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Es werden Schwingkreismodelle angegeben, deren Säkulargleichungen mit denen formal identisch sind, die sich bei der Anwendung der Methode der Moleküleigenfunktionen auf das Problem der π -Elektronenzustände in Molekülen ungesättigter und aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe ergeben. Damit ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, die quantenmechanischen Säkularprobleme durch Messung der Eigenfrequenzen der Modelle zu bestimmen.
The ribonucleic acid of reovirus was extracted with 2 M sodium perchlorate solution and spread by the protein monolayer technique. Areas of the monolayer were transferred to support films, rotary shadowed, and observed in the electron microscope. Filaments of RNA obtained by extraction prior to spreading were similar in appearance and in distribution of contour lengths (0.2 to 1.2 μ) to those obtained by phenol extraction of the virus. Most of the filaments resulting from extraction of the virus suspension during spreading on a sodium perchlorate solution, however, were longer than 1 μ. The lengths of the longest filaments exceeded the 5 μ length predicted from chemical data for one single piece of complementary-stranded RNA in the reovirus particle.
The short filaments, 1.2 μ and less in length, fell into a tri-modal pattern of length distribution with peaks at 0.35 μ, 0.60 μ and 1.10 μ. These shorter lengths probably resulted from breakage of the intact RNA during the extraction procedures. The consistently observed pattern of length distribution suggests that they represent relatively stable subunits of the molecule.
Sodium perchlorate extracted reovirus RNA was thermally denatured in formaldehyde prior to spreading by the protein monolayer technique. Length distributions and relative numbers of filaments in the peaks of the tri-modal distribution pattern were similar to those found for unheated material when extracted prior to spreading. This similarity indicates that heating subsequent to extraction produced no further filament breakage. The thin, kinky appearance of the heated filaments, and the appearance of congruent pairs, indicated that heating had separated the strands of the complementary-stranded RNA subunits.
LANGEVIN equations of the type dn× (t)/dtn+...+c × (t)=K (t) constitute the starting point of a phenomenological fluctuation theory of irreversible processes. These equations are not constructed from transport equations (as in the older theory), but via a generalized MASTER equation from phase space mechanics. The MARKOFF processes of first and higher order defined by the various LANGEVIN equations are studied by the prediction theory of stationary stochastic processes. Instead of the variation principle of the ONSAGEB–MACHLUP theory one has the minimization of the prediction error. The mean relaxation path and the entropy of the considered processes are calculated. It is shown that the entropy consists of one part which is given by the relaxation path and another which is determined by the prediction error.
Thermal denaturation of RNA free coat proteins of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was studied for wildtype TMV (vulgare) and the temperature-sensitive mutant, Ni 118. The ability to form soluble aggregates as well as the optical properties (ORD, UV-difference spectra), and the sedimentation behavior were used as criteria for the native state.
At pH 7.5, I= 0.02 denaturation is reversible for both proteins. The ORD data indicate that the denatured proteins contain residual secondary structure. The “melting temperatures”, as defined by ORD measurements (cp = 0.02 mM), are 39.5 ± 1°C for vulgare and 27 ± 1°C for Ni 118 at pH 7.5, I= 0.02. By means of the aggregation test (cp = 0.05 mM) somewhat lower melting temperatures were found under the same solvent conditions. The difference between the primary structures of vulgare and Ni 118 proteins being a proline → leucine (pos. 20) replacement, the results suggest the cyclic structure of proline (20) to have a specific stabilizing function in the three dimensional protein structure. This conclusion is supported by preliminary experiments on a temperature-sensitive mutant with a threonine residue in pos. 20.
Within the framework of the eigenchannel reaction theory above the two-particle thresholdcluster channels are introduced. The eigenchannels of the S-matrix are used, i. e. continuum stateswhich diagonalize both the S-matrix and the nuclear Hamiltonian and represent for each reactionenergy a discrete set of coupled channel wave functions with a common (eigen-) phase. Especiallythe emission of a deuteron is discussed. It is shown that the cluster channels supplement the energy-correlated channels describing the energy partition £1 + e2 = E —Ef and that asymptotic channelorthogonality holds. The characteristic feature of the cluster channels as compared to the energy-correlated channels is that their final state interaction is not limited to a finite matching volumecomparable to nuclear sizes.
The relations of the theory of real gases which have first been derived by Mayer and his co-workers can be obtained in a simple way by the functional method. In this case the assumption of the pairwise additivity of the intermolecular potential can be dropped. Apart from some new relations for distributions functions the expansion of the direct correlation functions is obtained as a power series in density with coefficients consisting of integrals over Husimi functions.
On the basis of the results obtained in a previous paper it is shown that in the thermodynamic limit the analogues of the Massieu-Plandc functions are linked with each other by means of the Legendre transformation. The existence of the limiting function φk(∞) implies the existence of the limiting function φl(∞) (l<k) under the same assumptions. Passage to the limit and derivation with respect to all independent variables commute. A statistical derivation of the thermodynamic stability condition in its most general form is given which leads naturally to a statistical interpretation of the concept of thermodynamic stability.
It is shown that, for all conceivable ensembles of statistical thermodynamics, at the thermodynamic limit, the frequency function of the fluctuations of macroscopic extensive parameters equals a Gaussian. The proof is based on a generalisation of Khinchin's method using the concept of "smoothed frequency functions."
The interactions between human haptoglobin, Hp II (genetic types 2 - 1 and 2-2), and bovine hemoglobin, Hb, were investigated taking inhibition of complex formation and complex dissociation in various solvent media as criteria.
As shown by relative peroxidase activity and gel chromatography, complex dissociation occurs at high concentrations of guanidine HCl, urea, sodium chloride, dioxane, and formaldehyde, while in case of sodium dodecylsulfate a low molar ratio (SDS/Hb -Hp<5) is sufficient to split the complex. In general the formation of the complex stabilizes the structure of its constituents.
Excluding solvent conditions which lead to denaturation (as measured by optical rotation), ionpairs and H-bonds seem to prevail in the stabilization of the complex, while hydrophobic interactions should be of minor importance. Chemical modification of histidine and tyrosine with diazonium-1-H-tetrazole and N-acetylimidazole, respectively, prove histidyl-groups in Hb and tyrosylgroups in Hp to participate in the Hb-Hp contact, thus confirming earlier results.
Expectation values of kinetic and potential energy are calculated for some lower antibonding orbital states of simple diatomic molecules using H2+ and HeH2+ as test cases. Common LCAO-MO theory and a scaling procedure are applied which allow an analysis of atomic orbital interactions in terms of RUEDENBERG'S1 promotion and interference effect at various internuclear distances. Contributions to the total energy at different regions of interatomic separations are discussed in detail. A characteristic increase of the kinetic energy is observed for antibonding linear combinations at distances where chemical bonding occurs.
In systems containing singlet-oxygen and aromatic fluorescers energy transfer from singletoxygen dimers to the dye should be observable by emission of the fluorescer. In order to prove this hypothesis, externally generated singlet-oxygen (1Δg) was bubbled through the solutions of dyes (chlorophyll a, eosin y, rhodamine b, luminol, rubrene and acridine orange) in organic solvents.
Luminescence could be observed and its spectral distribution analyzed by sharp cut-off filters and interference filters (rubrene) . Spectra, rates of oxidation, addition of quenchers and the long lasting time dependence of the reported reactions lead to the conclusion that the observed afterglow is due to chemical oxidation mechanisms producing a chemiluminescence. Therefore an excitation of the substances investigated in these experiments by simple physical energy transfer seems not to be predominant.
The electron paramagnetic resonance of copper (II)-tetrammine nitrate in solution of methanol and water has been investigated. The data obtained from the spectra at room temperature and 97 °K together with the optical transition energies determined from single crystal polarized absorption spectra at 77 °K by other authors were used to calculate the LCAO-MO bonding parameters. The bonding orbital of the ammonia molecule cannot be described by the concept of sp2 hybridization which was exclusively used in the theory. Therefore a calculation of the overlap integral S(n) for α bonding and of the superhyperfine splitting was carried out in terms of an arbitrary hybridization parametern. For ammonia, n was taken from the Duncan-Pople hybrid wave function for the lone pair orbital. The o bonding and the out-of-plane π bonding appear to have a moderate degree of covalency (α = Ϭ = 0.91; α’= 0.49). The covalent in-plane n bonding is somewhat stronger (β = 0.87) but is by no means so strongly covalent as is observed in compounds with ligands which do not exclusively coordinate through the lone pair electrons.
At low temperature nine ligand nuclear superhyperfine structure lines corresponding to the interaction of four magnetically equivalent nitrogen nuclei have been observed. The value of α' derived from the superhyperfine splitting is in excellent agreement with that obtained from the copper nucleus hyperfine structure.
The triplet state of acridine orange dissolved in methanol/water matrix was investigated by ESR. In absence of oxygen a strong temperature dependence of the spectra was observed. At low temperature (100 °K) the zero-field splitting parameters calculated from the triplet spectrum are: X/hc = 0.0050 cm-1, Y/hc= 0.0342 cm-1, Z/hc=0.0387 cm-1 , at higher temperature (140 °K) : X*(hc=0.0056 cm-1, Y*/hc=0.0206 cm-1, Z*/hc = 0.0262 cm-1 . It was assumed that the low temperature spectrum is caused by isolated molecules in the triplet state while the high temperature spectrum must be attributed to the triplet exciton state of the acridine orange dimer. From the theory of the ESR triplet exciton spectra it can be shown that in the dimer state of acridine orange the molecular planes form an angle of 50° or 130°. However, it cannot be excluded that the dimer configuration differs in the ground or excited singlet state from the triplet state.
The association of Schlen k’s hydrocarbon was studied by means of osmometric and magnetic measurements. The mixed chain-ring-association can be explained satisfactorily assuming that two different dimers and four monomer species participate in the equilibria, including a monomeric diamagnetic ring. The equilibria existing between the different species are discussed. For the equilibria between the monomer and dimer species, which can be detected in solutions of normal viscosity by means of ESR-measurements, the unexpected values of ΔH=0 for the enthalpie of association and ΔS= +19.7 e. u. for the entropie of association were found.
Excitation of CO molecules into the lowest vibrational level of the B1Σ+ electronic state by absorption of the (B 1Σ+υ′=0 →X 1Σ+ ,υ′′=0) resonance band at 1150 Å has been studied under various experimental conditions by observing the steady state fluorescence of the (B 1Σ+→A1Π) Angstrom bands. Stern-Volmer plots of the fluorescence intensities at the addition of various foreign gases yielded straight lines whose slopes k̃qм = kqм · τeff were strongly dependent on the CO sample pressure. This effect was found to be due to changes of the effective radiative lifetime of the B 1Σ+υ′=0 because of resonance trapping of the (0,0) band of the (B → X) fluorescence. The CO(B 1Σ+υ′=0) molecules are found to be quenched by He, Ne, Ar, H2 and D2 with effective collision cross sections of 0.23, 0.48, 22.4, 10.7, and 11.4 Å2, respectively, at 298 °K. In addition, an approximate value for the ratio ABA/ (ABA+ABX)of the radiative transition probabilities of the (B → A) and (B → X) transitions could be derived from the measurements.
Singlet oxygen (1Δg) was generated by a microwave discharge and bubbled through a solution of chlorophyll-a in dibutylphtalate at approximately 10-20 torr. It not only excited the dye to its first singlet state but also produced oxidized species which generated a very long lasting weak chemiluminescence. From quenching experiments for the generation of the excited species could computer simulation.
The solvent dependence of the photooxidation of tryptophan and 3,4-benzopyrene in aqueous solutions was studied by quantum yield measurements. When the hydrocarbon is dissolved in aqueous solution of caffeine, the quantum yields indicate a 3,4-benzopyrene photosensitized tryptophan oxidation instead of a photocooxidation, which is indicated in aqueous solution of sodium dodecylsulfate. The same photosensitized oxidation as in caffeine solution is observed, when urea ( 6 m) is added to the soap solution, while the fluorescence and absorption spectra indicate no change in the solvation state of the hydrocarbon, comparable to the change from hydrophobic solubilization by the detergent to dipole — induced dipole complex solubilization by caffeine. It is concluded that the difference in the reaction pathways is caused by different solvation states of the excited or reacting oxygen. In the discussion of the results it is referred to reactions of inhibitors.
The photoelectron (PE) spectra of dicyano methane and of its dimethyl derivative are tentatively assigned on the basis of a simple MO model. The interactions defined therein between the two cyano groups as well as with the R2C-framework can be parametrized using the PE data. Thus the hyperconjugation πCN/πCR₂ is estimated to amount to 1.7 eV in both compounds. Hyperconjugative effects in methane derivatives H3CX and H2CX2 with X = Br, Cl and CN are compared.
The cooperative problem for a lattice gas on a plane, square lattice and on a simple cubic lattice is solved by a system of two coupled, transcendental equations, derived by a combinatorial method, which describes a homogeneous or periodical particle density on the lattice as a function of the temperature and the chemical potential of the lattice-gas.
For the particle interaction a Hard-Core potential (nearest neighbour exclusion) with a soft long-range tail is assumed. The zero-component of the Fourier-transform of this long-range interaction part can be positive or negative.
The system of transcendental equations is solved by a graphic method. As a result, the complete pressure-density state diagram and the pressure-temperature phase diagram can be drawn.
The lattice-gas exists in three stable phases: gas, liquid and solid. Three phase changes are possible: condensation, crystallization and sublimation.
Critical points of condensation and freezing are examined. The number of possible phases and phase changes at a fixed temperature depends on the geometric structure of the particle interaction.
The mass spectra and the ion molecule reactions of methylphosphine, dimethylphosphine and dimethyldeuterophosphine have been studied by ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry. About 50 ion molecule reaction are observed for each compound. The product ions can be classified as ions with two phosphorus atoms: P2R5+, P2R3+, P2R2+ and P2R+ (R = CH3 or H), as phosphonium and phosphinium ions and ions resulting from collision dissociations and charge exchange reactions. Tertiary ions with three phosphorus atoms like CH3P3H2+ (from CH3PH2) and (CH3)4P3H2 (from (CH3)2PH) have also been detected. The mechanisms of the ion molecule reactions, rearrangements, P -H- and C-H-reactivities and product ion structures are discussed, using in the case of dimethylphosphine the results obtained with the deuterated compound. Rate constants of formation of the more abundant product ions from the molecular ion and the CH3P+ ion, both odd electron particles, have been determined. The reactions with dimethylphosphine have much smaller rate constants than the reactions with methylphosphine.
The low temperature IR stretching vibrations of difluorodisulfane (FSSF) and thiothionylfluoride (SSF2), in the solid phase and in a cyclohexane matrix, of the mixtures FSSF -SSF2, FSSF-OSF2 and SSF, -OSF2, and of solid difluorotrisulfane (FS3F) have been investigated. While SSF, forms no distinct oligomers, a dimer with absorption bands at 635 and 682 cm-1 has been detected in the case of FSSF. These differences between FSSF and SSF, are rationalized by the different S-F bond lengths. A structure of the FSSF dimer similar to that of the sulfur tetrafluoride dimer is proposed. The low temperature spectrum of FS3F shows 3 bands in the frequency range between 460 and 1000 cm-1: 590, 605 and 680 cm-1, due to associated molecules. FS3F decomposes on warming. The main decomposition products containing fluorine are FSSF and SSF2. Mechanisms for the rearrangement and decomposition of the three compounds studied are discussed.
Spectrophotometric investigation of the kinetics of the spontaneous reduction of the central metal ion in K2[Mn (IV)-2-α-hydroxyethyl-isochlorine e4] acetate in aqueous alkaline solution in the absence of any reducing agent reveals that it is a pseudo-first order reaction which is specifically hydroxide ion catalyzed. The pKα-value of the acid-base equilibrium has been estimated to be 14.4.
Electron transfer to the central metal ion is the rate limiting step. The measurements of its temperature dependence yields an activation enthalpy of ∆H‡ = 12 kcal/mol and an entropy of activation ∆S‡ = - 30 e.u. thus indicating that the electron transfer step is a bimolecular reaction. The most likely reactant is water. The reduction reaction does not take place with appreciable reaction rates at physiological pH. Thus, when bound to a suitable ligand of the chlorin type, Mn (IV)-compounds are sufficiently stable with respect to autoxidation to play some role in biological redox reactions as postulated recently for the photoreactivation process of the water splitting system in photosynthesis.
Photoelectron (PE) spectra of ethylene and vinylene carbonates and thiocarbonates as well as of methylene trithiocarbonate and some open-chain derivatives are reported.
The low energy bands, well separated in the unsaturated compounds, are assigned to lone pair and π type ionizations. The assignment is based on comparison of PE spectra, modified CNDO calculations, and sulfur Κβ emission spectra. The pronounced substituent effects due to which the first ionization potential varies from 8.4 eV to 11.1 eV are discussed.
A new NAD⊕-isomer was prepared, in which the ᴅ-ribose of the adenosine moiety was sub stituted by the enantiomeric ʟ-ribose. As compared to nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide (NAD⊕) and NADH the coenzyme isomer (ᴅ,ʟ)-NAD⊕ and its dihydroform (ᴅ,ʟ)-NADH are far less tightly bound to lactate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase from horse liver. In the presence of the second substrate (ᴅ,ʟ)-NAD⊕ and (ᴅ,ʟ)-NADH act as hydrogen acceptor and hydrogen donator, respectively, with lactate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenases from horse liver and yeast. Compared to NAD⊕ and NADH the Michaelis constants are always increased, the catalytic constants (V/Et) were found to be decreased except for the dihydroform reacting with alcohol dehydrogenase from liver.
Sulfhydryl Groups, Methylmercury Containing Inactivator, Coenzyme Analogue Nicotinamide-(S-methylmercury-thioinosine) dinucleotide was formed by reaction of nicotin amide-(6-thiopurine) dinucleotide with methylmercury chloride. The compound exhibits coenzyme properties in the test with LDH (Km=1.5 × 10-4 м , Vmax=12500) and LADH (Km=1.7 × 10-4 м, Vmax=27) and inactivates YADH and GAPDH. From incubations with LDH and LADH the mercury containing coenzyme could be regained by column chromatography. The compound seems to be qualified for the X-ray structure analysis of the coenzyme-enzyme complex for some dehyrogenases based on the proportion of the heavy metal.
The mass spectrum and the ion molecule reactions of phosphirane and of mixtures of phosphirane with NH3 , NH2D, NHD2 and ND3 have been studied by ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry. Almost all important product ions are formed by PH-group transfer reactions, where ethene is generated as the neutral particle. Only two of the more abundant ions, the protonated molecule, H2P(CH2)2+ and the ion m/e=63, P2H+, are formed via other reaction pathways. Secondary, tertiary and quarternary product ions with the general formula R(PH)n+ (R: phosphirane fragment, n-1, 2, 3) have been detected.
The molecular ion is proved to have a cyclic structure. Two possible structures of the product ions with two and three phosphorus atoms are discussed: a structure with an open phosphorus chain, leaving the phosphirane ring intact and a ring extended structure, produced by a ring extension reaction of the PH-group.
Several rate constants of the ion molecule reactions of the phosphirane molecular ion are given.
Testosterone, Androst-4-en-3,17-dione, Enzyme Induction, S trep to m yces hydrogenans After cultivation of S trep to m yces hydrogenan s in the presence of 3H-labelled testosterone, radio active steroids were extracted separately from the cytosolic, ribosomal and cell wall-membrane fraction of the cells and from the culture medium, respectively.. The separation of the steroids was performed by one-and two-dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC). The identification of the main metabolites was achieved by crystallization to constant specific radioactivity, specific staining procedures and acetylation. The oxidation of testosterone to androst-4-en-3,17-dione is by far the predominating reaction, which is almost finished after 3 h cultivation. Androst-4-en-3,17-dione is mainly transferred into the culture medium and partly accumulated within the cell wall-membrane fraction. High polar steroid metabolites and androstane derivatives are present in very small amounts only.
In this paper equilibrium models for the calculation of the excess Gibbs free energy of binary liquid mixtures are developed, the component A of which undergoes chain-forming self-association whilst the component B acts as an 'inert' solvent. It is shown that the extension of the well-known chain-association model of Mecke and Kempter, in which the probability of chain prolongation is assumed to be independent of chain length, is unable to establish satisfactory results because it does not exhibit sufficient unsymmetry. Reduction of the probability of chain growth with in-creasing chain length leads to an improved model with the geometric series replaced by the exponential series. This model, in which only two parameters are used, i. e. the equilibrium constants K for mutual solvation of A and B, and ρ for self-association of A, allows fitting of isothermal experimental GE /R T literature data on cycloalkanol-cycloalkane, alkanol-alkane, and NMF -CCl4 systems within the limits of experimental error. Compared with the two-parameter Wilson equation which gives equally small standard deviations, our equilibrium model has the advantage of allowing passage from GE to HE data and of being applicable to liquid-liquid equilibria.
Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements were carried out on neutron activated 20F(T1/2=11s) nuclei in a single crystal of KZnF3. The quadrupolar splitted NMR spectrum, detected via the 20F β-radiation asymmetry, could be observed using a radio frequency modulation technique. The quadrupole coupling constant was determined to e2 q Q/h= + (12.0 ± 1.5) MHz at room temperature. The sign of e2 q Q was obtained from a simultaneous γ-ray anisotropy measurement on the succeeding 20Ne transition. Utilising a calculated field gradient of the fluorine atom, an fQ = 4.6% is determined. This value is compared with literature data of similar compounds.
The kinetics of the photodynamic desactivation of lysozyme in presence of acridine orange as the sensitizer have been investigated in detail varying oxygen, protein, dye concentration, ionic strength and pH value. The kinetics can be approximately described as an over all pseudo-first- order rate process. Changing the solvent from water to D2O or by quenching experiments in presence of azide ions it could be shown that the desactivation of lysozyme is caused exclusively by singlet oxygen. The excited oxygen occurs via the triplet state of the dye with a rate constant considerably lower than that to be expected for a diffusionally controlled reaction. Singlet oxygen reacts chemically (desactivation, k=2.9 × 107 ᴍ-1 sec-1) and physically (quenching process, k = 4.1 × 108 ᴍ-1sec-1) with the enzyme. The kinetical analysis shows that additional chemical reactions between singlet oxygen and lysozyme would have only little influence on the kinetics of the desactivation as long as their products would be enzymatically active and their kinetical constants would be less than about 1 × 108 ᴍ-1 sec-1.
Two routes for the preparation of (CH3)2SnS2N2 are given, which are kinetically controlled reactions. The molecule (CH3)2SnS2N2 was characterized by X-ray analysis. It is an interesting starting material for the preparation of S2N2CO and S3N2O. The latter reacts with iminosulfur oxides and isocyanates under the formation of S3N3SO2F and S3N3SO2CF3. The structure of S3N3SO2F was established by X-ray analysis. The bonding properties are discussed.
The cleavage of thin-nitrogen derivatives with S3N2Cl2 yields also five membered sulfurnitrogen rings. The structure and properties of P3N3F5NS3N2 and C3N3F2NS3N2 are reported. Six, eight and ten membered rings are formed by the reactions of (CH3)3Si–N = S = N–Si (CH3)3 with FSO2–N=S=O, these are S4N4O2 and S5N5+S3N3O4, respectively. The cation S5N5+ is a planar molecule, while the oxygen containing species are puckered. In S4N4O2 the oxygens are attached to one sulfur atom, which has a tetrahedral configuration.
The structure of the silicon containing cyclic and bicyclic rings (CH3)2Si(NSN)2Si(CH3)2 and CH3Si(NSN)3SiCH3 were determined.
The hypothesis of GLIKMAN and ZABRODA (Biochemistry [USSR] 84,, 239 [1969]) that the primary electron donor during photoreduction of manganese(III) in Mn(III)-hydroxychlorin compounds in oxygen free aqueous alkaline solutions is the axially bound OH- ion was tested with Mn(III)-2-a-hydroxyethyl-isochlorin e4. It has been shown that
1) the primary generation of OH radicals upon irradiation of the complex is highly improbable,
2) light is not essential for the reduction reaction,
3) the kinetics of photoreduction of the Mn(III)-compound in 2 N NaOH clearly is not compatible with OH radical formation.
Antiserum against crystallized 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Streptomyces hydrogenans was used for different immunodiffusion and immunoprecipitation tests to quantify the bacterial enzyme in cell-free supernatants of the microorganism. After immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis the molecular weight of the subunits of 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was calculated to be 27 300 ± 700.
The photodynamic deactivation of lysozyme in presence of acridine orange is caused by a reaction between singlet oxygen formed via the dye triplet state and the protein. In order to identify the region where the singlet oxygen reacts with the protein we have investigated the kinetics of the deactivation in presence ofthe inhibitor of the enzymatic reaction N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The overall experimental rate constant becomes slower with increasing saccharide concentrations. As we can exclude experimentally that this kinetical effect is caused in presence of the saccharide by a physical quenching of singlet oxygen or of the dye triplet state it has to be assumed that GlcNAc protects the surrounding of its bindings place at subsite C of the enzymatic center sterically against an attack of singlet oxygen. In this region three tryptophan residues are located, which could be sensitive against singlet oxygen. Surprisingly, however, it has been found that only those species are protected, in which a second saccharide molecule is bound to the protein, probably at subsite E at the enzymatic center, where no sensitive amino acid side chains are located.
Levels of the purine nucleoside triphosphates are de creasing towards the end of log phase growth of Streptomyces hydrogenans. Induction of 20β-hydroxysteroid dehy-drogenase by addition of 11β,21-dihydroxy-4,17 (20) -pregna-dien-3-one to the growth medium leads to a pronounced drop in purine nucleoside triphosphate levels with is irreversible in contrast to the initial loss and later accumulation of RNA.
The gas phase ion chemistry of the simplest known phosphorus ylide, trimethylmethylenephosphorane, has been studied in the mass range m/e=2 - 186 and the pressure range 10-7-10-4 Torr. The most abundant product ion, m/e = 104, (CH3)2C2H5PCH2'+ is formed by a methylene group transfer reaction of the molecular ion. Almost all of the other product ions formed from the molecular ion can be subsumed under the general formula (CH3)3PCHPRn+ (R = H, CH3; n=1,2,3). The reactions indicate that the molecular ion has lost its ylide character almost completely. The protonated molecule is formed almost exclusively by a reaction of the fragment ion m/e = 75. This reaction and the CH3PH group transfer reaction indicate a cyclic structure (CH3) HP(CH2)2+ for this ion. A cyclic structure is also assumed for the ion m/e = 73, PC3H6+, which undergoes P and PH transfer reactions. The reactions of the ion m/e = 47 are consistent with the structure CH3PH+. The ICR and mass spectra are given, some metastable decompositions are discussed.
Diadamantyldioxetane, trim ethyldioxetane and tetram ethyldioxetane were photolyzed b y light of A > 260 nm . The spectral distribution o f the quanta emitted during photoinduced decom position of dioxatenes was found to be different from fluorescence and phosphorescence o f ketones. Flash photolysis experim ents showed the absorption of an short-lived interm ediate. It was concluded, therefore, that photolysis o fdioxetanes is not a concerted process but involves at least one precursor o f the final product ketone.
ncubation of class II chloroplasts of spinach with copper in the light at pH = 8 in concentrations that inhibit oxygen evolution results in the formation of a copper (II) protein complex with the photosynthetic membrane. The EPR spectra indicate that the four nearest ligands to Cu(II) consist of three oxygen atoms and one nitrogen atom. The copper (II) protein appears to be pre dominantly associated with photosystem II. The formation of this protein as measured by the EPR signal amplitude of its room temperature spectrum correlates with the inhibition of oxygen evolution and of electron transport within photosystem I. This result indicates that the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport by copper may be due to the formation of a copper (II) chelate with a membrane protein.
The thermal decomposition of 1,2-diadamantyldioxetane was studied by kinetic and spectroscopic methods. Spectra of the chemiluminescence emitted during the thermally induced decomposition of 1,2-diadamantyldioxetane, tetramethyldioxetane and trimethyldioxetane were obtained and the influence of quenchers and radical-scavengers, and the presence of "heavy atoms" in the surrounding of the emitting species was investigated. The kinetics of the decay mechanism was followed by measuring the time dependence of the chemiluminescence. The influence of radical-scavengers, quenchers and "external heavy atoms" on the kinetics was assessed. Experimental results were discussed in terms of a biradical decay mechanism.
Intoxication of class II chloroplasts of spinach with Cu(II) leads to inhibition of millisecond luminescence. The degree of inhibition depends on Cu (II) -concentration. The investgation of the pH dpendence of the inhibition curve of luminescence revealed that (1) there is an inhibition site of copper on the donor side of photosystem II, (2) copper (II) does not act as an uncoupler of photophosphorylation, (3) a protonation equilibrium is involved in the inhibition mechanism, and (4) copper (II) binds to a dissociated residue of a membrane protein.
Some physical and chemical properties of the cancerostat cyclophosphamide (generic name: ENDOXAN) and its basic constituents H3PO4 and nor-N-mustard have been calculated with the help of a modified CNDO/S-method. The spectroscopic data of the H3PO4 , which is the starting-point for a corresponding calculation of cyclophosphamide, has been studied by taking account of the 3 d electron of the phosphorus. Nor-N-mustard is a very reactive compound, characterized by the ability to split off chloride ions and to act as an alkylating agent. The binding of the nor-N-mustard to the cyclic phosphate ester (cyclophosphamide) modifies the chemical reactivity of the mustard group in an essential way, and the 3d electron of the phosphorus plays an important role with respect to the excitability of the C -Cl bonds. Cyclophosphamide must be metabolized in a suitable way to develop the same alkylating activity as the nor-N-mustard. The computation of the excited states of cyclophosphamide revealed a similar term scheme as it was found by Clar in the case of the carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons.
3,17 β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase has been enriched and purified from cytosol of Streptomyces hydrogenans. After ammonium sulfate precipitation and filtration on Sephadex G-100 the enzyme was finally purified by preparative gel electrophoresis and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate gave a single band of mobility corresponding to molecular weight of 70 200 ± 2 500. 3 β-. 17 β- as well as 20 β-hydroxy steroids were dehydrogenated by the enzyme in the presence of NAD+. The dehydrogenation proceeded faster than the reduction of the corresponding ketosteroids in the presence of NADH. The enzyme does not accent NADP+ or NADPH as co-substrates. The apparent Km values were calculated to be 11 μᴍ for 5 α-dihydrotestosterone, 20 μᴍ for testosterone ana 68 μᴍ for epiandrosterone in the NAD+-driven reaction, 1.8 x 10-4 m for NADH+ and 1.9 x 10-4 ᴍ for NADH. The catalytic activity was influenced by the ratio of NAD+/ATP. The inhibition by ATP appears to be of a competitive type with respect to NAD+ (Ki 1.15 x 10-3 ᴍ).
After sucrose gradient centrifugation in a preparative ultracentrifuge the enzyme sediments with 4.1 ± 0.1 S as estimated in comparison to other proteins of known sedimentation coefficient. The isoelectric point was determined to be 3.9 with the LKB preparative isoelectric focusing column (pH 2-11) and 4.1 with the analytical flat bed polyacrylamide isofocusing (pH 3 - 5). The number of SH groups was determined to be 2 mol/mol enzyme. In the presence of 6 M urea the figure inceases to 3 mol SH/mol enzyme. In the presence of an excess of p-chloromercuribenzoate the enzyme activity decreases only partially.
Potential energy and dipole moment functions have been calculated for the ground states of the NeH+ (1.0 ≦ R ≦ 15 a. u.) and the KrH+ (1.6 ≦ R ≦ 20 a. u.) ion from highly correlated SCEP/VAR and SCEP/CEPA electronic wave functions. The following spectroscopic constants have been derived: Ne20H+ re = 0.996 ± 0.003 Å, ωe = 2896 ± 20cm-1 , D0(Ne + H+) = 2.10 ± 0.05 eV; Kr84H+ re = 1.419 ± 0.003 Å, ωe = 2561 ±20 cm-1 , D0(Kr + H+) = 4.65 ±0.05 eV. The Einstein transition probability coefficients of spontaneous emission have been calculated for all transitions v ≦ 5 of Ne20H+, Ne20D+, Kr84H+ and Kr84D+, respectively.