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LTAG semantics for questions
(2004)
This papers presents a compositional semantic analysis of interrogatives clauses in LTAG (Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar) that captures the scopal properties of wh- and nonwh-quantificational elements. It is shown that the present approach derives the correct semantics for examples claimed to be problematic for LTAG semantic approaches based on the derivation tree. The paper further provides an LTAG semantics for embedded interrogatives.
Weak function word shift
(2004)
The fact that object shift only affects weak pronouns in mainland Scandinavian is seen as an instance of a more general observation that can be made in all Germanic languages: weak function words tend to avoid the edges of larger prosodic domains. This generalisation has been formulated within Optimality Theory in terms of alignment constraints on prosodic structure by Selkirk (1996) in explaining thedistribution of prosodically strong and weak forms of English functionwords, especially modal verbs, prepositions and pronouns. But a purely phonological account fails to integrate the syntactic licensing conditions for object shift in an appropriate way. The standard semantico-syntactic accounts of object shift, onthe other hand, fail to explain why it is only weak pronouns that undergo object shift. This paper develops an Optimality theoretic model of the syntax-phonology interface which is based on the interaction of syntactic and prosodic factors. The account can successfully be applied to further related phenomena in English and German.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the TüBa-D/Z treebank of written German and to compare it to the independently developed TIGER treebank (Brants et al., 2002). Both treebanks, TIGER and TüBa-D/Z, use an annotation framework that is based on phrase structure grammar and that is enhanced by a level of predicate-argument structure. The comparison between the annotation schemes of the two treebanks focuses on the different treatments of free word order and discontinuous constituents in German as well as on differences in phrase-internal annotation.
Tree-local MCTAG with shared nodes : an analysis of word order variation in German and Korean
(2004)
Tree Adjoining Grammars (TAG) are known not to be powerful enough to deal with scrambling in free word order languages. The TAG-variants proposed so far in order to account for scrambling are not entirely satisfying. Therefore, an alternative extension of TAG is introduced based on the notion of node sharing. Considering data from German and Korean, it is shown that this TAG-extension can adequately analyse scrambling data, also in combination with extraposition and topicalization.
This paper reports on the SYN-RA (SYNtax-based Reference Annotation) project, an on-going project of annotating German newspaper texts with referential relations. The project has developed an inventory of anaphoric and coreference relations for German in the context of a unified, XML-based annotation scheme for combining morphological, syntactic, semantic, and anaphoric information. The paper discusses how this unified annotation scheme relates to other formats currently discussed in the literature, in particular the annotation graph model of Bird and Liberman (2001) and the pie-in-thesky scheme for semantic annotation.
The purpose of this paper is to describe recent developments in the morphological, syntactic, and semantic annotation of the TüBa-D/Z treebank of German. The TüBa-D/Z annotation scheme is derived from the Verbmobil treebank of spoken German [4, 10], but has been extended along various dimensions to accommodate the characteristics of written texts. TüBa-D/Z uses as its data source the "die tageszeitung" (taz) newspaper corpus. The Verbmobil treebank annotation scheme distinguishes four levels of syntactic constituency: the lexical level, the phrasal level, the level of topological fields, and the clausal level. The primary ordering principle of a clause is the inventory of topological fields, which characterize the word order regularities among different clause types of German, and which are widely accepted among descriptive linguists of German [3, 6]. The TüBa-D/Z annotation relies on a context-free backbone (i.e. proper trees without crossing branches) of phrase structure combined with edge labels that specify the grammatical function of the phrase in question. The syntactic annotation scheme of the TüBa-D/Z is described in more detail in [12, 11]. TüBa-D/Z currently comprises approximately 15 000 sentences, with approximately 7 000 sentences being in the correction phase. The latter will be released along with an updated version of the existing treebank before the end of this year. The treebank is available in an XML format, in the NEGRA export format [1] and in the Penn treebank bracketing format. The XML format contains all types of information as described above, the NEGRA export format contains all sentenceinternal information while the Penn treebank format includes only those layers of information that can be expressed as pure tree structures. Over the course of the last year, more fine grained linguistic annotations have been added along the following dimensions: 1. the basic Stuttgart-Tübingen tagset, STTS, [9] labels have been enriched by relevant features of inflectional morphology, 2. named entity information has been encoded as part of the syntactic annotation, and 3. a set of anaphoric and coreference relations has been added to link referentially dependent noun phrases. In the following sections, we will describe each of these innovations in turn and will demonstrate how the additional annotations can be incorporated into one comprehensive annotation scheme.
This paper sets up a framework for LTAG (Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar) semantics that brings together ideas from different recent approaches addressing some shortcomings of TAG semantics based on the derivation tree. Within this framework, several sample analyses are proposed, and it is shown that the framework allows to analyze data that have been claimed to be problematic for derivation tree based LTAG semantics approaches.
Seit gut einem Jahrzehnt wird in Deutschland gewartet: Auf Literatur wird gewartet, auf den großen Berlin-Roman, auf den großen Nachwende-Roman. Und trotz diverser Romane, die Wiedervereinigung und Berlin zum Thema erhoben, ob nun von Günter Grass oder Thomas Brussig, wird weiter gewartet, kann es anscheinend kein Autor recht machen, wird unterhaltsames Erzählen begehrt oder eine Darstellung auf der Höhe moderner Erzählkunst verlangt. Doch die Alternative ist vielleicht falsch gestellt: Könnte denn nicht ein kunstvoll geschriebener Roman mit präziser und variantenreicher Sprache, ausgeklügelten Erzählstrukturen auch unterhaltsam sein? Schließlich ist Döblins nicht gerade schlichter Roman "Berlin Alexanderplatz" ja auch ein Lesevergnügen, vergleichbar mit "Joyces Ulysses" oder Pynchons "Gravity’s Rainbow". Nun lassen sich solche Romane schlecht wiederholen, hinge jeder Nachahmung des Stils der Verdacht an, Plagiat oder Kopie zu sein. Etwas Ähnliches wäre also immer etwas Anderes, neuartig, artifiziell und darin genaueres Abbild seiner Zeit als die Vielzahl schlichter Romane, die von Berlin oder der Wiedervereinigung erzählen. Nun, in letzter Zeit mehren sich im deutschen Feuilleton Stimmen, die eine gewisse, dementsprechende Kunst des Erzählens bei Ulrich Peltzer ausmachen, weswegen hier die Gelegenheit ergriffen wird, einen Gang durch seine drei letzten Publikationen ["Stefan Martinez", "Alle oder keiner", "Bryant Park"] zu unternehmen, um die Entwicklung derselben darzustellen - im Hinterkopf die Frage: Liegt hier vielleicht schon einer der erwarteten großen Berlin-Romane vor?
Klugheit wird gemeinhin als das Gegenteil von Torheit aufgefasst. Auf diese Weise erfährt sie eine sprachlich vorstrukturierte positive Bewertung und erhält einen ausgezeichneten gesellschaftlichen Status. "Positiv" bedeutet eine Verknüpfung mit spezifischen je gesellschaftlich richtigen Wertmassstäben, die aber in unterschiedlichen Milieus und Regionen durchaus verschieden ausfallen. Diese bilden den impliziten Subtext für die alltägliche Zuschreibung von "Klugheit". Klugheit fokussiert das Verhalten der Menschen, die Handlungen, die Performanz. Klugheit wird denjenigen Personen zugeschrieben, die "das Richtige" tun, und nachdem sie das Richtige getan haben, etabliert sich erst das Kriterium für die Richtigkeit dieser Beurteilung: der Ausgang der Geschichte. Klugheit wird zwar im vornhinein behauptet, stellt sich aber erst im Nachhinein heraus: denn sie misst sich nicht an der vorgeführten Handlung selbst, sondern am Ausgang der "Geschichte". Eine Bauerntochter handelt dann klug, wenn ihre Handlungen zu einem – im Sinne des Erzählers – guten Ende führen, zu einem Happy-End sozusagen. ...