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We examine the possibility of reformulating quantum theory (QT) as a deterministic ensemble theory which (a) interprets observables as objective properties of physical systems and (b) coincides with QT in all quantitative statements. As will be demonstrated, such an Ensemble-Quantum-Theory (EQT) can only be constructed if (1) one accepts a modified observable-concept, and (2) as long as the theory of measurement is left out of account. A correct treatment of the measuring process is impossible within such an EQT. Consequently, there exist no Hidden-Variable Theories with the properties (a) and (b).
The meaning of a recently proposed formalism for quantization of interacting fields is discussed by studying the consequences of the time-dependent unitary transformation which is essential for this approach. It turns out that non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics in dipole approximation may serve as a useful, although rather singular, example for this method. In the relativistic case a different point of view is suggested in order to avoid inconsistent interpretation. It is further possible to give arguments for a reasonable choice of the unitary transformation concerned.
The Coulomb-fission cross sections for 132Xe and 148Nd incident on 238U are calculated in a dynamical classical model. In particular the influence of nuclear forces on the cross sections is studied. Since they are counteracting the Coulomb force, they diminish the cross sections for Coulomb fission significantly and shift the Coulomb barrier towards lower energies.
The nuclear charge form factgr from the high-energy elastic electron scattering on 6Li has been calculated from the modified independent-particle shell model (IPSM) wave function. The usual harmonic oscillator type IPSM wave function has been modified by the inclusion of a nucleon-nucleon correlation function which involves extra-core nucleons only. The technique is extremely simple and provides an excellent agreement with the experimental data.
The potential energy surface has been calculated by two methods which are compared with respect to spontaneous fission. In the first one essentially the sum of the single particle energies is computed as was done in a previous paper3 while in the second one the Strutinsky technique of renormalizing to a liquid drop model has been applied. Also the half-lives for electron capture are investigated together with the predictions of the half-lives for spontaneous fission and α-decay. The results support the existence of superheavy nuclei in the regions around Z = 114 and Z = 164.
An upper limit to the electric field strength, such as that of the nonlinear electrodynamics of Born and Infeld, leads to dramatic differences in the energy eigenvalues and wave functions of atomic electrons bound to superheavy nuclei. For example, the 1s1/2 energy level joins the lower continuum at Z=215 instead of Z=174, the value obtained when Maxwell's equations are used to determine the electric field.