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Das Altenpflegeheim ist für die Heimbewohner einerseits ihr Zuhause, andererseits wird es aber von vielen alten Menschen als der erzwungene Daueraufenthalt bis zum Lebensende empfunden. Dies ruft in den Beziehungen zwischen Heimbewohnern, ihren Angehörigen und den Pflegenden oftmals Spannungen hervor, die das zentrale Recht der Bewohnerinnen und Bewohner, aber auch das zentrale Anliegen der Pflegenden tangieren: die Erhaltung und Förderung der Selbstbestimmtheit des alten Menschen. Viele der betroffenen Heimbewohner sind vor allem aufgrund von Demenzerkrankungen unterschiedlicher Genese nicht mehr einwilligungsfähig. Dennoch äußern sie durch Gestik und Mimik in recht differenzierter Weise ihre Freude, ihre Vorlieben, ihre Ängste und ihren Unwillen. So zeigen sie oftmals, ob sie einer therapeutischen oder pflegerischen Maßnahme zustimmen oder sie ablehnen. Diese außerordentlich schwer zu interpretierenden Willensäußerungen sind zweifellos eine erhebliche Herausforderung, die nur in Kooperation aller Beteiligten gelöst werden kann.
Poster presentation Background Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TNF gene at positions -238 and -308 have earlier been associated with psoriasis vulgaris and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). However, a strong linkage disequilibrium at the chromosomal region 6p21 renders the interpretation of these findings difficult since also other risk factors for psoriasis (PSORS1) than SNPs of the TNF gene have bee mapped to that particular region. Therefore, in this study several SNPs of the TNF gene and of its neighbouring lymphotoxin alpha (LTA) gene were analysed independently and dependently on carrying the PSORS1 risk allele. Methods SNPs in the promoter of the TNF gene (-238G/A, -308G/A, -857C/T, -1031T/C), and one SNP of the LTA gene (+252A/G), of the TNLFRSF1A gene (+36A/G) and of the TNLFRSF1B gene (+676T/G), respectively, were genotyped in 375 psoriasis patients, 375 PsA patients, and 376 controls. The tryptophan–tryptophan–cysteine–cysteine haplotype of the CCHCR1 gene (CCHCR1*WWCC) was used to estimate the genetic impact of the PSORS1 risk allele. Results Whereas an earlier-described association of allele TNF*-238A with psoriasis could be confirmed, our study revealed that this association was completely dependent on concomitant carriage of the PSORS1 risk allele. For PsA, but not psoriasis vulgaris without joint manifestations, strong association with the allele TNF*-857T was detected (OR = 1.956; P value corrected for multiple testing, Pcorr = 0.0025) also in patients negative for the PSORS1 risk allele. Conclusion Our results indicate genetic differences between psoriasis vulgaris patients with and without joint manifestation. While the previously reported association between TNF*-238A and psoriasis seems to primarily reflect linkage disequilibrium with PSORS1, TNF*-857T may represent a risk factor for PsA independent of PSORS1. A potential pathophysiologic relevance of the elucidated genetic association is further suggested by previously reported experimental evidence for a functional impact of the respective TNF polymorphism on TNFalpha expression levels.
Adverse events triggered by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most common drug-related intolerance reactions in medicine; they are possibly related to inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1. Coxibs, preferentially inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2, may therefore represent safe alternatives in patients with NSAID intolerance. We reviewed the literature in a systematic and structured manner to identify and evaluate studies on the tolerance of coxibs in patients with NSAID intolerance. We searched MEDLINE (1966–2006), the COCHRANE LIBRARY (4th Issue 2006) and EMBASE (1966–2006) up to December 9, 2006, and analysed all publications included using a predefined evaluation sheet. Symptoms and severity of adverse events to coxibs were analysed based on all articles comprising such information. Subsequently, the probability for adverse events triggered by coxibs was determined on analyses of double-blind prospective trials only. Among 3,304 patients with NSAID intolerance, 119 adverse events occurred under coxib medication. All adverse events, except two, have been allergic/urticarial in nature; none was lethal, but two were graded as life-threatening (grade 4). The two non-allergic adverse events were described as a grade 1 upper respiratory tract haemorrhage, and a grade 1 gastrointestinal symptom, respectively. In 13 double-blind prospective studies comprising a total of 591 patients with NSAID intolerance, only 13 adverse reactions to coxib provocations were observed. The triggering coxibs were rofecoxib (2/286), celecoxib (6/208), etoricoxib (4/56), and valdecoxib (1/41). This review documents the good tolerability of coxibs in patients with NSAID intolerance, for whom access to this class of drugs for short-term treatment of pain and inflammation is advantageous.
Thioredoxin 1 and thioredoxin 2 have opposed regulatory functions on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
(2007)
Hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a key regulator for adaptation to hypoxia, is composed of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta. In this study, we present evidence that overexpression of mitochondria-located thioredoxin 2 (Trx2) attenuated hypoxia-evoked HIF-1alpha accumulation, whereas cytosolic thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) enhanced HIF-1alpha protein amount. Transactivation of HIF-1 is decreased by overexpression of Trx2 but stimulated by Trx1. Inhibition of proteasomal degradation of HIF-1alpha in Trx2-overexpressing cells did not fully restore HIF-1alpha protein levels, while HIF-1alpha accumulation was enhanced in Trx1-overexpressing cells. Reporter assays showed that cap-dependent translation is increased by Trx1 and decreased by Trx2, whereas HIF-1alpha mRNA levels remained unaltered. These data suggest that thioredoxins affect the synthesis of HIF-1alpha. Trx1 facilitated synthesis of HIF-1alpha by activating Akt, p70S6K, and eIF-4E, known to control cap-dependent translation. In contrast, Trx2 attenuated activities of Akt, p70S6K, and eIF-4E and provoked an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. MitoQ, a mitochondria specific antioxidant, reversed HIF-1alpha accumulation as well as Akt activation under hypoxia in Trx2 cells, supporting the notion of translation control mechanisms in affecting HIF-1alpha protein accumulation.
Poster presentation: Here we investigated the role of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in regulation of Ca2+ store depletion-induced neural cell death. Ca2+ store depletion from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was induced by the SERCA (Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase) inhibitor thapsigargin which led to a rapid induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and a delayed activation of executioner caspases in the cultures. Overexpression of APP potently enhanced cytosolic Ca2+ levels and cell death after ER Ca2+ store depletion in comparison to vector-transfected controls. GeneChipR and RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of classical UPR chaperone genes was not altered by overexpression of APP.Interestingly, the induction of the ER stress-responsive pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP was significantly upregulated in APP-overexpressing cells in comparison to vectortransfected controls. Chelation of intracellular Ca2+ with BAPTA-AM revealed that enhanced CHOP expression after store depletion occured in a Ca2+-dependent manner in APPoverexpressing cells. Prevention of CHOP induction by BAPTA-AM and by RNA interference was also able to abrogate the potentiating effect of APP on thapsigargin-induced apoptosis. Application of the store-operated channel (SOC)-inhibitors SK F96365 and 2-APB downmodulated APP-triggered potentiation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels and apoptosis after treatment with thapsigargin. Our data demonstrate that APP-mediated regulation of ER Ca2+ homeostasis significantly modulates Ca2+ store depletion-induced cell death in a SOC- and CHOP-dependent manner, but independent of the UPR.
Background A procedure for including activity against enveloped viruses in the post-contamination treatment of hands has been recommended, but so far no European standard is available to implement it. In 2004, the German Robert Koch-Institute (RKI) and the German Association for the Control of Virus Disease (DVV) suggested that vaccinia virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) should be used as test viruses in a quantitative suspension test to determine the activity of a disinfectant against all enveloped viruses. Methods We have studied the activities of three commonly-used alcohol-based hand rubs (hand rub A, based on 45% propan-2-ol, 30% propan-1-ol and 0.2% mecetronium etilsulfate; hand rub B, based on 80% ethanol; hand rub C, based on 95% ethanol) against vaccinia virus and BVDV, and in addition against four other clinically relevant enveloped viruses: herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, and human and avian influenza A virus. The hand rubs were challenged with different organic loads at exposure time of 15, 30 and 60 s. According to the guidelines of both BGA/RKI and DVV, and EN 14476:2005, the reduction of infectivity of each test virus was measured on appropriate cell lines using a quantitative suspension test. Results All three alcohol-based hand rubs reduced the infectivity of vaccinia virus and BVDV by >= 4 log10-steps within 15 s, irrespective of the type of organic load. Similar reductions of infectivity were seen against the other four enveloped viruses within 15 s in the presence of different types of organic load. Conclusions Commonly used alcohol-based hand rubs with a total alcohol concentration >= 75% can be assumed to be active against clinically relevant enveloped viruses if they effectively reduce the infectivities of vaccinia virus and BVDV in a quantitative suspension test.
Was passiert auf molekularer Ebene, wenn der Körper altert? Eine Antwort darauf lautet: Es häufen sich irreparable Schäden an Zellen, an Zellbestandteilen wie den Organellen, der DNA oder Eiweißen und anderen Molekülen. DassFehler passieren, ist unvermeidlich, denn jeder Stoffwechselvorgang birgt eine gewisse Störanfälligkeit in sich. Ein junger Organismus ist dank ausgefeilter Reparatursysteme in der Lage, Fehler zu korrigieren. Nimmt diese Fähigkeit mit dem Altern ab, so treten zwei Arten von Problemen mit besonders weitreichenden Folgen auf: Fehler bei der Replikation (dem Kopieren) der DNA und molekulare Schäden, die freie Radikale anrichten. So können Defekte der DNA einerseits die Entstehung von Tumoren verursachen, andererseits aber auch Alterungsprozesse beschleunigen.
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a bioactive lipid that binds to G protein-coupled-receptors and activates various signaling cascades. Here, we show that in renal mesangial cells, SPC not only activates various protein kinase cascades but also activates Smad proteins, which are classical members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling pathway. Consequently, SPC is able to mimic TGFβ-mediated cell responses, such as an anti-inflammatory and a profibrotic response. Interleukin-1β-stimulated prostaglandin E2 formation is dose-dependently suppressed by SPC, which is paralleled by reduced secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) protein expression and activity. This effect is due to a reduction of sPLA2 mRNA expression caused by inhibited sPLA2 promoter activity. Furthermore, SPC upregulates the profibrotic connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) protein and mRNA expression. Blocking TGFβ signaling by a TGFβ receptor kinase inhibitor causes an inhibition of SPC-stimulated Smad activation and reverses both the negative effect of SPC on sPLA2 expression and the positive effect on CTGF expression. In summary, our data show that SPC, by mimicking TGFβ, leads to a suppression of proinflammatory mediator production and stimulates a profibrotic cell response that is often the end point of an anti-inflammatory reaction. Thus, targeting SPC receptors may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to cope with inflammatory diseases.
Aims: To analyze the relationship between exposure to chlorinated and aromatic organic solvents and malignant lymphoma in a multi-centre, population-based case-control study.
Methods: Male and female patients with malignant lymphoma (n=710) between 18 and 80 years of age were prospectively recruited in six study regions in Germany (Ludwigshafen /Upper Palatinate, Heidelberg/ Rhine-Neckar-County, Wurzburg/ Lower Frankonia, Hamburg, Bielefeld/ Gutersloh, and Munich). For each newly recruited lymphoma case, a gender, region and age-matched (+/- 1 year of birth) population control was drawn from the population registers. In a structured personal interview, we elicited a complete occupational history, including every occupational period that lasted at least one year. On the basis of job task-specific supplementary questionnaires, a trained occupational physician assessed the exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons (trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride) and aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using conditional logistic regression analysis, adjusted for smoking (in pack years) and alcohol consumption. To increase the statistical power, patients with specific lymphoma subentities were additionally compared with the entire control group using unconditional logistic regression analysis.
Results: We observed a statistically significant association between high exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons and malignant lymphoma (Odds ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval 1.1-4.3). In the analysis of lymphoma subentities, a pronounced risk elevation was found for follicular lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma. When specific substances were considered, the association between trichloroethylene and malignant lymphoma was of borderline statistical significance. Aromatic hydrocarbons were not significantly associated with the lymphoma diagnosis.
Conclusions: In accordance with the literature, this data point to a potential etiologic role of chlorinated hydrocarbons (particularly trichloroethylene) and malignant lymphoma. Chlorinated hydrocarbons might affect specific lymphoma subentities differentially. Our study does not support a strong association between aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene, or styrene) and the diagnosis of a malignant lymphoma.
Mit meisterhafter Präzision und einem zuverlässigen Gespür für das Außergewöhnliche seines Falles beschrieb Alois Alzheimer vor über 100 Jahren erstmals die feingeweblichen (histologischen) Veränderungen derjenigen Krankheit, die später seinen Namen tragen sollte. Gleichwohl konnte Alzheimer mithilfe des Mikroskops und der damals modernsten Färbetechniken nur wenig über den Zusammenhang zwischen den zu Lebzeiten des Patienten beobachteten Krankheitssymptomen und spezifischen Gehirnveränderungen aussagen. Heute ist zwar der histologische Befund noch immer für die zuverlässige Sicherung der Diagnose Morbus Alzheimer notwendig, aber moderne Schnittbild- sowie elektrophysiologische Verfahren erlauben es erstmals, neuroanatomische und neurofunktionelle Veränderungen zu Lebzeiten der Patienten zu erfassen. Neben ihrem unverzichtbaren Einsatz in der Ausschlussdiagnostik anderer schwerwiegender Gehirnerkrankungen wie Blutungen, Schlaganfälle und Tumore eröffnen diese Verfahren der klinischen Psychiatrie aufregende neue Forschungsperspektiven.