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The notion of world literature is often understood as a global distribution of literary forms and structures from Europe to the rest of the globe. Under the premise that non- European literatures don't just reproduce European forms, but reinterpret and change them in the process of adaptation, world literature can be defined as a "productive misunderstanding". This article attempts to show that Orhan Pamuk's novel "Masumiyet Müzesi" ("Museum of Innocence") is in this sense a productive appropriation of European forms of the novel. Pamuk's novel is a narration about the modernization of Turkey in the 20th century, which is depicted as a chain of faulty imitation that nevertheless creates something new. Similarly, the "Museum of Innocence" is characterized by an abundance of intertextual relations to the tradition of European novel (e. g., to Proust's texts), which, however creates a "productive misunderstanding".
A wall-sized canvas by Twombly hanging in a purpose-built pavilion by Renzo Piano, commissioned by the Menil Collection in Houston, bears the scrawled inscription »Anatomy of Melancholy.« Untitled (Say Goodbye Catullus, to the Shores of Asia Minor) is the culminating statement of the artist’s maturity: begun in 1972, it was first exhibited in 1994. In this monumental cenotaph, Twombly’s painting displays phrases from Archilochos, Catullus, Keats and Rilke, as well as the title of Burton’s famous tome, worked into the fabric of the composition, integral to the iconic content. It is the aching heart of the select permanent exhibition of his oeuvre at the pavilion, known as the Twombly Gallery (www.menil.org/twombly.html). The austerity of Piano’s architectural setting, as well as the cunningly filtered Texas sunlight, makes this a site of cult, like the chapel containing the dark, final canvases of Mark Rothko, situated around the corner in the same urban grove of old oak. The setting is a modern Dodona, remote seat of the oaken oracle of Zeus, and it makes an evocative home for Twombly’s enigmatic constructions. These disarm conventional vocabularies of aesthetic response, drawing attention to words and snatches of verse as points of association and recognition. Looking at them involves siting a phrase such as »Anatomy of Melancholy« in other dimensions – in lines, patches, figures, colors.