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In dieser Studie wurden Patienten untersucht, die einen malignen Hirninfarkt erlitten hatten und mit Hilfe der dekompressiven Hemikraniektomie behandelt wurden. Es wurden die funktionelle Beeinträchtigung, die Körperbehinderung und die Lebensqualität untersucht. Die Patienten wurden sechs Monate nach dem Ereignis kontaktiert, um eine Nachuntersuchung durchzuführen. Dabei wurden die Patienten bezüglich ihrer Beeinträchtigung, Körperbehinderung und Lebensqualität beurteilt. Die Studie beinhaltete 36 Patienten. Daraus resultiert eine Überlebensrate von 64%. Bei 10 Patienten wurde die Beeinträchtigung mit dem Barthel Index mit 50 Punkten beurteilt. In drei Fällen betrug der BI 90 Punkte. Die Mehrheit der Patienten (12) zeigte ernste Beeinträchtigungen (BI<50). Die Behinderung korrelierte negativ mit dem Patientenalter. 16 Patienten waren nicht in der Lage zu gehen und benötigten bei der täglichen Arbeit Hilfe, was einen mRS von 4 oder 5 Punkten entspricht. Keiner der Patienten erreichte einen unabhängigen Status. Patienten, die eine höhere BI-Punktezahl hatten, waren signifikant jünger, hatten weniger schwere Beeinträchtigungen bei der Krankenhausaufnahme, wurden kürzer mechanisch ventiliert und verließen die Intensivstation früher. Die Schwere der Angst oder der Depression korrelierte dabei signifikant mit der Schwere der Behinderung. Die dekompressive Hemikraniektomie verbessert die Überlebensrate dramatisch, reduziert aber nicht die Größe des Infarktvolumens. Die Mehrzahl der Patienten wurde durch den Infarkt deutlich in ihrem Leben beeinträchtigt. Insgesamt ist die Lebensqualität reduziert.
Background: Biliary rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common biliary tumor in children. The management of affected patients contains unique challenges because of the rarity of this tumor entity and its critical location at the porta hepatis, which can make achievement of a radical resection very difficult.
Methods: In a retrospective chart analysis we analysed children suffering from biliary RMS who were registered in three different CWS trials (CWS-96, CWS-2002P, and SoTiSaR registry).
Results: Seventeen patients (12 female, 5 male) with a median age of 4.3 years were assessed. The median follow-up was 42.2 months (10.7–202.5). The 5-year overall (OS) and event free survival (EFS) rates were 58% (45–71) and 47% (34–50), respectively. Patients > 10 years of age and those with alveolar histology had the worst prognosis (OS 0%). Patients with botryoid histology had an excellent survival (OS 100%) compared to those with non-botryoid histology (OS 38%, 22–54, p = 0.047). Microscopic complete tumor resection was achieved in almost all patients who received initial tumor biopsy followed by chemotherapy and delayed surgery.
Conclusion: Positive predictive factors for survival of children with biliary RMS are age ≤ 10 years and botryoid tumor histology. Primary surgery with intention of tumor resection should be avoided.
Background: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is generally known to be efficacious in the treatment of social phobia when applied in RCT's, namely when the treatment manual is based on the Clark-Wells approach. However, little is known about the efficacy of manualized treatments in routine clinical practice (Phase IV of psychotherapy research). The present study (SOPHO-PRAX) is a continuation of a large multi-centre randomized clinical trial (SOPHO-NET) and analyses the extent to which additional training practitioners in manualized procedures enhances treatment effect.
Methods: N = 36 private practitioners will be included in three treatment centres and randomly designated to either training in manualized CBT or no specific training. The treatment effects of the therapies conducted by both groups of therapists will be compared. A total of 162 patients (N = 116 completers; N = 58 per condition) will be enrolled. Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) will serve as primary outcome measure. Remission from social phobia is defined as LSAS total [less than or equal to] 30 points. Data will be collected at treatment begin, after 8, 15, and 25 sessions (50 mins. each), at treatment completion, as well at 6 and 12 months post-treatment.
Discussion: The present CBT trial combines elements of randomized-controlled trials and naturalistic studies in an innovative way. It will directly inform about the incremental effects of procedures established in a controlled trial into clinical practice. Study results are relevant to health care decisions and policy. They may serve to improve quality of treatment, and shorten the timeframe between the development and widespread dissemination of effective methods, thereby reducing health cost expenditures. The results of this study will not only inform about the degree to which the new methods lead to an improvement of treatment course and outcome, but also about whether the effects of routine psychotherapeutic treatment are comparable to those of the controlled, strictly manualized treatments of the SOPHO-NET study. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01388231. This study was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (SOPHO-NET: BMBF 01GV0607; SOPHO-PRAX: BMBF 01GV1001).
Background: Diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases frequently coexist. In order to evaluate how thyroid disorders interfere with glycemic control, we analysed insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients with thyroid disease.
Methods: Diabetes patients (n = 1.957) were retrospectively investigated. We focused on type 2 diabetes patients who had been admitted for insulin-treatment and diagnosed thyroid diseases (n = 328). Patients were divided into three groups according to thyroid disease manifestation in relation to diabetes onset: prior to (group 1), same year (group 2) and thyroid disease following diabetes (group 3).
Results: Out of all diabetes patients 27.3% had a thyroid disorder with more women (62.2%) being affected (p < 0.001). Thyroid disease was predominantly diagnosed after diabetes onset. Patients with type 2 diabetes and prior appearance of thyroid disease required insulin therapy significantly earlier (median insulin-free period: 2.5 yrs; Q1 = 0.0, Q3 = 8.25) compared to patients who had thyroid dysfunction after diabetes onset (median insulin-free period: 8.0 yrs; Q1 = 3.0, Q3 = 12.0; p < 0.001). Age at diabetes onset correlated with insulin-free period (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: Thyroid disease may be a marker of a distinct metabolic trait in type 2 diabetes potentially requiring earlier insulin treatment.
Background: Misconceptions about ADHD stigmatize affected people, reduce credibility of providers, and prevent/delay treatment. To challenge misconceptions, we curated findings with strong evidence base. Methods: We reviewed studies with more than 2000 participants or meta-analyses from five or more studies or 2000 or more participants. We excluded meta-analyses that did not assess publication bias, except for meta-analyses of prevalence. For network meta-analyses we required comparison adjusted funnel plots. We excluded treatment studies with waiting-list or treatment as usual controls. From this literature, we extracted evidence-based assertions about the disorder. Results: We generated 208 empirically supported statements about ADHD. The status of the included statements as empirically supported is approved by 80 authors from 27 countries and 6 continents. The contents of the manuscript are endorsed by 366 people who have read this document and agree with its contents. Conclusions: Many findings in ADHD are supported by meta-analysis. These allow for firm statements about the nature, course, outcome causes, and treatments for disorders that are useful for reducing misconceptions and stigma.
Background: The introduction of fast-track treatment procedures following cardiac surgery has significantly shortened hospitalisation times in intensive care units (ICU). Readmission to intensive care units is generally considered a negative quality criterion. The aim of this retrospective study is to statistically analyse risk factors and predictors for re-admission to the ICU after a fast-track patient management program.
Methods: 229 operated patients (67 ± 11 years, 75% male, BMI 27 ± 3, 6/2010-5/2011) with use of extracorporeal circulation (70 ± 31 min aortic crossclamping, CABG 62%) were selected for a preoperative fast-track procedure (transfer on the day of surgery to an intermediate care (IMC) unit, stable circulatory conditions, extubated). A uni- and multivariate analysis were performed to identify independent predictors for re-admission to the ICU.
Results: Over the 11-month study period, 36% of all preoperatively declared fast-track patients could not be transferred to an IMC unit on the day of surgery (n = 77) or had to be readmitted to the ICU after the first postoperative day (n = 4). Readmission or ICU stay signifies a dramatic worsening of the patient outcome (mortality 0/10%, mean hospital stay 10.3 ± 2.5/16.5 ± 16.3, mean transfusion rate 1.4 ± 1,7/5.3 ± 9.1). Predicators for failure of the fast-track procedure are a preoperative ASA class > 3, NYHA class > III and an operation time >267 min ± 74. The significant risk factors for a major postoperative event (= low cardiac output and/or mortality and/or renal failure and/or re-thoracotomy and/or septic shock and/or wound healing disturbances and/or stroke) are a poor EF (OR 2.7 CI 95% 0.98-7.6) and the described ICU readmission (OR 0.14 CI95% 0.05-0.36).
Conclusion: Re-admission to the ICU or failure to transfer patients to the IMC is associated with a high loss of patient outcome. The ASA > 3, NYHA class > 3 and operation time >267 minutes are independent predictors of fast track protocol failure.
Nierensteine sind eine häufige Diagnose, welche Patient und Gesundheitssystem gleichermaßen belasten. In dieser Arbeit sollten deshalb bekannte präoperative und intraoperative Faktoren bestätigt und neue identifiziert werden, welche das Ergebnis bei der endourologischen Steintherapie durch rigide oder flexible Ureterorenoskopie vorhersagen können. Die untersuchten Outcome-Variablen waren die Steinfreiheit, die postoperative Schmerzfreiheit, sowie die ökonomischen Faktoren OP-Zeit und Verweildauer. Ist eine Prädiktion dieser Variablen möglich, so wird der Krankenhausaufenthalt für Patient und Kliniken besser planbar, zudem kann anhand der ökonomischen Faktoren abgeschätzt werden, wie rentabel die Behandlung sein wird. Zu diesem Zweck sollten aus den Prüfvariablen Scores erstellt werden, welche die Steinfreiheit möglichst zuverlässig vorhersagen und bei gleicher Prädiktionskraft einfacher anzuwenden sind als der bekannte S.T.O.N.E. Score zur Abschätzung der Steinfreiheit nach starrer und flexibler URS. Zudem sollten erstmals auch Outcome-Scores für die OP-Zeit, die Verweildauer und die postoperative Schmerzfreiheit erstellt werden.
Hierfür wurden zunächst Patientendaten, sowie radiologische und intraoperative Ergebnisse zusammengetragen und mittels statistischer univariater Analyse auf einen Zusammenhang mit den Outcome-Faktoren überprüft. Hierbei wurden die starre und die flexible URS getrennt analysiert. Im nächsten Schritt wurden in multivariater Analyse die unabhängigen Faktoren identifiziert, welche das Outcome beeinflussen. Aus diesen Variablen wurden schließlich Scores errechnet und deren Prädiktionskraft im Hinblick auf das klinische und ökonomische Outcome nach URS mittels ROC-Analyse untersucht und verglichen. Für die Vorhersage der Steinfreiheit konnte zu jedem Eingriff ein Score erstellt werden, der bei gleicher oder besserer Prädiktionskraft mit weniger Variablen auskommt, als der bisher bekannteste publizierte S.T.O.N.E. Score und somit leichter anzuwenden ist. Der Renewal-Score für die starre URS umfasst die Parameter Steinlänge, Steinlokalisation, Steinanzahl und initiale Notfallvorstellung der Patienten, der Flexfree-Score für die flexible URS beinhaltet hingegen die Steinlänge, eine präinterventionelle DJ-Kathetereinlage und die Erfahrung des Urologen. Auch für die ökonomischen Parameter Operations- und Verweildauer konnten erstmals spezifische Outcome-Scores erstellt werden, lediglich die Schmerzfreiheit ließ sich mit den gesammelten Daten nicht vorhersagen. Bei der flexiblen URS konnte der zur gemeinsamen Prädiktion von OP- und Verweildauer geeignete Fleconomy-Score aus den Variablen Steinbreite und Steinvorgeschichte errechnet werden. Bei der starren URS mussten getrennte Scores erstellt werden. Für die OP-Dauer wurde der Ritime-Score aus den Parametern Steinlänge, Steinbreite, Steinlokalisation und Notfallvorstellung errechnet. Auch der Renewal-Score zur Vorhersage der Steinfreiheit nach rigider URS eignete sich zur Prädiktion der Operationszeit. Der Ristay-Score zur Vorhersage der Verweildauer nach starrer URS umfasst hingegen die Faktoren präoperative DJ-Kathetereinlage, den präinterventionellen Kreatininwert und die OP-Zeit. Auch die ökonomischen Tests sind klinisch einfach zu bestimmen und kommen bei hoher Vorhersagegüte mit wenigen Variablen aus. Alle erstellten Scores sind praxistauglich und stellen eine Weiterentwicklung der bisher zur Verfügung stehenden Tools oder komplette Neuerungen zur Vorhersage des Outcomes nach endourologischer Steintherapie dar. Dies ist nicht nur für den Patienten von Bedeutung, sondern hilft auch den Kliniken OP- und Verweiltage besser zu planen und somit den Behandlungsertrag zu kalkulieren.
Background: Intensive Care Resources are heavily utilized during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, risk stratification and prediction of SARS-CoV-2 patient clinical outcomes upon ICU admission remain inadequate. This study aimed to develop a machine learning model, based on retrospective & prospective clinical data, to stratify patient risk and predict ICU survival and outcomes. Methods: A Germany-wide electronic registry was established to pseudonymously collect admission, therapeutic and discharge information of SARS-CoV-2 ICU patients retrospectively and prospectively. Machine learning approaches were evaluated for the accuracy and interpretability of predictions. The Explainable Boosting Machine approach was selected as the most suitable method. Individual, non-linear shape functions for predictive parameters and parameter interactions are reported. Results: 1039 patients were included in the Explainable Boosting Machine model, 596 patients retrospectively collected, and 443 patients prospectively collected. The model for prediction of general ICU outcome was shown to be more reliable to predict “survival”. Age, inflammatory and thrombotic activity, and severity of ARDS at ICU admission were shown to be predictive of ICU survival. Patients’ age, pulmonary dysfunction and transfer from an external institution were predictors for ECMO therapy. The interaction of patient age with D-dimer levels on admission and creatinine levels with SOFA score without GCS were predictors for renal replacement therapy. Conclusions: Using Explainable Boosting Machine analysis, we confirmed and weighed previously reported and identified novel predictors for outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Using this strategy, predictive modeling of COVID-19 ICU patient outcomes can be performed overcoming the limitations of linear regression models. Trial registration “ClinicalTrials” (clinicaltrials.gov) under NCT04455451.
Background: Risk stratification, detection of minimal residual disease (MRD), and implementation of novel therapeutic agents have improved outcome in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but survival of adult patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) remains unsatisfactory. Thus, novel molecular insights and therapeutic approaches are urgently needed.
Methods: We studied the impact of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 11b (BCL11b), a key regulator in normal T-cell development, in T-ALL patients enrolled into the German Multicenter Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Study Group trials (GMALL; n = 169). The mutational status (exon 4) of BCL11b was analyzed by Sanger sequencing and mRNA expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. In addition gene expression profiles generated on the Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array (affymetrix) were used to investigate BCL11b low and high expressing T-ALL patients.
Results: We demonstrate that BCL11b is aberrantly expressed in T-ALL and gene expression profiles reveal an association of low BCL11b expression with up-regulation of immature markers. T-ALL patients characterized by low BCL11b expression exhibit an adverse prognosis [5-year overall survival (OS): low 35% (n = 40) vs. high 53% (n = 129), P = 0.02]. Within the standard risk group of thymic T-ALL (n = 102), low BCL11b expression identified patients with an unexpected poor outcome compared to those with high expression (5-year OS: 20%, n = 18 versus 62%, n = 84, P < 0.01). In addition, sequencing of exon 4 revealed a high mutation rate (14%) of BCL11b.
Conclusions: In summary, our data of a large adult T-ALL patient cohort show that low BCL11b expression was associated with poor prognosis; particularly in the standard risk group of thymic T-ALL. These findings can be utilized for improved risk prediction in a significant proportion of adult T-ALL patients, which carry a high risk of standard therapy failure despite a favorable immunophenotype.
Purpose: Anaemia is one of the leading causes of death among severely injured patients. It is also known to increase the risk of death and prolong the length of hospital stay in various surgical groups. The main objective of this study is to analyse the anaemia rate on admission to the emergency department and the impact of anaemia on in-hospital mortality.
Methods: Data from the TraumaRegister DGU® (TR-DGU) between 2015 and 2019 were analysed. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 16 years and most severe Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score ≥ 3. Patients were divided into three anaemia subgroups: no or mild anaemia (NA), moderate anaemia (MA) and severe anaemia (SA). Pre-hospital data, patient characteristics, treatment in the emergency room (ER), outcomes, and differences between trauma centres were analysed.
Results: Of 67,595 patients analysed, 94.9% (n = 64,153) exhibited no or mild anaemia (Hb ≥ 9 g/dl), 3.7% (n = 2478) displayed moderate anaemia (Hb 7–8 g/dl) and 1.4% (n = 964) presented with severe anaemia (Hb < 7 g/dl). Haemoglobin (Hb) values ranged from 3 to 18 g/dl with a mean Hb value of 12.7 g/dl. In surviving patients, anaemia was associated with prolonged length of stay (LOS). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed moderate (p < 0.001 OR 1.88 (1.66–2.13)) and severe anaemia (p < 0.001 OR 4.21 (3.46–5.12)) to be an independent predictor for mortality. Further significant predictors are ISS score per point (OR 1.0), age 70–79 (OR 4.8), age > 80 (OR 12.0), severe pre-existing conditions (ASA 3/4) (OR 2.26), severe head injury (AIS 5/6) (OR 4.8), penetrating trauma (OR 1.8), unconsciousness (OR 4.8), shock (OR 2.2) and pre-hospital intubation (OR 1.6).
Conclusion: The majority of severely injured patients are admitted without anaemia to the ER. Injury-associated moderate and severe anaemia is an independent predictor of mortality in severely injured patients.