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Dass es "Generationen" gibt, glauben viele zu wissen. Aber was genau sie darunter verstehen, fällt ihnen schwer zu beschreiben. Trotzdem erfreut sich der Generationenbegriff heute einer geradezu ubiquitären Verwendung. Er wird genutzt als Identitäts- und Kollektivbezeichnung, aber auch als Erfahrungs- und Handlungsbegriff. Selbst die Werbesprache hat sich mittlerweile seiner bemächtigt. Und in den Feuilletons deutscher Zeitungen avancierte er zuletzt zu einer Passepartout-Formel, um sozialpolitische "Generationenkonflikte" auszudeuten. ...
Das Herder-Institut (Marburg) hatte 22 Nachwuchswissenschaftler, zumeist Doktoranden, zu einer Sommerschule eingeladen, die sich das Ziel gestellt hatte, die Arbeit an Theorie und Methode historischer Biographik mit der Diskussion konkreter biographischer Studien zu verbinden. Die Leitung und Moderation der Veranstaltung lag in den Händen von Herrn Dr. E. Mühle, dem Direktor des Herder-Instituts, und seiner Mitarbeiterin Frau Dr. H. Hein. In Ausweitung seines langjährigen und erfolgreichen Schwerpunktes auf die Geschichte Ostmitteleuropas und auf die Geschichte der Deutschen in den ostmitteleuropäischen Ländern hatte das Herder-Institut sehr bewusst auch Bewerber berücksichtigt, deren Themen in der west- und nordeuropäischen Geschichte angesiedelt sind. Entscheidend für die Auswahl war der biographische Fokus des Projektes, so dass sich neben Historikern auch Literaturwissenschaftler und Kunsthistoriker auf dem Marburger Schlossberg einfanden. Neben dem pragmatisch-interdisziplinären Ansatz gefiel auch der unaufgeregte und zugleich angenehme mitteleuropäische Charakter des Seminars. Zwar dominierte die deutsche Gruppe aufgrund ihrer Zahl und der gewählten Arbeitssprache, aber die Teilnehmer aus Polen, Tschechien und den Niederlanden verstanden es sehr gut, eigene Akzente einzubringen und deutsche Sichtkorridore aufzuweiten. ...
Christoph Cornelißen stellte in seinem Vortrag "Gerhard Ritter (1888-1967) - ein deutsches Historikerleben" die innere Widersprüchlichkeit des Historikers und politischen Menschen heraus, ohne sein eigentliches Ziel, mit dieser Biographie einen Beitrag zur deutschen Wissenschaftsgeschichte zu leisten, aus den Augen zu verlieren. ...
A new semantics for number
(2003)
The paper is structured as follows. Section 2.1 introduces the basic classes of adjectives that constitute the factual core of the paper. Section 2.2 summarizes in greater detail the X° and the XP movement approaches to word order variation within the DP. Section 3 briefly discusses problems for both approaches. Sections 4.1, 5.1, and 5.2 draw from Alexiadou (2001) and contain a discussion of Greek DS and its relevance for a re-analysis of the word order variation in the Romance DP. Section 4.2 introduces refinements to Alexiadou & Wilder (1998) and Alexiadou (2001). Section 5.3. discusses certain issues that arise from the analysis of postnominal adjectives in Romance as involving raising of XPs. Section 6 discusses phenomena found in other languages, which at first sight seem similar to DS. However, I show that double definiteness in e.g. Hebrew, Scandinavian or other Balkan languages constitutes a different type of phenomenon from Greek DS, thus making a distinction between determiners that introduce CPs (Greek) and those that are merely morphological/agreement markers (Hebrew, Scandinavian, Albanian).
Semantic research over the past three decades has provided impressive confirmation of Donald Davidsons famous claim that “there is a lot of language we can make systematic sense of if we suppose events exist” (Davidson 1980:137). Nowadays, Davidsonian event arguments are no longer reserved only for action verbs (as Davidson originally proposed) or even only for the category of verbs, but instead are widely assumed to be associated with any kind of predicate (e.g. Higginbotham 2000, Parsons 2000).1 The following quotation from Higginbotham and Ramchand (1997) illustrates the reasoning that motivates this move: "Once we assume that predicates (or their verbal, etc. heads) have a position for events, taking the many consequences that stem therefrom, as outlined in publications originating with Donald Davidson (1967), and further applied in Higginbotham (1985, 1989), and Terence Parsons (1990), we are not in a position to deny an event-position to any predicate; for the evidence for, and applications of, the assumption are the same for all predicates. (Higginbotham and Ramchand 1997:54)" In fact, since Davidson’s original proposal the burden of proof for postulating event arguments seems to have shifted completely, leading Raposo and Uriagereka (1995), for example, to the following verdict: "it is unclear what it means for a predicate not to have a Davidsonian argument (Raposo and Uriagereka 1995:182)" That is, Davidsonian eventuality arguments apparently have become something like a trademark for predicates in general. The goal of the present paper is to subject this view of the relationship between predicates and events to real scrutiny. By taking a closer look at the simplest independent predicational structure – viz. copula sentences – I will argue that current Davidsonian approaches tend to stretch the notion of events too far, thereby giving up much of its linguistic and ontological usefulness. More specifically, the paper will tackle the following three questions: 1. Do copula sentences support the current view of the inherent event-relatedness of predicates? 2. If not, what is a possible alternative to an event-based analysis of copula sentences? 3. What does this tell us about Davidsonian events? The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 first reviews current event-based analyses of copula sentences and then gives a brief summary of the Davidsonian notion of events. Section 3 examines the behavior of copula sentences with respect to some standard (as well as some new) eventuality diagnostics. Copula expressions will turn out to fail all eventuality tests. They differ sharply from state verbs like stand, sit, sleep in this respect. (The latter pass all eventuality tests and therefore qualify as true “Davidsonian state” expressions.) On the basis of these observations, section 4 provides an alternative account of copula sentences that combines Kim’s (1969, 1976) notion of property exemplifications with Ashers (1993, 2000) conception of abstract objects. Specifically, I will argue that the copula introduces a referential argument for a temporally bound property exemplification (= “Kimian state”). The proposal is implemented within a DRT framework. Finally, section 5 offers some concluding remarks and suggests that supplementing Davidsonian eventualities by Kimian states not only yields a more adequate analysis for copula expressions and the like but may also improve our treatment of events.
Twenty years ago (1983), I severely criticized Halle and Kiparsky’s review (1981) of Garde’s history of Slavic accentuation (1976). I concluded that Halle and Ki-parsky’s theoretical framework “rests upon an unwarranted limitation of the available evidence, obscures the chronological perspective, and yields results which are partly not new and partly incorrect. It is harmful because it does not give the facts their proper due and thereby blocks the road to empirical study, giving a free hand to unrestrained speculation” (1983: 40). As Halle has recently returned to the subject (2001), it may be interesting to see if there has been some progress in his thinking over the last two decades. In the following I shall try to avoid repeating what I have said in my earlier discussion.
Coreference-Based Summarization and Question Answering: a Case for High Precision Anaphor Resolution
(2003)
Approaches to Text Summarization and Question Answering are known to benefit from the availability of coreference information. Based on an analysis of its contributions, a more detailed look at coreference processing for these applications will be proposed: it should be considered as a task of anaphor resolution rather than coreference resolution. It will be further argued that high precision approaches to anaphor resolution optimally match the specific requirements. Three such approaches will be described and empirically evaluated, and the implications for Text Summarization and Question Answering will be discussed.
We present an effort for the development of multilingual named entity grammars in a unification-based finite-state formalism (SProUT). Following an extended version of the MUC7 standard, we have developed Named Entity Recognition grammars for German, Chinese, Japanese, French, Spanish, English, and Czech. The grammars recognize person names, organizations, geographical locations, currency, time and date expressions. Subgrammars and gazetteers are shared as much as possible for the grammars of the different languages. Multilingual corpora from the business domain are used for grammar development and evaluation. The annotation format (named entity and other linguistic information) is described. We present an evaluation tool which provides detailed statistics and diagnostics, allows for partial matching of annotations, and supports user-defined mappings between different annotation and grammar output formats.