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Histórias da Arquitetura ou Arquiteturas da História : uma Leitura de "Austerlitz", de W. G. Sebald
(2011)
Na tradição literária do século XIX, as imagens romanescas da arquitetura e da decoração de interiores estavam ligadas a uma tentativa de cópia fiel do real, sob pretexto de um pretenso apagamento do caráter representativo da própria linguagem. No entanto, W. G. Sebald, no romance "Austerlitz", faz um diferente uso dessas metáforas, com grande rendimento ético e estético: nas linhas arquitetônicas e nas construções civis, a personagem Austerlitz, especialista em arquitetura capitalista, entrevê a estrutura de um massacre de proporções abissais, que culminou na shoah. Por trás da racionalidade instrumental e do fascínio do iluminismo, a cidade capitalista carrega em sua imanência – tal qual na página do romance escrito por Sebald – um olhar oblíquo para a destruição perpetrada em nome de um suposto ideal de pureza, racionalismo e ordem. Assim, o romance de Sebald, por meio da metáfora arquitetônica, revela o horror do massacre contra os judeus na Alemanha no século XX, mas sem recorrer a uma estetização do mal que comprometeria a própria reflexão acerca dos descaminhos humanos.
"Nel regno oscuro" is the first part of a planned trilogy inspired by the "Divine Comedy", integrating the Middle European style of Giorgio Pressburger's previous works with the attempt to engage with the first part of Dante's poem. The role of Virgil, Dante's guide in the "Inferno", is taken by Sigmund Freud, and the journey of the melancholic protagonist begins as psychoanalytic therapy to enable him to come to terms with the loss of his father and his twin brother, but soon turns into a journey through the realm of the dead which, like the "Divine Comedy", takes the shape of a series of encounters with the shades of historical figures. Thus Dante's descent to hell metamorphoses into a phantasmagoric voyage to the most intimate and obscure dimensions of the human psyche as well as a journey through the tragic events of history in the twentieth century - and the Shoah in particular. The combination of the personal, the collective, and even the universal is one of the most interesting aspects Pressburger takes from Dante's poem. In the following analysis Manuele Gragnolati explores how both Dante's "Divine Comedy" and Pressburger's "Nel regno oscuro" place personal and collective suffering at the centre of their own narratives and stage writing as a political, ethical, and possibly 'salvific' way to deal with this dual suffering, even as they differ in their concepts of identity and selfhood on the one hand and in their models of history on the other.
The poetic language of the Nobel Prize winner Nelly Sachs has already been examined from several points of view. Nelly Sachs has often been mentioned in connection with Klopstock and Hölderlin owing to her 'high tone' (cf. e.g. Paul Hoffmann's article 'On Nelly Sachs' Pathos' from 1994).
However, even earlier than the style which Hoffmann characterized as the "seed of the concise, hermetic late style with a more moderate pathos", literary techniques other than pathetic speech can be found in the work of Nelly Sachs. In the poems 'WE ARE SO sore', 'SOMEONE COMES', 'A PUNCH' behind a hedge, there is a laconic style, far removed from all hermeticism, which is able precisely to depict the impact of the Shoah on its survivors. This style seems to be cognate with Kaschnitz's late elliptical works, Celan's "greyer language", and Bachmann's laconic poems, all from the 1960s. It is this particular style that is examined in this article.
Mehr als einmal hat Ilse Aichinger in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten ihre Vorliebe für Joseph Conrad bekannt: "Ich lese immer wieder Joseph Conrad, obwohl mich weder die Gegenden noch die Handlungen seiner Romane im geringsten interessieren", erklärte sie beispielsweise in einem Interview von 1996. Bereits in einem Fragebogen von 1993 hatte sie auf die Frage nach ihrem "Lieblingsschriftsteller: Joseph Conrad" genannt, und, daß er "zu meinen Liebsten gehört", unterstreicht Aichinger nochmals in einem weiteren Interview zehn Jahre später. Diese gelegentlichen, aber kontinuierlich wiederholten Äußerungen verweisen auf eine bemerkenswerte literarische Genealogie (auf Conrad beziehen sich unter anderen Andre Gidé, T. S. Eliot, Graham Greene, Ernest Hemingway ebenso wie zahlreiche Autoren der Gegenwartsliteratur, so etwa Italo Calvino, V. S. Naipaul, J. M. Coetzee, W. G. Sebald).