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Insider trading and portfolio structure in experimental asset markets with a long lived asset
(1997)
We report results of a series of nine market experiments with asymmetric information and a fundamental value process that is more "realistic" than those in previous experiments. Both a call market institution and a continuous double auction mechanism are employed. We find considerable pricing inefficiencies that are only partially exploited by insiders. The magnitude of insider gains is analyzed separately for each experiment. We find support for the hypothesis that the continuous double auction leads to more efficient outcomes. Finally, we present evidence of an endowment effect: the initial portfolio structure influences the final asset holdings of experimental subjects.
This dissertation analyzes tax policy, corporations, and capital market effects. First, the Savings Directive, which has left a loophole by providing grandfathering for some securities, is examined. It can be shown that investors are not willing to pay a premium for bonds that are exempt from the withholding rate, so it may be concluded that the supply of existing loopholes is large enough to allow tax evaders to continue evasion at no additional cost. Second, tax neutrality towards alternative financing instruments for corporate investment is a ubiquitous demand in the political debate. However, the magnitude of possible efficiency costs of a departure from tax neutrality is hardly discussed. Against this background, this dissertation discusses the theory of capital structure and provides back-ofthe-envelope calculations of the possible efficiency cost of a tax distortion of the debt-equity decision. Third, the ex-dividend-day effect in relation to the Gennan tax reform of 2000/2001 is discussed. The abolishment of the imputation system allows reinvestigating the size of the exdividend- day effect. I find no structural break in the size of the German ex-dividend-day effect and no evidence of an ex-dividend-day price drop that exceeds the dividend paid. Fourth, an account of the quantitative development of tax legislation in post-war Germany is presented. It can be shown that the legislative output did not increase over the decades and is not affected by a split majority in the upper and lower houses. Finally, it turns out that an increasing fraction of this legislation is passed in December.
Im Rahmen der Arbeit wird empirisch untersucht, welche Reaktionen die Veröffentlichung von Periodenergebnissen als Teil der Unternehmenspublizität am deutschen Kapitalmarkt auslöst, welches die Bestimmungsfaktoren für das Ausmaß der Kapitalmarktreaktionen sind und ob Unternehmen in der Lage sind, durch ihre Publizitätsentscheidungen die Kapitalmarktreaktionen auf die Veröffentlichung von Periodenergebnissen zu beeinflussen. Kapitalmarktreaktionen auf die Veröffentlichung von Periodenergebnissen werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit anhand von Aktienkursen und Handelsvolumen (Informationsgehalt) sowie anhand von Geld-Brief-Spannen (Informationsasymmetrie) gemessen. Als Ergebnis kann ein erhöhtes Ausmaß an abnormalen Renditen und Handelsvolumen am Tag der Ergebnisankündigung festgestellt werden, was darauf hinweist, dass Ergebnisankündigungen Informationsgehalt besitzen. Weiterhin kann festgestellt werden, dass durch Ergebnisankündigungen anhand von Geld-Brief-Spannen gemessene Informationsasymmetrien sinken. Weiterhin zeigt sich, dass die Kapitalmarktreaktion umso stärker ist, je mehr zusätzliche Informationen zusammen mit dem Periodenergebnis veröffentlicht werden. In diesem Zusammenhang kann auch gezeigt werden, dass sowohl Aktienkurs- und Handelsvolumenreaktionen als auch Geld-Brief-Spannen bei Anwendung international anerkannter Rechnungslegungsgrundsätze größer sind als bei Anwendung handelsrechtlicher Grundsätze. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Aktienkursreaktionen und Geld-Brief-Spannen über den Untersuchungszeitraum, der als Gewöhnungsphase an international anerkannte Rechnungslegungsgrundsätze angesehen werden kann, sinken und das Handelsvolumen steigt. Darüber hinaus kann gezeigt werden, dass die Kapitalmarktreaktion umso geringer ausfällt, je mehr oder je qualitativ hochwertiger die Unternehmenspublizität vor der Ergebnisankündigung ausfällt.
Vorgestellt wird eine empirische Studie, welche den Zusammenhang zwischen Rendite und Risiko für ein Sample deutscher Versicherungsaktien im Zeitraum 1975-1998 untersucht. Als Methode wurde ein Multifaktorenmodell mit makroökonomischen Faktoren verwendet. Je nach Untersuchungszeitraum beläuft sich der Anteil der erklärten Varianz auf 9,29% bis 13,62%. Es konnte eine signifikanter negativer Einfluß zwischen der Veränderung des allgemeinen Zinsniveaus und den Risikoprämien von Versicherungsaktien identifiziert werden. Weiterhin ist Wechselkurses der DM zum US-Dollar signifikant.
An economy in which deposit-taking banks of a Diamond/ Dybvig style and an asset market coexist is modelled. Firstly, within this framework we characterize distinct financial systems depending on the fraction of households with direct investment opportunities that are less efficient than those available to banks. With this fraction comparatively low, the evolving financial system can be interpreted as market-oriented. In this system, banks only provide efficient investment opportunities to households with inferior investment alternatives. Banks are not active in the secondary financial market nor do they provide any liquidity insurance to their depositors. Households participate to a large extent in the primary as well as in the secondary financial markets. In the other case of a relatively high fraction of households with inefficient direct investment opportunities, a bank-dominated financial system arises, in which banks provide liquidity transformation, are active in secondary financial markets and are the only player in primary markets, while households only participate in secondary financial markets. Secondly, we analyze the effect a run on a single bank has on the entire financial system. Interestingly, we can show that a bank run on a single bank causes contagion via the financial market neither in market-oriented nor in extremely bank-dominated financial systems. But in only moderately bank-dominated (or hybrid) financial systems fire sales of long-term financial claims by a distressed bank cause a sudden drop in asset prices that precipitates other banks into crisis.
The German corporate governance system has long been cited as the standard example of an insider-controlled and stakeholder-oriented system. We argue that despite important reforms and substantial changes of individual elements of the German corporate governance system the main characteristics of the traditional German system as a whole are still in place. However, in our opinion the changing role of the big universal banks in the governance undermines the stability of the corporate governance system in Germany. Therefore a breakdown of the traditional system leading to a control vacuum or a fundamental change to a capital market-based system could be in the offing.
This paper makes an attempt to present the economics of credit securitisation in a non-technical way, starting from the description and the analysis of a typical securitisation transaction. The paper sketches a theoretical explanation for why tranching, or nonproportional risk sharing, which is at the heart of securitisation transactions, may allow commercial banks to maximize their shareholder value. However, the analysis makes also clear that the conditions under which credit securitisation enhances welfare, are fairly restrictive, and require not only an active role of the banking supervisory authorities, but also a price tag on the implicit insurance currently provided by the lender of last resort.