of the opinion that we can compare translations with interpretations of fiction because both are not completed and time-dependent. The process of interpretation of fiction as well as the translation are both parts of a hermeneutic process. The only difference is that the translation represents the meaning of the original of the fiction whereas the interpretation creates and documents a reading process.
The argument that worldwide globalization will lead to a cultural homogenization is rarely acceptable for literary translation. German authors are still translated into Turkish, and the classics are retranslated. In view of Translation Studies, retranslations are very interesting because for being justified they are required to be superior to previous translation(s). This challenge is especially immense if it is the translation of an author like Heinrich von Kleist, whose narrative language is not only well-known but also exceptional. The aim of this study is to analyze the individual strategies of the Turkish translators and to demonstrate on examples whether they had been successful on their aim to satisfy Kleist’s specific literary style. The study is done on the example of the novella “Die Marquise von O...” (1808). For the analysis, the translations of Melâhat Togar (1952), Alev Yalnız (1992) and Ayalp Talun İnce (2004) are examined with regard to their distinctive strengths and weaknesses.
“Translational turn” in the cultural studies and “the cultural turn” in the translation studies show that the term “culture” is very important in the literary translation. The key terms of a foreign culture play a great role in literary translation because of the intercultural dialogue. The translator must pay attention to the clash of cultural terms in the literary texts and in the translation. The literary translation helps to understand between cultures if it carefully handles the cultural terms of a foreign culture which is translated into a target culture. The cultural terms which belong to Turkish culture are to be understood by the readers of the target culture. As readers, we must read the literary texts with a “thick description” and we hope the literary texts help intercultural dialogue if they are translated into a foreign culture. The translator must see the cultural terms diachronically and synchronically.
In Turkey currently there are about 20 Translation Studies departments with over 4000 students in six different languages. All these departments generally include a final project in their curriculum in the last two semesters, where the students have to prove their translation competence. In the literature and at the web sites of the Translation Studies departments in Turkey and abroad there is very little teaching material about these final projects while these projects are invaluable for the prospective translators. Therefore these projects have to be arranged as very functional, effective and representative of the translation reality. While the connection to the real translation market is assured, the students have to demonstrate their translation competence. Thus all Translation Studies departments have to consider these conditions and to organize this course under the real conditions of translation market and taking into consideration translation theory as well.
Literaturwissenschaft und Translation : die Notwendigkeit translationswissenschaftlicher Theorien
(2010)
Translation activity has been the analyzing object of various disciplines, particularly Linguistics and Literature for centuries. The attempts of these disciplines to explain translation activity have always been inadequate. Holmes has drawn the attention to these problems by his paper which he has delivered at a congress in 1972 and emphasized the necessity of a new discipline. In the light of these developments, translation studies emerged in 70's and brought along many discussions. These discussions have revolved around the attempts of literature and lingusitics to explain translation activity. Starting question of our study is as follows; "Do the literary theories adequate enough to justify translation activities?" As an answer to our prompting question, this study aims to verify that literary theories are inadequate to explain and justify translation activity.
This paper is part of a broader research project, which involves the Brazilian Portuguese translation, with notes and commentaries, of the 'Gesammelte Schriften über Musik und Musiker' (On Music and Musicians) by the German composer Robert Schumann (1810-1856). In such a study, located on the border of language, literature, and music, methodology gains a double significance: firstly, the nature and extent of the incursions through fields which are autonomous in themselves, but connected in the document to be translated, not only requires unity, but also reveals the gaps the translator is exposed to; and secondly, the methodology not only defines the scientific premises of the work, but also brings to light its ethical dimension. With this in mind I have chosen a methodological approach which works in two complementary ways, with the act of translating always being the point of departure and arrival: (1) from the experience of translation and the identification of gaps and problems, followed by the registration of the first notes and comments, through systematic research in connected areas; and (2) the opposite way: from the research in related fields back to the translation and to the editing of notes and comments. Each step of the process is carefully registered, as well as the different versions of the translated text. Allowing methodology to take precedence is therefore an act of self-exposure and defense: on the one hand, it is a means of assuring visibility for the translator; on the other hand, it secures concrete parameters for judgment both by readers and critics.
Rainer Maria Rilke übertrug sie beide ins Deutsche: Im Jahr 1907 veröffentlichte er die Mitte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts verfassten 44 "Sonnets from the Portuguese" der Elizabeth Barrett Browning und 1917 erschienen die Mitte des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts entstandenen 24 Sonette der Louise Labé. Seine Versionen prägten bis heute den Eindruck beider Werke beim deutschsprachigen Publikum. Rund hundert Jahre später nahm sich nun Ingeborg Vetter der Sonette beider Dichterinnen an und bietet deutschsprachigen Lesern eine gelungene Alternative. Zwar wurden die Sonette von Labé und Barrett Browning in der Zwischenzeit auch von anderen Übersetzern verdeutscht, doch niemand sonst übertrug beide. Obwohl dreihundert Jahre zwischen ihnen liegen, sind sich die Liebesgedichte der Dichterinnen in ihren Originalsprachen auch jenseits der gemeinsamen Sonettform in ihrer Semantik, Rhetorik und Bildlichkeit ähnlich, denn beide stehen in der Nachfolge Petrarcas – auch wenn im einen Fall Shakespeare als zweite Bezugsgröße hinzukommt. In beiden Sammlungen ergründet je eine weibliche Liebende in vielerlei sprachlichen Variationen den Geliebten und die Natur der Liebe. Obgleich sie Petrarca und andere Petrarkisten trickreich zu überbieten sucht und sich als weibliche Sprecherin von der männlichen Masse absetzt, ist Labé noch stärker in der petrarkistischen Topik verhaftet: Man denke an das katalogische, anaphorisch-parallelistisch gestaltete Schönheitslob ("O beaus yeus bruns, ô regards destournez...") im zweiten Sonett. Viel bekannter ist aber das achtzehnte mit dem Aufruf zum Kuss oder zur Vereinigung (B"aise m'encor, rebaise moy et baise..."), dessen Zweideutigkeit zwar in Übersetzungen verloren geht, dem andeutungsweise frivolen Gedicht aber im Original zu großer Beliebtheit in der Populärkultur verholfen hat. Ebenso wie man zahlreiche Vertonungen desselben auf YouTube findet, entdeckt man auf der Plattform Rezitationen von Barrett Brownings berühmtem, strukturell auch katalogisch gestalteten Sonett Nummer dreiundvierzig ("How do I love thee? Let me count the ways...") – ja es wird sogar in einer Folge der "Peanuts" zitiert.
Desafios à tradução do texto satírico : alguns exemplos de "Dritte Walpurgisnacht" de Karl Kraus
(2012)
Último texto de fôlego de Kraus, "Dritte Walpurgisnacht" ("Terceira noite de Valpúrgis") foi a reação do satirista à tomada do poder por Hitler. Do ponto de vista tradutório, oferece grande variedade de problemas, visto que o autor faz um uso exuberante de citações, trocadilhos, aliterações, neologismos e variações de ditos, provérbios, máximas e lugarescomuns. Este artigo apresenta alguns desses problemas e discute possibilidades para sua solução, não sem antes definir uma abordagem teórica.
Este trabalho examina os "Escritos sobre a Música e os Músicos", do compositor alemão Robert Schumann, em especial as resenhas escritas entre 1834 e 1836, com vistas a identificar ecos das principais ideias sobre linguagem e tradução desenvolvidas na Alemanha entre o final do séc. XVIII e o início do séc. XIX. Os eixos escolhidos para construir essa ideia são os eixos do sujeito e do tempo perpassados pela noção de movimento. Do primeiro, destacase a ancoragem vertical, personalíssima, operada no interior do sujeito que transita de um sistema sígnico para outro, que traduz seus pensamentos, ou ainda que empreende a passage de uma língua para outra. Do segundo, tem-se em conta a configuração desse mergulho num produto que desmantela as barreiras do tempo e, de um só golpe, contemporiza o passado e inclui o futuro.
O presente artigo objetiva uma discussão sobre o vocabulário fundamental da Metapsicologia freudiana, para além da concepção de um simples e estanque agrupado de termos técnicos. Levando-se também em consideração o fato de que Freud foi um escritor brilhante e um perspicaz explorador dos recursos oferecidos pela língua alemã, é nossa intenção demonstrar certas distorções de seu estilo e vocabulário sofridas após ter passado por traduces internacionalmente influentes para as línguas inglesa e francesa. Logo, com a recente entrada da obra freudiana para o domínio público, esta finalmente passou a ser traduzida diretamente para o português, tornando-se atualmente um desafio fundamental aos tradutores brasileiros de Freud recuperar a vivacidade de suas palavras sem deixar de levar em consideração a acuidade de suas proposições.
Rezension zu Tavares, P. H. M. B. Versões de Freud: breve panorama crítico das traduções de sua obra. Rio de Janeiro, 7Letras, 2011.
Investigations of current and historical human rights discourses gain new perspectives when viewed as a problem of translation: by examining non-European transformations/displacements/revisions of the universal principles of the UN Declaration (1948), critical implementations of these principles in local practices and – almost more importantly – re-translations of these local transformations into new declarations of human rights principles. The article discusses the complex conditions under which the universal claim of a western human rights discourse could be challenged by considering translational activities which attempt to identify new, but common reference points for a transcultural human rights discourse.
"Und Gott chillte"? : Überlegungen zu neueren Bibelprojekten aus literaturwissenschaftlicher Sicht
(2012)
Der Graben zwischen den Generationen ist nicht nur durch mangelndes Verständnis, sondern auch durch das Fehlen einer gemeinsamen Sprache, durch die Verweigerung zur Kommunikation unüberwindbar geworden. Dies ist nicht das Ergebnis der jüngsten Shell Jugendstudie, sondern das Szenario, das Birgit Vanderbeke in ihrem 2005 erschienenen Roman Sweet Sixteen entwirft.1 Der Protagonist, ein in die Jahre gekommener Trendforscher, versucht das Verschwinden der Jugendlichen zu ergründen, da es sich um eine neue Subkultur handeln könnte. Bei seiner Recherche stößt er auf eine Internetseite, die von einer Jugendkirche namens "Jesus Freaks" betrieben wird. [...]
Vorbild für die Jesus Freaks in Vanderbekes fiktionalem Text ist die gleichnamige Bewegung, die zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre in Hamburg gegründet wurde. Erklärtes Ziel war und ist es, den christlichen Glauben für Jugendliche – besonders solche am Rand der Gesellschaft – wieder attraktiv und ansprechend zu gestalten. Die jungen Gruppen kehrten sich radikal von der traditionellen, kirchlichen Praxis und Spiritualität ab. Wie in Vanderbekes Roman ging es nicht um eine Reformation bestehender Verhältnisse, sondern darum, eigene religiöse Formen zu finden. Dieses Bestreben umfasste konsequenterweise die kanonischen Texte der Bibel, deren Wortlaut (in der Luther- oder Elberfelder-Übersetzung) als antiquiert und alltagsfern galt. Martin Dreyer, der 1965 geborene Gründer der Jesus Freaks, startete 2004 das Volxbibel-Projekt, dessen sprachlicher Duktus im oben angeführten Zitat ironisch aufgegriffen wird. Anders als bei kommunikativen Übersetzungen der letzten fünfzig Jahre (bspw. Hoffnung für alle oder Gute Nachricht) ging es ihm nicht nur um einen zeitgemäßen und allgemeinverständlichen Sprachstil. Die Volxbibel sollte von Jugendlichen für Jugendliche ›übersetzt‹ werden, was durch ein Open-Source-Modell im Internet verwirklicht wurde.
Wie kaum ein anderes Projekt hat die BigS in den vergangenen sechs Jahren nicht nur in der akademisch-theologischen Landschaft, sondern auch in vielen Kirchengemeinden, bei Kirchenleitungen und in der gesellschaftlichen Öffentlichkeit für Aufsehen gesorgt. Dabei hat sich an ihr vor allem die Frage entzündet, ob sie als Übersetzung im eigentlichen Sinn oder bestenfalls als interpretierender Kommentar des biblischen Textes zu begreifen sei. Das damit eröffnete Spannungsfeld soll im Folgenden näher beleuchtet werden, ohne dass dieses mit Blick auf den notwendigerweise geringen Umfang des vorliegenden Beitrags umfassend ausgeleuchtet werden könnte. Die vorliegenden Überlegungen zielen vielmehr darauf, zu verdeutlichen, dass jede Übersetzung immer schon Interpretation und dass Texttreue daher nicht mit Wörtlichkeit gleichzusetzen ist.
Der peruanische Autor Ciro Alegría beschreibt in seinem Roman "El mundo es ancho y ajeno" [Die Welt ist groß und fremd] von 1941 wie ein Indio auf einen Berg in den Anden steigt. Rosendo, Alegrías Protagonist, steigt auf diesen Berg, um Heilkräuter zu suchen, aber zu seiner Bergbesteigung wird er auch aus einem anderen Grund motiviert:
"En realidad, subió también porque le gustaba probar la gozosa fuerza de sus músculos en la lucha con las escarpadas cumbres y luego, al dominarlas, llenarse los ojos de horizontes. Amaba los amplios espacios y la magnífica grandeza de los Andes."
Rosendos Motivation scheint auf den ersten Blick die eines Alpinisten zu sein: Nämlich erstens der Drang nach Bewegung ("probar la gozosa fuerza de sus músculos"), zweitens ein Eroberungswille ("al dominarlas") und drittens den Blick von oben, als Panorama, zu genießen ("llenarse los ojos de horizontes"). In der deutschen Übersetzung heißt es:
"Aber er ging in Wahrheit auch hinauf, weil er an den jähen Abhängen die Kraft seiner Muskeln fühlen wollte, und weil er nichts so sehr liebte, wie von bezwungenen Berghöhen aus die Augen an fernen Horizonten zu weiden. Er liebte die riesigen Bäume, die erhabene Höhe der Anden […]." "Magnífica grandeza" lässt sich zwar mit "erhabene Höhe" übersetzen, doch gibt es für den Begriff "erhaben" im Spanischen treffendere Begriffe wie zum Beispiel elevado oder sublime. Magnífica meint dagegen vielmehr "prächtig". Können die Anden aus Rosendos Perspektive, aus der Perspektive eines Indios, als erhaben beschrieben werden? Will Alegría seinen Protagonisten die Anden tatsächlich so wahrnehmen lassen wie ein Europäer die Alpen im 18. Jahrhundert? Es scheint, als ob die Schweizer Übersetzer in Alegrías Text ein Stück europäische Tradition und Kultur "hineininterpretieren", nämlich das Gefühl des Erhabenen beim Anblick eines Bergmassivs wie es in der europäischen Tradition vor allem seit Kant eine bedeutende Rolle spielt. Ist der Blick der Schweizer Übersetzer in diesem Fall also eurozentrisch, da sie ein europäisches Gedankengut auf ein außereuropäisches Phänomen, das Hochland der Anden aus Sicht eines Indios, projizieren bzw. es dort wiederzufinden glauben und die Andersartigkeit der Fremdkultur mit der Übersetzung – vielleicht unbewusst – überspielen? Die Übersetzung erweist sich in diesem Fall also als problematisch.
Rezension zur Übersetzung von Patrick Süsskind: Der Zwang zur Tiefe ins Türkische (Süsskind, Patrick (1998): “Derinlik Baskısı”. Üçbuçuk Öykü, çev. İlknur Özdemir, İstanbul: Can Yayınları.)
Çeviri yaparken her iki dile, kültüre yeterince hâkim olmamak bir dizi çeviri hatalarına yol açabilir. Bu noktada kaynak ve erek dilde yeterli kelime hazinesine sahip olmanın yanı sıra kelimelerin kullanım alanlarını, kurallarını, edim bilimsel etkilerini, sözdizimsel kuralları vs. de iyi bilmek gerekir. Humboldt ve Saussure'ün dil hakkındaki düşüncelerinden etkilenen Trier'in ortaya attığı sözlüksel alan teorisinin metin anlama ve anlatma edinci kapsamında etkilerinin neler olabileceği ve çeviribilimin sözlüksel alan teorisinden nasıl yararlanabileceği konusu irdelenmeye çalışılacaktır.
Trier'e (1973:5) göre bir sözcüğün anlaşılabilmesi için, sözlüksel alanın tamamının bilinmesi gerekir ve ancak sözlüksel alana hâkim isek o sözcüğü doğru anlayabiliriz. Anlam sadece ve sadece sözlüksel alan sayesinde vardır. Sözlüksel alan yoksa anlam da yoktur. Anlatılmak istenen düşünceye veya olguya dair bir kelimenin belli bir dilde bulunmaması bu düşüncenin veya olgunun o dilde olmadığı anlamına gelmez. Hayata dair genel kültür bilgimize ve tecrübelerimize dayanarak bu yeni kavramı anlayabiliriz.