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Chromalveolates are a diverse group of protists that include many ecologically and medically relevant organisms such as diatoms and apicomplexan parasites. They possess plastids generally surrounded by four membranes, which evolved by engulfment of a red alga. Today, most plastid proteins must be imported, but many aspects of protein import into complex plastids are still cryptic. In particular, how proteins cross the third outermost membrane has remained unexplained. We identified a protein in the third outermost membrane of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum with properties comparable to those of the Omp85 family. We demonstrate that the targeting route of P. tricornutum Omp85 parallels that of the translocation channel of the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts, Toc75. In addition, the electrophysiological properties are similar to those of the Omp85 proteins involved in protein translocation. This supports the hypothesis that P. tricornutum Omp85 is involved in precursor protein translocation, which would close a gap in the fundamental understanding of the evolutionary origin and function of protein import in secondary plastids.
Relative orientation of POTRA domains from cyanobacterial Omp85 studied by pulsed EPR spectroscopy
(2016)
Many proteins of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and of the outer envelope of the endosymbiotically derived organelles mitochondria and plastids have a β-barrel fold. Their insertion is assisted by membrane proteins of the Omp85-TpsB superfamily. These proteins are composed of a C-terminal β-barrel and a different number of N-terminal POTRA domains, three in the case of cyanobacterial Omp85. Based on structural studies of Omp85 proteins, including the five POTRA-domain-containing BamA protein of Escherichia coli, it is predicted that anaP2 and anaP3 bear a fixed orientation, whereas anaP1 and anaP2 are connected via a flexible hinge. We challenged this proposal by investigating the conformational space of the N-terminal POTRA domains of Omp85 from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 using pulsed electron-electron double resonance (PELDOR, or DEER) spectroscopy. The pronounced dipolar oscillations observed for most of the double spin-labeled positions indicate a rather rigid orientation of the POTRA domains in frozen liquid solution. Based on the PELDOR distance data, structure refinement of the POTRA domains was performed taking two different approaches: 1) treating the individual POTRA domains as rigid bodies; and 2) using an all-atom refinement of the structure. Both refinement approaches yielded ensembles of model structures that are more restricted compared to the conformational ensemble obtained by molecular dynamics simulations, with only a slightly different orientation of N-terminal POTRA domains anaP1 and anaP2 compared with the x-ray structure. The results are discussed in the context of the native environment of the POTRA domains in the periplasm.
Ribosome biogenesis is fundamental for cellular life, but surprisingly little is known about the underlying pathway. In eukaryotes a comprehensive collection of experimentally verified ribosome biogenesis factors (RBFs) exists only for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Far less is known for other fungi, animals or plants, and insights are even more limited for archaea. Starting from 255 yeast RBFs, we integrated ortholog searches, domain architecture comparisons and, in part, manual curation to investigate the inventories of RBF candidates in 261 eukaryotes, 26 archaea and 57 bacteria. The resulting phylogenetic profiles reveal the evolutionary ancestry of the yeast pathway. The oldest core comprising 20 RBF lineages dates back to the last universal common ancestor, while the youngest 20 factors are confined to the Saccharomycotina. On this basis, we outline similarities and differences of ribosome biogenesis across contemporary species. Archaea, so far a rather uncharted domain, possess 38 well-supported RBF candidates of which some are known to form functional sub-complexes in yeast. This provides initial evidence that ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes and archaea follows similar principles. Within eukaryotes, RBF repertoires vary considerably. A comparison of yeast and human reveals that lineage-specific adaptation via RBF exclusion and addition characterizes the evolution of this ancient pathway.
The endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria encounter structure (ERMES) connects the mitochondrial outer membrane with the ER. Multiple functions have been linked to ERMES, including maintenance of mitochondrial morphology, protein assembly and phospholipid homeostasis. Since the mitochondrial distribution and morphology protein Mdm10 is present in both ERMES and the mitochondrial sorting and assembly machinery (SAM), it is unknown how the ERMES functions are connected on a molecular level. Here we report that conserved surface areas on opposite sides of the Mdm10 β-barrel interact with SAM and ERMES, respectively. We generated point mutants to separate protein assembly (SAM) from morphology and phospholipid homeostasis (ERMES). Our study reveals that the β-barrel channel of Mdm10 serves different functions. Mdm10 promotes the biogenesis of α-helical and β-barrel proteins at SAM and functions as integral membrane anchor of ERMES, demonstrating that SAM-mediated protein assembly is distinct from ER-mitochondria contact sites.
The hydrophobic thickness of membranes, which is manly defined by fatty acids, influences the packing of transmembrane domains of proteins and thus can modulate the activity of these proteins. We analyzed the dynamics of the dimerization of Glycophorin A (GpA) by molecular dynamics simulations to describe the fatty acid dependence of the transmembrane region assembly. GpA represents a well-established model for dimerization of single transmembrane helices containing a GxxxG motif in vitro and in silico. We performed simulations of the dynamics of the NMR-derived dimer as well as self-assembly simulations of monomers in membranes composed of different fatty acid chains and monitored the formed interfaces and their transitions. The observed dimeric interfaces, which also include the one known from NMR, are highly dynamic and converted into each other. The frequency of interface formation and the preferred transitions between interfaces similar to the interface observed by NMR analysis strongly depend on the fatty acid used to build the membrane. Molecular dynamic simulations after adaptation of the helix topology parameters to better represent NMR derived structures of single transmembrane helices yielded an enhanced occurrence of the interface determined by NMR in molecular dynamics simulations. Taken together we give insights into the influence of fatty acids and helix conformation on the dynamics of the transmembrane domain of GpA.
The TolC-like protein HgdD of the filamentous, heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is part of multiple three-component "AB-D" systems spanning the inner and outer membranes and is involved in secretion of various compounds, including lipids, metabolites, antibiotics, and proteins. Several components of HgdD-dependent tripartite transport systems have been identified, but the diversity of inner membrane energizing systems is still unknown. Here we identified six putative resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) type factors. Four of them are expressed during late exponential and stationary growth phase under normal growth conditions, whereas the other two are induced upon incubation with erythromycin or ethidium bromide. The constitutively expressed RND component Alr4267 has an atypical predicted topology, and a mutant strain (I-alr4267) shows a reduction in the content of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol as well as an altered filament shape. An insertion mutant of the ethidium bromide-induced all7631 did not show any significant phenotypic alteration under the conditions tested. Mutants of the constitutively expressed all3143 and alr1656 exhibited a Fox(-) phenotype. The phenotype of the insertion mutant I-all3143 parallels that of the I-hgdD mutant with respect to antibiotic sensitivity, lipid profile, and ethidium efflux. In addition, expression of the RND genes all3143 and all3144 partially complements the capability of Escherichia coli ΔacrAB to transport ethidium. We postulate that the RND transporter All3143 and the predicted membrane fusion protein All3144, as homologs of E. coli AcrB and AcrA, respectively, are major players for antibiotic resistance in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120.
The role of TolC has largely been explored in proteobacteria, where it functions as a metabolite and protein exporter. In contrast, little research has been carried out on the function of cyanobacterial homologues, and as a consequence, not much is known about the mechanism of cyanobacterial antibiotic uptake and metabolite secretion in general. It has been suggested that the TolC-like homologue of the filamentous, heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, termed heterocyst glycolipid deposition protein D (HgdD), is involved in both protein and lipid secretion. To describe its function in secondary metabolite secretion, we established a system to measure the uptake of antibiotics based on the fluorescent molecule ethidium bromide. We analyzed the rate of porin-dependent metabolite uptake and confirmed the functional relation between detoxification and the action of HgdD. Moreover, we identified two major facilitator superfamily proteins that are involved in this process. It appears that anaOmp85 (Alr2269) is not required for insertion or assembly of HgdD, because an alr2269 mutant does not exhibit a phenotype similar to the hgdD mutant. Thus, we could assign components of the metabolite efflux system and describe parameters of detoxification by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120.
Proteins of the Omp85 family are conserved in all kingdoms of life. They mediate protein transport across or protein insertion into membranes and reside in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Omp85 proteins contain a C-terminal transmembrane β-barrel and a soluble N terminus with a varying number of polypeptide-transport-associated or POTRA domains. Here we investigate Omp85 from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. The crystallographic three-dimensional structure of the N-terminal region shows three POTRA domains, here named P1 to P3 from the N terminus. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed a hinge between P1 and P2 but in contrast show that P2 and P3 are fixed in orientation. The P2-P3 arrangement is identical as seen for the POTRA domains from proteobacterial FhaC, suggesting this orientation is a conserved feature. Furthermore, we define interfaces for protein-protein interaction in P1 and P2. P3 possesses an extended loop unique to cyanobacteria and plantae, which influences pore properties as shown by deletion. It now becomes clear how variations in structure of individual POTRA domains, as well as the different number of POTRA domains with both rigid and flexible connections make the N termini of Omp85 proteins versatile adaptors for a plentitude of functions.
Ribosome biogenesis in yeast requires 75 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and a myriad of cofactors for processing, modification, and folding of the ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). For the 19 RNA helicases implicated in ribosome synthesis, their sites of action and molecular functions have largely remained unknown. Here, we have used UV cross-linking and analysis of cDNA (CRAC) to reveal the pre-rRNA binding sites of the RNA helicase Rok1, which is involved in early small subunit biogenesis. Several contact sites were identified in the 18S rRNA sequence, which interestingly all cluster in the “foot” region of the small ribosomal subunit. These include a major binding site in the eukaryotic expansion segment ES6, where Rok1 is required for release of the snR30 snoRNA. Rok1 directly contacts snR30 and other snoRNAs required for pre-rRNA processing. Using cross-linking, ligation and sequencing of hybrids (CLASH) we identified several novel pre-rRNA base-pairing sites for the snoRNAs snR30, snR10, U3, and U14, which cluster in the expansion segments of the 18S rRNA. Our data suggest that these snoRNAs bridge interactions between the expansion segments, thereby forming an extensive interaction network that likely promotes pre-rRNA maturation and folding in early pre-ribosomal complexes and establishes long-range rRNA interactions during ribosome synthesis.
Höhere Eukaryoten stellen ein Ensemble von Zellen dar, die in Kompartimente unterteilt sind. Somit sind intra- und interzelluläre Transportprozesse entscheidend für das Überleben dieser Zellverbände. In meiner Arbeit habe ich Evolution und Struktur von Translokationskomplexen untersucht, um einige Aspekte dieser komplexen Systeme zu untersuchen. Eingangs befassten wir uns mit Rezeptorsystemen am Beispiel des Proteintransports. Mittels phylogenetischer Analysen fanden wir heraus, dass Pex5 nicht der Urahn der anderen untersuchten 3-TPR-Domänen ist, obwohl Pex5 in allen eukaryotischen Organismen vorkommt. Ein Vergleich der 3-TPR-Domänen mit der restlichen Sequenz des Rezeptorproteins ergab, dass die 3-TPR-Domänen eine langsamere Evolutionsgeschwindigkeit aufweisen, was für eine Evolutionseinschränkung durch Interaktionspartner spricht. Sec72 ist möglicherweise aus einer TPR1 (Hop) Domäne entstanden und eine Funktion als Hsp70-erkennende Komponente des Sec-Komplexes für den post-translationalen Import kann daraus abgeleitet werden. „Recycling“ von 3-TPR-Domänen anderer Proteine konnten wir durch unsere phylogenetische Analyse auch für die zweite 3-TPR-Domäne von Tom34 nachweisen, die mit CYP40/FKBP51/52 clustert. Darüber hinaus war es uns möglich, die plastidär bzw. mitochondriell lokalisierten Formen von Toc64 phylogenetisch zu unterscheiden. Durch Erzeugung von Homologiemodellen konnten organellspezifische Aminosäuren strukturell eingeordnet werden. Dabei stellten wir fest, dass sich fast alle Positionen, die sich in der Aminosäurekomposition unterscheiden, auf der konvexen Seite der 3-TPR-Domäne befinden. Molekulardynamische Simulationen zeigten zudem deutliche Veränderung der Hauptbewegungen der 3-TPR-Domänen nach Komplexierung mit dem Hsp90-C-Terminus. Bei Bindung des Liganden werden intramolekulare Wasserstoffbrücken sowohl auf der konvexen als auch konkaven Seite der 3-TPR-Domäne „umgeschaltet“. Diese Erkenntnisse führen zu zwei Hypothesen: 1.) die Organellspezifität der Rezeptoren wird durch die Interaktion mit anderen Komplexpartnern garantiert und 2.) die Änderungen des Wasserstoffbrückennetzwerkes auf der konvexen Seite nach Hsp90-Bindung führen zur Ausbildung der Bindungsstelle für die andere Komplexkomponente. Beide Hypothesen erklären die experimentellen Beobachtungen bezüglich der Rezeptoren und warum keine phylogenetischen Hinweise für die Existenz von Vorstufenprotein-spezifischen Hsp70/90-Proteinen gefunden werden konnten. Nach dem Rezeptor haben wir uns mit dem Translokationsprozess befasst. Wir konnten phylogenetisch zeigen, dass sich Omp85 aus Proteobakterien im Vergleich zu Cyanobakterien und Eukaryoten insbesondere durch andersartige POTRA Domänen auszeichnet und fanden zwei konservierte Motive in der Porenregion. Zudem konnten wir im Heterokontophyten P. tricornutum ein vollständiges Omp85 identifizieren (bipartite Signalsequenz, 2 POTRAs, Pore mit langen Schleifen). Die Aminosäuresequenz weicht teils deutlich von den bekannten Omp85-Proteinen ab, was die Entdeckung erschwerte. Wir haben damit geklärt, dass auch im Translokationsapparat von komplexen Plastiden ein b-Fassprotein der Omp85 Familie die Kerneinheit bildet. Ebenfalls zu den Protein-transportierenden b-Fassproteinen gehört TolC, das aber im Gegensatz zu Omp85 auch andere Substanzen, wie zum Beispiel Siderophore transportiert. Alr2887 ist das einzige TolC-ähnliche Protein aus Anabaena sp. PCC7120. Vergleichende Phänotypuntersuchungen weisen auf eine Interaktion eines ABC-Transporters (DevBCA Operon) mit Alr2887 hin. Die Distanz zwischen äußerer Membran und Plasmamembran ist in Anabaena doppelt so groß wie in E. coli. Entsprechend fanden wir im Adapterprotein DevB eine stark verlängerte dimere Doppelwendel, die das von TolC gebildete a-Fass im Periplasma bis hin zum ABC-Transporter in der Plasmamembran theoretisch fortsetzen kann. Da verschiedenste in Anabaena existierende ABC-Transporter TolC als Abflusskanal benötigen, nehmen wir an, dass Alr2887 ein Rundumtalent in Bezug auf die zu transportierenden Substrate darstellt. Dieses ist auch aufgrund der basalen Einordnung im phylogenetischen Baum zu vermuten; es könnte somit auch in den „Multi-Drug-Efflux“ involviert sein. Nicht nur ABC-Transporter, auch TonB-abhängige Transporter stehen in funktionellem Zusammenhang mit TolC. Wir haben Aminosäuresequenzen von ~4600 TBDTs aus Gram-negativen Bakterien und Cyanobakterien zusammengetragen und nach ihrer paarweisen Ähnlichkeit geclustert. Anhand experimentell charakterisierter TBDTs mit bekannten Substraten und TBDTs mit vorhergesagten Substraten konnten wir sehr vielen Clustern ein Substrat zuordnen, das die in ihnen zusammengefassten TBDTs aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach importieren. Wir konnten ferner feststellen, dass es noch eine Menge weiterer Cluster mit unbekannten Substratspezifitäten gibt und unsere Analysen stimulieren somit die Arbeiten an diesem System im Allgemeinen und in Cyanobakterien im Besonderen.