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Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, die Legitimität der Kriminalisierung des Glücksspiels in Brasilien zu hinterfragen. Dies geschieht mit besonderem Augenmerk auf das spezifische brasilianische Glücksspiel, das „Spiel der Tiere“ (Jogo do bicho), das Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts in der Stadt Rio de Janeiro, der Hauptstadt des damaligen kaiserlichen Brasiliens, entstand. Es handelt sich um eine Form des Glücksspiels, die sich in ganz Brasilien verbreitet hat und bereits Gegenstand mehrerer akademischer Studien in den Bereichen Anthropologie und Soziologie war. Das Verbot dieser Art von Glücksspiel, seine Kriminalisierung, seine große Beliebtheit und seine gesellschaftliche Toleranz sind jedoch Gründe dafür, dass das Spiel der Tiere im Besonderen und das Glücksspiel im Allgemeinen auch im juristischen Bereich, insbesondere im Strafrecht, ein bisher vernachlässigter Forschungsgegenstand von großem Interesse ist.
Das Hauptaugenmerk dieser Arbeit liegt auf der Analyse der Kriminalisierung des Glücksspiels, das in Brasilien seit über einem Jahrhundert unter freiem Himmel praktiziert wird. Bei dieser Analyse werden die Gründe für die Kriminalisierung und die Legitimität des Verbots in Frage gestellt. Zu diesem Zweck ist der Text, abgesehen von der Einleitung und der Schlussfolgerung, in sechs Kapitel unterteilt.
Kapitel 1 beschreibt die Geschichte des brasilianischen Tierspiels, die Ursprünge seines Verbots und seiner Kriminalisierung. In Kapitel 2 wird über die Wirklichkeit der Strafverfolgung in diesem „Kriminalitätsbereich“ berichtet. Kapitel 3 stellt den ent-sprechenden Straftatbestand des brasilianischen „Código Penal“ im Kontext der Systematik des brasilianischen Strafgesetzbuches vor. Kapitel 4 widmet sich zunächst den verfassungsrechtlichen Grenzen der Kriminalisierung, und danach einem Überblick über das deutsche Glücksspielverbot und die Glücksspielregulierung. Ergänzt wird diese Suche in Kapitel 5, in dem die Forschung das strafrechtliche Glücksspielverbot in den Kontext der Debatte über die Abgrenzung zwischen und den Zusammenhang von Recht und Moral. Im abschließenden Kapitel 6 wird das (strafrechtlich sanktionierte) Glücksspielverbot mit den klassischen Legitimations-anforderungen konfrontiert.
Was in der strafrechtlichen Literatur der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts zur Rechtfertigung des Verbots zu lesen ist, deutet auf einen großen Einfluss moralischer Argumente hin. Diese Argumente haben bis heute an Gewicht nicht verloren, auch wenn die Befürworter der Beibehaltung der Kriminalisierung versuchen, ihre letztlich moralistische Ideologie gegen das Glücksspiel mit Argumenten wie der Begleitkriminalität des Glückspiels zu verschleiern, die eher eine Folge als eine Ursache der Kriminalisierung ist.
The venture capital industry holds relevance for entrepreneurs looking for money to finance an innovative project, investors seeking to make money by investing in entrepreneurial firms and governments trying to promote innovation and entrepreneurship. Venture capital investment could facilitate innovation and thus a better economy.
Venture capital has enabled the U.S. to support its entrepreneurial talent by turning ideas into world-famous products and services, building companies from mere business plans to mature and powerful organizations. Three of the five largest U.S. public companies by market capitalization – Apple, Google and Microsoft – received most of their early external funding from venture capital. Having its ups and downs, venture capital investment in the U.S. expanded from virtually zero in the mid-1970s to $8 billion in 1995 and $49.3 billion in 2014. Venture backed companies have been a prime driver of economic growth in the U.S.Across the pacific, venture capital investment in China has grown out of the transition from a centrally planned economy to a free market economy over the past three decades, becoming an important pillar supporting China’s innovation system. In 2015, a total of 2,824 venture capital investment deals provided an aggregate investment of $36.9 billion. Venture capital has long been a hot topic in China’s capital market, particularly since the government decided to boost “mass entrepreneurship and innovation” in 2014.
In the U.S., most venture capital firms are organized as limited partnerships, with the venture capitalists being general partners and the investors limited partners. Studies have shown that investors choose to invest through venture funds as an intermediary rather than placing their investments directly with the entrepreneurs; because of the high risk nature of the entrepreneur’s business, it is hard for them to get bank loans or direct equity investments. Conflicts may also arise, however, between the venture capitalists acting as agents and the investors as principals.5 This agency problem maybe particularly severe, since venture capital provides money for businesses with high potential and high risk, although the limited partnership has certain merits and is still most commonly chosen as the business form for venture capital funds.6 At the same time, the fact that general partners have total control of the partnership business necessitates that the agency problem is addressed by legal rules, contracts and other mechanisms.
Meanwhile, despite the rapid growth of venture capital investments in China, little attention has been paid to the organizational form of venture capital funds. In contrast to the U.S., most Chinese venture funds have been structured as corporations. One may argue that it was due to legislative reasons: that the limited partnership was not recognized by Chinese law when venture capital first appeared in China. However, after adopted a chapter was adopted in the Partnership Enterprise Law (PEL) governing limited partnerships in 2007, most of the venture funds abided by their choice, while those opting for the limited partnership have encountered difficulties: the limited partners are having trouble trusting the general partners with their money and are therefore interfering with the operation of the partnership business, which may lead to dissolution of the partnership.
This thesis applies transaction cost theory to explain the benefits and costs of choosing the limited partnership as a business form in the special context of venture capital investments, showing that the potential agency conflict between the general partners and the limited partners have been mitigated by legal and other mechanismsin the United States, and that the U.S. investors could therefore exploit the merit of the limited partnership form in venture capital financing. In China, investors have different answers to the agency problem. Similarly to the situation in the U.S., Chinese partners also employ contract terms to deal with agency problems, and the legislators enact laws that aim at regulating the limited partnership form; some legislation was even transplanted from the U.S., such as that part of the PEL which governs limited partnerships. It seems, then, that similar mechanisms that deal with agency problems also exist in China. However, given the unique history of the development of China’s innovation system and venture capital market, the effectiveness of these constraints is questionable. Chinese venture capital investors have therefore characteristically behaved differently to U.S. investors. Rather than relying on these questionable mechanisms, Chinese investors as well as the Chinese government have developed different approaches to addressing these agency problems.
A sound and well-functioning legal system will encourage growth in investment and create opportunities for investors. Trademarks as part of intellectual property play an important role in the future development of a country. A mark or symbol is needed in order to give products and services identity and to distinguish them and their qualities from identical or similar products and services of a competitor.
This research studies, examines and analyses the degree, nature and function of trademark protection within the legal system of Afghanistan and compare them with the Paris, Madrid and TRIPs agreements. It has been divided into four chapters: Chapter one provides general information and an overview of the current legal system of Afghanistan. Chapter two studies and analyses international agreements pertaining to the legal protection of trademark. It also critically assesses the ATML compatibility with these agreements: and answers the research question of to what extent the ATML provisions are compatible with them. Chapter three provides information on the different purposes of trademarks from a development perspective and compares the purposes provided by the ATML. Finally, chapter four assesses and examines the acquisition, assignment and termination of trademarks. The conclusions and findings of the thesis are the final section of this research.
Afghanistan, as a transitioning economy, has not developed a solid legal and practical foundation for providing comprehensive protection mechanisms for trademarks as have been articulated in developed countries and international agreements. Accordingly, the Afghan government has not entirely integrated these needs into its legal system and there are some inconsistencies of the ATML with these agreements.
One more challenge is the lack of appropriate legal institutions for issuing, managing, administering and protecting of trademarks. The establishment of a well-functioning administrative institution will serve to fulfil the objectives of the laws. Therefore, the CBR office holds the administrative responsibility for processing the registration of trademarks.
However, the methods and facilities of the CBR office remain outdated, and the office does not have the capacity to provide applicants with up-to-date administrative and technical facilities.
Therefore, legal protection of trademark in Afghanistan is linked not only to the existence of a well functioning of laws, regulations, clear procedures, mechanism and guidelines but also to an efficient and well-functioning administrative office.
Der Entwicklung eines Instrumentes, eines standardisierten schriftlichen Intensiv-Interviews zur Messung von Einstellungen zu Recht und Gesetz, werden in Teil A der Arbeit theoretische Überlegungen vorangestellt. Der in der Rechtswissenschaft zentrale und umstrittene Begriff „Recht“ wird nur in seiner aktuellen und allgemeinen Bedeutung aufgenommen, in einer allgemeinen Bedeutung wie sie von Laien erfasst wird. Der Begriff „Recht“ wird weiter eingegrenzt auf ein Normverständnis in strafrechtlicher Sicht.
Alltägliche Situationen aus verschiedenen Gebieten des Strafrechts (Fälle) sollen die „Items“ bilden, zu denen Jugendliche, Heranwachsende und junge Erwachsene aus unterschiedlichen Schichten der Bevölkerung und mit verschiedenem Bildungsstand ihre Auffassungen aufschreiben. Begriffe wie Recht, Norm, Moral, Einstellung, Meinung, Stereotyp, Vorurteil und auch Überlegungen zum Verständnis von Recht und Gesetz als „Wert“ werden aufgenommen und im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung eines neuen Forschungsverfahrens erörtert.
5 Hypothesen werden formuliert zu Einstellungen von Recht und Gesetz und zur Wert-Orientierung von Individuen.
Vielfältige Überlegungen zur Entwicklung der Items (der Fälle) des standardisierten schriftlichen Intensiv-Interviews und der den Befragten vorzulegenden Stufen-Antworten stehen an. Die zu den einzelnen Items vorgegebenen Stufen-Antworten sollen Normorientierung, Einstellungen zu Recht und Gesetz, in verschiedenem Ausmaß abbilden. Der Inhalt wenigstens einer Item-Stufen-Antwort entspricht der Norm und der Inhalt einer Antwort ist klar nicht normorientiert. Die zusätzlich formulierten alternativen Stufen-Antworten zwischen einer Antwort mit klarer Normorientierung und einer Antwort mit fehlender Normorientierung sind „mehr oder weniger normorientiert“, sie berücksichtigen Aspekte der Normorientierung. Jene werden dargelegt und diskutiert. Besonders beachtet wird die Punkt-Bewertung der entworfenen Stufen-Antworten. Jene bilden schließlich den Einstellungs-Score des Individuums, den „Messwert“, der Auskunft gibt über seine individuelle Normorientierung, seine Einstellung zu Strafrecht und Gesetz.
Es wird im Voraus festgelegt, welche „Summen-Scores“ eine „positive“ Einstellung, welche nur eine „neutrale“ und welche „Summen-Scores“ eine „negative“ Einstellung zu Recht und Gesetz abbilden.
Voruntersuchungen zum Verständnis der Items (der Fälle), eine Überprüfung der Item-Formulierungen, Untersuchungen zum Verständnis der Test-Instruktion und zur Durchführung des Verfahrens mit Hilfe von Befragungen von etwa 100 Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen aus unterschiedlichen sozialen Schichten und mit verschiedenem Bildungsgrad führen in 2006 schließlich zur Endfassung des standardisierten schriftlichen Intensiv-Interviews. Jenes wird dargestellt zusammen mit den entworfenen zusätzlichen Fragen zur Person der Untersuchungsteilnehmer.
Teil B der Arbeit beschreibt und diskutiert erste empirische Befragungen von 13 anfallenden Stichproben mit dem Intensiv-Interview, die in den Jahren 2006 bis 2010 mit 100 Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen, Studierenden einer Universität oder Hochschule, Schülern der 9. Klasse einer Hauptschule und Schülern der 11. Klasse zweier Gymnasien durchgeführt wurden.
Die einzelnen Stichproben mit ihren Personmerkmalen werden charakterisiert.
Stets wird überprüft, ob die ermittelten Ergebnisse die formulierten Hypothesen eher unterstützen oder ob die Hypothesen mit den erhobenen Daten nicht begründet werden können.
Validierungsbemühungen zum Verfahren beziehen sich in den Stichproben 1-5 auch auf die Beantwortung einzelner Items. Sie überprüfen, welche Items die Befragten relativ ähnlich beantworten und zu welchen Items die Testpersonen in unterschiedlicher Weise Stellung nehmen.
Zu 13 anfallenden Stichproben wird gefragt: lassen sich mit dem neuen Verfahren Unterschiede in der Einstellung zu Recht und Gesetz zwischen den Befragten beschreiben? Haben weibliche Jugendliche, Heranwachsende und junge Erwachsene statistisch bedeutsam positivere Einstellung zu Recht und Gesetz als männliche? Können statistisch bedeutsame geschlechtsspezifische Differenzen bei berichteten Konflikten mit dem Gesetz nachgewiesen werden? Gibt es statistisch bedeutsame Unterschiede in den Einstellungen zu Recht und Gesetz zwischen Schülern der 9. Klasse Hauptschule, Schülern der 11. Klasse Gymnasium und einer homogenen Stichprobe von Studierenden einer Universität oder Hochschule?
Zusätzlich erhoben werden die religiöse und politische Orientierung der Probanden.
Jene werden in ihrer Beziehung zu den Einstellungen zu Recht und Gesetz untersucht und verglichen.
Zur Wert-Einstellung der Probanden wird mit einem dafür entworfenen Verfahren untersucht, welche Position erhält der Wert-Bereich „Freiheit, Rechtssicherheit, Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz“ im Vergleich zu neun weiteren Wert-Bereichen in den drei Status-Gruppen?
The purpose of this thesis is to examine the passage regime of the Turkish Straits against the background of the evolution of international law, and to discuss the problems of the passage of warships through them in light of the invasion of the Crimean Peninsula by Russia in 2014. With that objective in mind, the thesis reconsiders the history of the straits regime.
The Turkish Straits are regulated by the Montreux Convention of 1936 which contains restrictive and complex provisions regarding the passage of warships. The Straits took their place as “the Straits question” for centuries and today their importance is enhanced by their geostrategic location in the international arena. They have gained greater significance especially since the resolution of Soviet Russia in 1991, as they have become one of the most important and busiest energy corridors of the world. Due to the increase in the transportation of oil, natural gas and other products from the Caspian region through the Straits, the dense traffic and the regulation of the traffic in the Straits has become a key issue between Turkey and user states. Furthermore, the implementation of restrictive provisions for warships caused many debates during the Second World War, the impact of the restrictive provisions of the Convention on the South Ossetia War in August 2008, and the invasion of the Crimean Peninsula in 2014 attracted additional international attention. The Straits took their place on the global agenda of the great powers, especially those of NATO, the United States (US) and Russia. These events have resulted in ongoing and intensive discussions over the revision of the Convention.
Although no legal amendment or modification demand to the Montreux Convention has yet arisen, the new order and geopolitical interests in the Black Sea region show that the Montreux passage regime will continue to be debated by the world’s powers under any given political circumstances. For the time being, however, there will be no alternative route with a view at an adaptation to contemporary needs but methods of treaty modification below the threshold of formal revision as, most importantly, the integration of subsequent practice and subsequent agreement into treaty interpretation.
The purpose of this thesis is to achieve two highly interconnected yet distinct tasks. On the one hand, the thesis explains how foreign investment insurance works by focusing on the law governing the relationships between involved actors. On the other hand, it provides a critique of the operation of foreign investment insurance as an investment protection instrument by mainly drawing on critical studies of the investment protection regime.
The main question this thesis attempts to answer is how foreign investment insurance works. I construe foreign investment insurance as a typical insurance product and focus on the operation of insurance arrangements from a legal perspective. Ideas about how insurance should be deployed in any given social, political or economic context are instrumental in the development of insurers, insurance products and insurance techniques. The thesis examines investment insurers, the products they offer and their techniques to identify and deal with so-called political risks.
Another important question concerns the notion of political risk. What are considered political risks in the context of investment insurance and how are they conceptualized by investment insurance providers? Investment insurers have largely adopted a business-oriented political risk definition which denotes governmental intervention in foreign investment as political risk without regard to the objectives of government actions. Descriptive studies explain political risk by replicating investment insurers’ categorization of basic coverages that include expropriation, currency inconvertibility and remittance transfer restrictions, political violence and breach of contract. Yet recent studies have increasingly provided in-depth analyses on the notion of political risk as well as on the specific categories of political risk, particularly expropriation. The thesis draws on these studies to critically discuss the concept of political risk as it is used by investment insurance providers.
I focus on foreign investment insurance provided by OPIC and MIGA due to their mandate to promote economic development in the capital-importing countries and for their historical role as the major providers of investment insurance. While focus is on MIGA and OPIC, the thesis offers a general account of the operation of foreign investment insurance by incorporating the available information on investment insurance industry and the international governance of investment insurance. The central issues explored in this thesis such as the principle of subrogation and the notion of political risk help me generalize the study as these issues are characterized similarly with respect to each public investment insurance provider.
The case studies and most examples in this thesis are based on expropriation risk insurance.
The dissertation explores to what extent the post-financial crisis EU resolution regime, based on equity/debt write-down and conversion powers and bail-in tools will be effective in maintaining the stability of bank groups. To arrive at its unique angle, it first asks why bank groups are considered complex, thereby explaining the reasons for their proliferation and instability, and how this may inform the view regarding a desired regulatory framework. The main observation the dissertation makes is that, notwithstanding of other factors already pointed out in the literature, bank groups adopt complex structures with multiple entities, as it allows them, inter alia, to use double-leverage financing structures and internal capital markets.
Double-leverage financing structures allow bank groups to optimise the combination of their debt/equity funding from external parent entity investors with a combination of debt/equity funding downstreamed internally to subsidiaries and other entities in the bank group. An important component within this structure is also that the allocation of the bank group’s resources takes place through the internal capital market (ICM). The allocation of resources via the ICM allows bank groups to manage their liquidity constraint either to undertake activities that are more profitable, or to stabilise the financial position of the group as a whole.
While both double leverage and ICMs can optimise the funding and allocation of resources of the bank group, respectively, they can also generate perils to the stability of the bank group. In particular, this is because double-leverage can result in excessive risk taking and regulatory arbitrage. Moreover, the allocation of the intra-group resources in the ICM may not maintain the financial health of all subsidiaries in the bank group, which can prove to be incompatible with the financial stability goals of the regulators in the countries where those subsidiaries conduct their business.
Within this context, the dissertation argues that the current EU resolution regime does not clearly address issues of double leverage when setting out capital and other liability requirements, i.e. the ‘Total Loss Absorbing Capacity’ (TLAC) and ‘Minimum Requirement for Eligible Liabilities’ (MREL) requirements. Moreover, the dissertation emphasis that it is equally relevant to clarify the way in which the bank group resources are available ahead of, and in financial distress. It is argued that to this end, bank groups need to be allowed to make use of the ICM as it is often uncertain what may be the cause of the financial distress and how the resources of the bank group could be used to stabilise it. To this end, the dissertation highlights that there is lack of clarity in both the ex-ante provisions on intra-group support framework and in the ex-post provisions governing the allocation of any surplus TLAC/MREL resources.
Besides the ‘intra-group’ issues within the bank group, the third point the dissertation makes relation to the bank group’s presence in multiple jurisdictions. This transnational element adds to the complexity of the intra-group issues resulting from sub-optimal cooperation between home and host authorities. In this regard, the dissertation underlines that the current framework could adopt a more balanced way in which the regulatory fora will take into account the interest of the authorities of all parts of the bank group.
This research attempts to provide for an overview of the state of co-operation between the United Nations and regional organizations like the CoE, OSCE, EU and NATO during the last Yugoslav wars, considering the 1991-2008 period. In this case, the "reconstruction" of what the organisations did in each of the countries involved in the conflicts, the country-by-country approach used in writing the research and the consideration of both headquarters and field level should facilitate the understanding of the state of things at that time. The research further includes an analysis of the co-operative trends developed by the considered international organisations since the beginning of the 1990s and is concluded by a reflection on the normative relevance of the issue of "international cooperation". In this case, the intention of the author was to go beyond the general policy level approach used for the description of UN-regional organizations interaction and propose a re-consideration of the concept of "international co-operation" as a possible normative tool in guiding the so far nebulous division of tasks of international actors in conflict-related scenarios. In this case, the concise description of the general framework for co-operation under Chapter VIII of the UN Charter, already matter of wide debate by academics and practitioners, sets the frame for a more elaborate, and hopefully innovative, consideration of the notion of "international cooperation". This, of course, is to be contextualized to the lessons learned extrapolated from the case study.
Both China and the EU have nearly 30 years of legislative experience on GMOs. However, despite all the experience gained so far and theoretical analyses, due to the social concerns about GMO risk, both China and Germany are still encountering a decision-making dilemma on authorizing green GMOs. Therefore, the dissertation is dedicated to the issue of whether there is a possibility that this dilemma could be resolved by improving or reformulating the administrative risk decision-making mechanism regarding green GMOs. Specifically, the dissertation analyses four concrete questions: operation of classical decision-making on danger prevention, the challenges posed by uncertain risks, the theoretical legal response to uncertain risk, and the functioning of legally constituted decision-making mechanisms for GMOs in Germany/ the EU and China.
Conventionally, danger is a threshold for the executive to intervene in individual liberty. It can ensure the rationality of ex-ante intervention and further guarantee a balance between individual liberty and public safety. Regarding the danger prevention decision-making process, the executive authorities investigate the factual information at first; then, based on reliable and accessible common knowledge about the rule of causality, predict the degree of possible damage and the occurrence probability; at last, make ex-ante intervention decisions to interrupt the causality chain and avoid damages.
In the risk society, uncertain risk of GMOs is characterized as collectively wide-ranging, manufactured, high-technological, and value-oriented. The ex-ante intervention of the administration extends from danger to uncertain risk, i.e., risk precaution. The essential cause of uncertain risk is that humans do not have sufficient knowledge and have not yet grasped the rule of causality regarding new technologies. Due to the lack of a cognitive reference standard, it is not easy for the administration to judge the existence of risks and make rational decisions on risk precaution, which, consequently, amounts to losing the balance between individual freedom and public safety. Besides, if the authority makes a decision ad arbitrium, and expects learning by error, this may cause significant secondary risks.
In the risk management system, there are two primary, partly interrelated strategies to manage risk that are currently used: that is, knowledge generation and proceduralization. Specifically, to de-materialize the legislation, integrate multipartite participation in the decision-making process, and open the procedure for updating the information can contribute to the generation of the requisite knowledge. Proceduralization can assist with knowledge generation, promote the reconciliation of conflicting interests, compensate for material and legal deficits, and control the legitimacy of administrative behavior.
In the final chapter, the laws on GMOs in the EU, Germany, and China are analysed, especially under the perspective of the concrete risk decision-making mechanisms.
Overall, this dissertation argues that law can procedurally guarantee the independence and reliability of experts and ensure that access to public participation is open. But what the law can do to address public trust and scientifically uncertain risks, is limited.
Die Inauguraldissertation „Strafrechtsdogmatische und strafprozessuale Probleme bei der Einführung und Umsetzung einer Verbandsstrafbarkeit. Untersuchung des Entwurfs eines Ge-setzes zur Einführung der strafrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit von Unternehmen und sonstigen Verbänden“ verfasst von Frau Franziska Osterloh, LL.M., befasst sich mit der Einführung einer Verbandsstrafbarkeit. Betreut wurde die Arbeit an der Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Universität, Frankfurt am Main, von Herrn Prof. Dr. Matthias Jahn. Anlass des aktuellen Auflebens der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion und Anknüpfungspunkt dieser Arbeit war der Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Einführung der strafrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit von Unter-nehmen und sonstigen Verbänden, der auf Vorschlag des nordrhein-westfälischen Justiz-ministeriums der Justizministerkonferenz der Länder im November 2013 vorgelegt wurde.
Zu Beginn wird anhand einer kurzen historischen Einführung und einer Darstellung der rechtlichen Grundlagen von Verbandstätigkeit außerhalb des (Kern-)Strafrechts aufgezeigt, dass der Verband als Rechtssubjekt weitestgehend anerkannt und verselbstständigt ist. An-schließend werden die kriminalpolitischen Argumente zur Begründung einer Verbandsstraf-barkeit in ihren wesentlichen Zügen wiedergegeben.
In dem folgenden der Arbeit untersucht die Verfasserin die strafrechtsdogmatischen Probleme der Einführung einer Verbandsstrafbarkeit. Dabei konzentrieren sich die Ausführungen auf die „klassischen“ Eckpunkte des wissenschaftlichen Diskurses, die Handlungs-, Schuld- und Straffähigkeit von Verbänden. Hierbei liegt ein Schwerpunkt auf der Auseinandersetzung mit der Frage der möglichen Schuldfähigkeit eines Verbandes. Als Ergebnis dieses Kapitels wird festgehalten, dass die bloße Zurechnung ebenso wie die selbstständige Verbandsschuld, nicht den Anforderungen des Schuldprinzips genügen kann. Der Bezug zu der natürlichen Hand-lung, die nach außen in Erscheinung tritt, ist mit Hilfe einer Zurechnung erforderlich und dann ausreichend, wenn für den Verband die Möglichkeit bestanden hätte, durch Organi-sationsstrukturen die Ausführung der Handlung zu verhindern.
Anhand dieser Ergebnisse werden die materiell-rechtlichen Aspekte des untersuchten Gesetzesentwurfs näher beleuchtet und insbesondere die in § 2 des Entwurfs enthaltenen Tatbestände, die sich stark an §§ 30, 130 OWiG anlehnen, untersucht. Die Verfasserin kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Tatbestände unter Berücksichtigung einer teleologischen Aus-legung und restriktiven Handhabung nicht gegen Verfassungsrecht verstoßen.
Die Untersuchung der strafprozessualen Aspekte des Gesetzesentwurfs bezieht sich zum einen auf die übergeordneten Verfahrensprinzipien und deren im Ergebnis weitgehende An-wendbarkeit auf Verbände und zum anderen auf die konkreten Normierungen des Entwurfs. Ein Schwerpunkt wird hierbei auf die Beschuldigtenrechte gelegt, die nach Ansicht der Verfasserin noch nicht hinreichend klar normiert sind. Abschließend werden einige strafprozessuale Besonderheiten untersucht, die nicht ausdrücklich oder lediglich beiläufig von dem Gesetzesentwurf aufgefasst werden.
Als Gesamtergebnis der Arbeit wird der untersuchte Gesetzesentwurf zwar als begrüßens-werte Präzisierung und Bereicherung der Diskussion um eine Verbandsstrafbarkeit, jedoch nicht als dessen Schlusspunkt eingeordnet.