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Two hypotheses have been proposed in order to account for velar softening, i.e., a process through which /k/ changes to an affricate. Whereas one hypothesis states that for the process to apply the velar stop has to be realized as an (alveolo) palatal stop (articulation-based hypothesis), the other claims that velar softening is triggered by acoustic similarity between the input and output segments (acoustic equivalence hypothesis). The present paper investigates the acoustic equivalence hypothesis by comparing several acoustic properties of /k/ in various vowel contexts with those of /ts , ts , tc / for three languages differing in stop burst aspiration, i.e., German, Polish and Catalan. Results suggest that the acoustic equivalence hypothesis could account for velar softening in aspirated velar stops but not in unaspirated velar stops. The results also provide an explanation as to why aspirated velar stops are prone to undergo softening more easily when followed by front vocalic segments than in other contexts and positions
On the basis of perceptual experiments we show that alveolo-palatal fricatives and palatalized post-alveolars are two separate sounds which are distinguished not only by Polish native speakers but also by German ones. This claim is partly attested by centre of gravity measurements of the two sibilants. In this paper we revise the claim made by Halle & Stevens [1] and Maddieson & Ladefoged [2] that the Polish alveolo-palatal fricatives [˛, ¸] are palatalized postalveolars [SJ, ZJ]. On the basis of perceptual experiments we show that alveolo-palatal fricatives and palatalized post-alveolars are two separate sounds which are distinguished not only by Polish native speakers but also by German ones. This claim is partly attested by centre of gravity measurements of the two sibilants.
This paper expands on the concept of legal machine which was presented first at IRIS 2011 in Salzburg. The research subjects are (1) the creation of institutional facts by machines, and (2)
multimodal communication of legal content to humans. Simple examples are traffic lights and vending machines. Complicated examples are computer-based information systems in organisations, form proceedings workflows, and machines which replace officials in organisations. The actions performed by machines have legal importance and draw legal consequences. Machines similarly as humans can be imposed status-functions of legal actors. The analogy of machines with humans is in the focus of this paper. Legal content can be communicated by machines and can be perceived by all of our senses. The content can be expressed in multimodal languages: textual, visual, acoustic, gestures, aircraft manoeuvres, etc. The concept of encapsulatation of human into machine is proposed. Herein humanintended actions are communicated through the machine’s output channel. Encapsulations can be compared with deities and mythical creatures that can send gods’ messages to people through the human mouth. This paper also aims to identify law production patterns by machines.
The Free Linguistic Environment (FLE) project focuses on the development of an open and free library of natural language processing functions and a grammar engineering platform for Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) and related grammar frameworks. In its present state the code-base of FLE contains basic essential elements for LFG-parsing. It uses finite-state-based morphological analyzers and syntactic unification parsers to generate parse-trees and related functional representations for input sentences based on a grammar. It can process a variety of grammar formalisms, which can be used independently or serve as backbones for the LFG parser. Among the supported formalisms are Context-free Grammars (CFG), Probabilistic Contextfree Grammars (PCFG), and all formal grammar components of the XLEgrammar formalism. The current implementation of the LFG-parser includes the possibility to use a PCFG backbone to model probabilistic c-structures. It also includes f-structure representations that allow for the specification or calculation of probabilities for complete f-structure representations, as well as for sub-paths in f-structure trees. Given these design features, FLE enables various forms of probabilistic modeling of c-structures and f-structures for input or output sentences that go beyond the capabilities of other technologies based on the LFG framework.
Preposed negation in Danish
(2009)
In Danish the base position of the negation and negated quantifier phrases is between the subject and the finite verb in embedded clauses. However, in embedded clauses introduced by a non-veridical complementizer such as hvis ('if') or om ('whether') the negation and negated quantifier phrases can also appear between the complementizer and the subject. This phenomenon is referred to as preposed negation. The paper investigates the structure and semantics of this construction. It is argued that preposed negation is no adjunction structure, but a special construction where the negation element is a sister of the complementizer and the filler of a filler-gap-structure. It is further argued that preposed negation is associated with negated verum-focus of a clause lacking an (aboutness-) topic. The negation of a verum predicate explains why preposed negation fails to license strong negative polarity items and to rule out positive ones. The lack of a topic explains why preposed negation is preferred with non-referential subjects and with weak readings of indefinite subjects and why preposed negation is incompatible with topic-binding particles.The final section presents an HPSG-analysis of preposed negation using Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS).
09-10. Eylül 2013 tarihinde Sakarya Üniversitesi Çeviri Bölümü Başkanı Sayın Prof. Dr. İlyas Öztürk'ün ev sahipliğinde gerçekleştirilen Germanistik Çalıştayı'nda
1) Almanca bölümleri ve üyeleri için (bölümler arasında dayanışma / ağ kurulabilmesi ve yurtiçi ve yurtdışı tanıtımlar vb. gibi) somut olarak neler yapılabilir?
2) Üyelerimizin yayınlarının dağıtımı ve bölümlerimizin ihtiyaç duyduğu (ihtiyacı karşılayacak nitelikte yazılmış) kitapların tespiti (ve/ya yazılması) için dernek çatısı altında neler yapılabilir?
3) XII. Uluslararası Türk Germanistik Kongresinin planlanması gündemli oturumlarda tartışılan ve benimsenen görüşler aşağıda sunulmuştur.
Am 10 Februar 2004 innerhalb der Reihe "GrenzBereiche des Lesens" gehaltener Vortrag. "GrenzBereiche des Lesens" ist eine kulturwissenschaftliche Vortragsreihe, die 2003 und 2004 an der Universität Frankfurt stattfand. Claus Zittel diskutiert in seinem Beitrag die Frage der Lesbarkeit von Bildern. Er analysiert die vielfältigen Bedeutungen, Darstellungsfunktionen und den argumentativen Stellenwert von Abbildungen in wissenschaftlichen Abhandlungen der Frühen Neuzeit. Anhand einer Fülle von Beispielen zeigt er, wie undifferenziert und trügerisch die verbreitete Vorstellung von der Evidenz wissenschaftlicher Bilder ist: Abbildungen sind weder eindeutig durch den illustrativen Zweck noch durch eine gegebene Evidenz bestimmt. Die Decodierbarkeit und Überzeugungskraft der Bilder hängt vielmehr von kulturell codierten und etablierten Sicht- und Denkweisen ab, die die Bilder selbst in produktiver Weise mit prägen. Status, Funktionen und Bedeutungen von Abbildungen differieren, und sie können nur angemessen erschlossen – gelesen – werden, wenn die erkenntnistheoretischen Voraussetzungen und praktischen Kontexte ihrer Verwendung mit in Betracht gezogen werden.
Symbolischer Konsens, regionale Kohäsion und das Versagen institutioneller Innovation in Donetsk
(2000)
Die Ukraine zeichnet sich durch erhebliche regionale Disparität aus, die sich in einander verstärkenden historischen, sprachlichen, kulturellen und wirtschaftlichen Unterschieden ausdrückt. Meine Betrachtung konzentriert sich auf den Oblast Donetsk in der Ost-Ukraine, der geprägt ist von sprachlicher und kultureller Russifizierung sowie dem Vorherrschen der Kohle- und Schwerindustrie. Die Region befindet sich in einer tiefen sozioökonomischen Krise, der wenig Innovation und Reform entgegengesetzt werden. Im folgenden möchte ich zwei Formen von Entwicklungsblockaden beschreiben. ...