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Classification of higher level vegetation units (orders and alliances) based on numerical methods often yields different results than traditional plant community classification concepts. We performed a numerical cluster analysis of phytosociological relevés from the class Festuco-Brometea in Slovakia with the aim of identifying areas of overlap between the two classification approaches. The research was carried out using a database of approximately 1500 phytosociological relevés sampled in the period between 1927 and 2004. The outputs of the numerical classification form six clusters. Diagnostic taxa of individual clusters were determined using species constancy and fidelity. The cluster analysis enabled us to differentiate the alliances Seslerio-Festucion pallentis, Diantho lumnitzeri-Seslerion albicantis, Festucion valesiacae, Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati and Asplenio septentrionalis-Festucion pallentis (inch Festucenion pseudodalmaticae). However, it did not permit the differentiation of the alliances Koelerio-Phleion phleoidis and Bromion erecti. It also did not allow us to differentiate the orders Brometalia erecti and Festucetalia valesiacae. The reason for this may be the peripheral occurrence of plant communities of Brometalia erecti in Slovakia.
This paper compiles and synthesizes the present knowledge of dry grassland vegetation on sandy soils in northern Ukraine, based on published and unpublished sources. In total, 391 relevés from 29 association-level syntaxa of the class Koelerio-Corynephoretea (inch Sedo-Scleranthetea and Festucetea vaginatae), as well as of the alliance Agrostion vinealis from the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea were used for the analysis. Based on cluster analysis and comparison of synoptic tables, a compact classification scheme of the sandy dry grassland vegetation in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the plains region of Ukraine has been developed. It comprises 10 associations from the Koelerio-Corynephoretea and one from the Agrostion vinealis (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea). The Koelerio-Corynephoretea include four orders in Ukraine: Alysso-Sedetalia, Trifolio arvensis- Festucetalia ovinae, Corynephoretalia canescentis, and Sedo acris-Festucetalia. The Alysso-Sedetalia are represented by two associations, the Aurinio saxatilis-Allietum podolici and the Minuartio auctae- Festucetum pallentis from West Podillya. The associations Stipetum pulcherrimae, Astragalo-Stipetum, and Poetum versicoloris, which also had been included in the Alysso-Sedetalia by some authors, are assigned to the class Festuco-Brometea based on their species composition. All Ukrainian stands of the Trifolio arvensis-Festucetalia ovinae are assigned to the association Thymo pulegioides-Festucetum ovinae. They develop on granite outcrops within Ukrainian crystalline shield. Communities of the Corynephoretalia canescentis are described from the Polissya region, where fluvioglacial sediments dominate. These relevés are provisionally assigned to the associations Corniculario aculeatae-Cory- nephoretum canescentis and Corynephoro-Silenetum tataricae. Sedo acris-Festucetalia communities have mainly been recorded in the Dnieper Valley, and some relevés come from Zhytomyr Polissya. This order includes two alliances. The Koelerion glaucae is represented by two associations, namely Veronica dillenii-Secalietum sylvestris and Diantho borbasii-Agrostietum syreistschikovii. The Festucion beckeri is represented by three associations (Centaureo borysthenicae-Festucetum beckeri, Chamaecytiso ruthenici-Festucetum beckeri and perhaps Poo bulbosae-Caricetum colchicae), which are distributed in the Dnieper Valley. The Agrostion vinealis alliance from the Galietalia veri order has been assigned to the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. The present analysis revealed a significant similarity among the previously described associations of this alliance, which allowed the reduction of them to one association, the Koelerio-Agrostietum vinealis. It occurs mostly in the Dnieper Valley and its left bank tributaries. Among the right bank tributaries, it occurs only along lower stretches of rivers and around their confluences with the Dnieper. Most of the dry grassland communities on sandy soils within the study area require further detailed investigation.
In this paper we aim to present data on current state of steppe-like grasslands dominated by feather grasses (Stipa spp.) in the Transylvanian Lowland (Romania), and to investigate whether management type affects species composition, biodiversity, or the occurrence of rare and endangered vascular plant species in these grasslands. Twelve grassland stands, originating from nine areas and belonging to two associations, Stipetum lessingianae and Stipetum pulcherrimae from the alliance Stipion lessingianae (Festucetalia valesiacae, Festuco-Brometea), were investigated by phytosociological sampling. Our data set contains 60 relevés originating from differently managed grasslands: grazed and abandoned stands as well as former grasslands afforested with Pinus nigra. Transylvanian stands of the Stipion lessingianae occur on steep, south-facing slopes. The species composition has an accentuated sub-continental character, including several steppe elements of Siberian and Pontic origin, many of them reaching the western edge of their distribution in this region. By comparing the species composition of the two associations, we identified 12 differential species for the Stipetum lessingianae and 19 for the Stipetum pulcherrimae, but these associations also contained many species in common, which underlines their close syntaxonomic relatedness. Grazing vs. abandonment had only a slight influence on species composition and vegetation structure, while afforestation with pines resulted in strong transformations: decreased cover of the herb layer, increased cover of litter, decreased representation of diagnostic (i.e. typical) species of the two associations but increased frequency of woody, ruderal, and mesophytic grassland species. As the Stipion lessingianae belongs to the priority habitats of the Habitats Directive, these alterations call for grassland restoration measures. Our study revealed a lack of high-quality data on the vegetation of steppe-like dry grasslands in southeast Europe, where they have their largest and best-developed stands on the continent. Thus, we emphasize the need for compiling such data and for developing a consistent supranational vegetation classification of Festucetalia valesiacae communities in this region.
We first report from the 5th Dry Grassland Meeting held from 28th to 30st of August 2008 in Kiel, Germany. Then we take stock of the achievements of the German Arbeitsgruppe Trockenrasen and the international Working Group on Dry Grasslands in the Nordic and Baltic Region towards establishment of vegetation databases of dry grasslands in these study regions. At the conference, the European Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) was founded as an international platform of dry grassland researchers and conservationists. As networking tools it provides a homepage on the internet, publishes a quarterly electronical bulletin, and will organise the future European Dry Grassland Meetings. In the last part of this contribution, we give a short introduction to the five articles of this Special Feature. Four of them make a major contribution to supra-national classification of Koelerio-Corynephoretea and Festuco- Brometea communities, respectively, by providing syntaxonomic overviews based on comprehensive data from eastern European countries for which only few data have been available until now. The other major focus of the Feature papers is on degradation and restoration of various types of dry grasslands.
New vegetation data of dry grasslands in the Western Carpathians and the northern Pannonian Basin
(2010)
The paper presents new vegetation data from dry grassland sites in the biogeographical regions of the Western Carpathians and the northern Pannonian Basin, mainly belonging to the alliances Bromo pannonici-Festucion pallentis and Festucion valesiacae (Festuco-Brometea). The 124 phytosociological relevés were sampled between 2005 and 2009 in Slovakia, the SE Czech Republic, NE Austria, and N Hungary. They are classified into 16 associations and four transitional vegetation types. The paper also brings new information on the distribution of grassland associations in the study area. A new locality of the rare association Teucrio botryos-Andropogonetum ischaemi was confirmed. During our recent investigation of historical sites of the Alopecuro pratensis-Festucetum pseudovinae (Cynosurion cristati, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea) in the Slaná river floodplain, only one occurrence could be confirmed. Geographical principles in distribution of dry grassland associations and classification of the Stipa pulcherrima-dominated stands are also discussed.
The main aim of this paper was to test the national electronic expert system for grassland classification in Slovakia as a tool for grassland classification on a regional data set from an area with high vegetation diversity. The study region comprised five orographic units located in central Slovakia (Starohorské vrchy Mts., Kremnické vrchy Mts., Veľká Fatra Mts., Nízke Tatry Mts. and Zvolenská kotlina Basin). The data set included 411 phytosociological relevés of all grassland types (xero-, subxero- and mesophilous grasslands as well as wet and fen meadows), recorded by the authors between 1980 and 2007. The relevés were classified to associations by the expert system formulated for the Slovak grassland vegetation either according to association definitions or (in case of relevés not matching any association definition) according to the Frequency-Positive Fidelity Index (FPFI). Wetland relevés were classified according to results of a cluster analysis. Diagnostic species from the regional data were compared to diagnostic species derived at the national level from the data including all vegetation units in Slovakia. According to the results, 49% of the relevés classified by the expert system were matched by the association definitions. Xerophilous grasslands were classified within three alliances of the class Festuco- Brometea: Festucion valesiacae, Bromo pannonici-Festucion pallentis and Diantho lumnitzeri-Seslerion. The occurrence of these communities in the region is rare, restricted to rocky habitats and steep slopes with shallow soil over calcareous bedrock. Sub-xerophilous grasslands were classified within four associations belonging to the two alliances Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati and Bromion erecti. In the study region, these communities are widely distributed mainly in areas built by calcareous bedrock. Mesophilous grasslands are the most common communities in the study region. They were classified within eight associations belonging to four alliances: Cynosurion cristati, Arrhenatherion elatioris and Polygono bistortae-Trisetion flavescentis (all of them belonging to the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea) and Nardo strictae-Agrostion tenuis (belonging to the class Nardetea strictae). Wetland communities belonged to the classes Phragmito-Magnocaricetea (alliances Phragmition communis and Glycerio-Sparganion), Molinio-Arrhenatheretea (alliance Deschampsion cespitosae) and Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae (alliance Caricion davallianae). The results demonstrate that the national expert system used can be successfully applied to a heterogeneous regional data set without discarding the particularities of the regional vegetation. The uniqueness of the regional vegetation is reflected in the set of diagnostic species determined at the regional level, which can differ strongly from those estimated at the national level.
A long-term systematic survey of grassland communities was performed in the Biele Karpaty Mts. in Slovakia. The main aims of the research were i) syntaxonomical classification of meso- and subxerophilous grassland vegetation, ii) analysis of the main gradients in species composition, iii) evaluation of the effect of environmental factors on species composition of grasslands. The data set included 342 phytosociological relevés of grasslands recorded between 1991 and 1999. For the classification of relevés to associations, the expert system for identification of grassland vegetation of Slovakia was used. The main environmental gradients of species composition were analysed by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). For the ecological interpretation of ordination axes Ellenberg indicator values were used. The relationship between species composition and environmental factors (geology, pedology, climate, topography, management) was analysed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The expert system identified (according to association definitions) 220 phytosociological relevés (64% of the whole data set). Grassland communities were classified within seven associations belonging to four alliances and three classes: Festuco-Brometea: Bromion erecti and Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati; Molinio- Arrhenatheretea: Arrhenatherion; Nardetea strictae: Violion caninae. The results of the DCA support our assumption that the main environmental gradient in species compositions of grasslands is related to moisture and soil reaction (content of CaCO3 in the soil). The results of the direct gradient analysis (CCA) show that all 23 environmental variables explained 16.15% of the variability of the species data. The most important factors affecting the data variation were precipitation and geological bedrock.
Using four exclosures, the impact of mouflon grazing and weather on plant communities of the phytosociological alliances Koelerio-Phleion phleoidis and Hyperico perforati-Scleranthion perennis occurring on shallow soils within a forest landscape was studied in the Křivoklátsko Biosphere Reserve (Czech Republic) during seven years. In the years 2004–2010, the vascular plant species composition was recorded annually on a total of eight fenced and eight control plots, each 2 m × 1 m in size. Treatment, time, and weather data were used as explanatory variables in ordination and correlation analyses. Cover values of different life forms and indicator values varied significantly in dependence on the weather conditions of the preceding five months; however, correlations varied according to the vegetation type and were rather rarely detected. The effect of fencing appeared important in all study plots; however, the temporal trends were significant only in half of them. We did not find a significant interaction between treatment and time in the total dataset. A successional change was detected in one fenced plot only; in all other cases, the species composition fluctuated – a phenomenon that is not directly attributable to weather conditions. In the fenced plots, the herbaceous vegetation cover decreased, mainly due to litter accumulation and partly due to shrub encroachment. At least some parts of the valuable and species-rich habitats could be maintained under high game density, but some parts are endangered by eutrophication and game grazing. Nature conservation management should balance both mechanisms.
We first report from the 7th European Dry Grassland Meeting held 27 May to 1 June 2010 in Smolenice, Slovakia, devoted to the main topic "Succession, restoration and management of dry grasslands". Apart from the scientific programme and the excursions, we also summarise the outcomes of the General Assembly of the EDGG and present the Smolenice Grassland Declaration. Then we take stock of the dynamic development of the European Dry Grassland Group (EDGG), report on its activities during the past year, and announce its future plans. Finally, we give a short introduction to the four articles of this Special Feature, which deal with biodiversity patterns, vegetation classification, and dynamics of dry grassland habitats. One presents a detailed phytosociological study of the xeric and mesic grasslands of the Slovak part of the Biele Karpaty Mts. The second provides a new numeric approach to the assignment of relevés to syntaxa and exemplifies this in a case study for the delimitation of the classes Festuco-Brometea against Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei in Austria. The third article investigates the septennial impact of mouflon grazing and weather on dry grassland plant communities in dry grassland patches of the Czech Republic. The fourth article deals with long-term abandonment of grasslands in Central Slovakia and shows the importance of vegetation structure, ecological stability, and low-disturbance regime for specific ant assemblages.
In the lower siliceous uplands of Central Europe, various types of nutrient-poor grasslands are widespread and grow intermingled. These species-rich grasslands, often dominated by taxa of the Festuca ovina aggregate, comprise various phytosociological classes. They are remnants of a historic rural lands - cape and are of conservation importance. Few studies on such grasslands are available and there has been disagreement in assigning them to appropriate habitat types or syntaxa. We investigated such nutrient-poor grasslands in the lower Aar valley (Middle Hesse, Rhenish Massif). We surveyed 104 vegetation plots distributed throughout the valley and identified syntaxa to (sub)association level. We carried out supervised classification combining cluster analysis, a priori assignment to classes based on prevailing diagnostic species, and regional refinement based on phi-value maximisation of the units. As a result, we classified five associations within four classes: Polytricho piliferi-Festucetum tenuifoliae/Galio harcynici-Deschampsietum flexuosae and Festuco rubrae-Genistelletum sagittalis (Calluno- Ulicetea), Jasiono montanae-Festucetum ovinae (Koelerio-Corynephoretea), Gentiano-Koelerietum pyramidatae (Festuco-Brometea) and Arrhenatheretum elatioris (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea). Ecologically, soil acidity (resulting from Ca concentrations of the bedrock) was the main cause of floristic dissimilarity of the grasslands and thus community differentiation. Many stands grew on soils with intermediate pH and showed a peculiar mixture of basiphilous and acidophilous species. We conclude that (i) our approach of supervised classification yields convincing reproducible results when a syntaxonomic system is adapted top-down to a geographically restricted area, (ii) nutrient-poor siliceous grasslands dominated by taxa of the Festuca ovina aggregate can be well assigned to ecologically meaningful syntaxa, and (iii) the nutrient-poor siliceous grasslands of the Lahn-Dill Highlands are of high conservation relevance and in urgent need of protection.