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The nineteenth century in Britain saw tumultuous changes that reshaped the fabric of society and altered the course of modernization. It also saw the rise of the novel to the height of its cultural power as the most important literary form of the period. This paper reports on a long-term experiment in tracing such macroscopic changes in the novel during this crucial period. Specifically, we present findings on two interrelated transformations in novelistic language that reveal a systemic concretization in language and fundamental change in the social spaces of the novel. We show how these shifts have consequences for setting, characterization, and narration as well as implications for the responsiveness of the novel to the dramatic changes in British society.
This paper has a second strand as well. This project was simultaneously an experiment in developing quantitative and computational methods for tracing changes in literary language. We wanted to see how far quantifiable features such as word usage could be pushed toward the investigation of literary history. Could we leverage quantitative methods in ways that respect the nuance and complexity we value in the humanities? To this end, we present a second set of results, the techniques and methodological lessons gained in the course of designing and running this project.
Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts berichtete ein anonymer Verfasser in der Zeitschrift London und Paris von einer ungewöhnlichen Einrichtung: von der Lachschule des Monsieur Robert. Dieser hatte zunächst als Gesangslehrer seine Dienste angeboten, sein Angebot dann aber später erweitert. Wenn man in vornehmen Gesellschaften mit Anstand erscheinen möchte, erklärte Robert seinem Publikum, reiche es nicht aus, "wenn man Witz und Verstand zeige, schöne Komplimente […] machen, und reitzend tanzen könne". Man müsse auch darauf achten, "daß man in Gesellschaft mit Anstand und melodisch lache". Folglich bot der Pariser Gesangslehrer an, "allen Standespersonen beiderley Geschlechts in dieser höchst nöthigen Kunst Unterricht zu geben".