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Wrack burial reduces germination and establishment of the invasive cordgrass Spartina densiflora
(2014)
Germination and emergence of halophytes may decrease significantly by seed burial in dead plant material, or wrack, which is common and abundant in tidal marshes. The effects of plant debris (wrack) burial on seed germination and seedling establishment of Spartina densiflora, an invasive cordgrass, were studied under greenhouse conditions and compared with field observations. Five wrack burial depths were applied: control without wrack, 1 cm (1235 ± 92 g DW wrack m-2), 2 cm (3266 ± 13 g DW m-2), 4 cm (4213 ± 277 g DW m-2), and 8 cm (6138 ± 227 g DW m-2). Sediment pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential and temperature were recorded. Quiescence increased with wrack load up to ~20% at 8 cm deep. Germination decreased with wrack load from 96% to 14%, which could be related with anoxic conditions under the debris since sediment redox potential was as low as -83 ± 7 mV at 8 cm. Germination percentage increased and quiescent and dormant percentages decreased at higher daily sediment temperatures and with higher daily temperature fluctuations, conditions that were recorded without or under low loads of wrack. Spartina densiflora did not show primary dormancy, but its seeds entered into a non-deep physiological dormancy below 1 cm deep in plant debris. The establishment of S. densiflora seedlings was also greatly reduced by wrack burial since only 6 seedlings (11 ± 5 % of germinated seeds) emerged above plant debris from 1 cm and all seedlings died from deeper than 1 cm. S. densiflora seedling development was also reduced by wrack burial. The inverse relationship between germination and emergence of S. densiflora with wrack burial recorded in our study is useful to predict its invasion dynamics and to plan the management of invaded marshes.
The Crusade movement is one of the most important occurrences of medieval history. It took place throughout two centuries in the Levant and affected both Muslims and Crusaders and in turn changed the way in which West and East related to one another.1 When the Crusaders took control of the Holy Land and many Islamic cities in the Levant, they transferred their feudal European system there. They established four main fiefdoms or lordships, Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli. In addition, there were another twelve secondary fiefdoms,2 of which Tibnīn was one. Tibnīn was called “Toron” by the Crusaders. Once the Crusaders had captured Tibnīn, they began building its fortified castle, from which the fief of Tibnīn gained its importance throughout the period of the Crusades.
This paper traces the military role of Tibnīn and its rulers in the Latin East against the Muslims until 1187/ 583. Tibnīn played a key role in overcoming the Muslims in Tyre and controlled it in 1124. It also played a vital role in the conflict between Damascus and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Tibnīn participated in defending Antioch, Banyas, Hebron and Transjordan several times. Furthermore, its soldiers and Knights joined the army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to capture Ascalon in 1153, and joined the campaigns of Amaury I, King of Jerusalem, against Egypt from 1164 to1169. The military situation of Tibnīn under the rule of the royal house until its fall to the Muslims in 1187/ 583 will be studied as well.
Death and the King's Grey Hair and Other Plays is a collection of three plays, 'Death and the King's Grey Hair, ' 'Truce with the Devil, ' and 'Fringe Benefits, ' which are all experimental plays from the early period of the writing career of Denja Abdullahi, who is presently renowned as a poet of populist expressions. 'Death and the King's Grey Hair' examines the use and misuse of absolute power based on an ancient Jukun myth of young kings and short reigns. 'Truce with the Devil' is a satire on the later abandonment of the creed of Marxism by its adherents, a kind of mockery of turncoat revolutionaries in the grip of practical social realities. 'Fringe Benefits', a radio play, is an expose of the happening in Nigeria's ivory towers, seen from the eyes of a participant-observer.
A measurement of the transverse momentum spectra of jets in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV is reported. Jets are reconstructed from charged particles using the anti-kT jet algorithm with jet resolution parameters R of 0.2 and 0.3 in pseudo-rapidity |η|<0.5. The transverse momentum pT of charged particles is measured down to 0.15 GeV/c which gives access to the low pT fragments of the jet. Jets found in heavy-ion collisions are corrected event-by-event for average background density and on an inclusive basis (via unfolding) for residual background fluctuations and detector effects. A strong suppression of jet production in central events with respect to peripheral events is observed. The suppression is found to be similar to the suppression of charged hadrons, which suggests that substantial energy is radiated at angles larger than the jet resolution parameter R=0.3 considered in the analysis. The fragmentation bias introduced by selecting jets with a high pT leading particle, which rejects jets with a soft fragmentation pattern, has a similar effect on the jet yield for central and peripheral events. The ratio of jet spectra with R=0.2 and R=0.3 is found to be similar in Pb-Pb and simulated PYTHIA pp events, indicating no strong broadening of the radial jet structure in the reconstructed jets with R<0.3.
Transverse momentum spectra of π±, K± and p(p¯) up to pT = 20 GeV/c at mid-rapidity in pp, peripheral (60–80%) and central (0–5%) Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV have been measured using the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT ≈ 3 GeV/c in central Pb–Pb collisions. Below the peak, pT < 3 GeV/c, both ratios are in good agreement with hydrodynamical calculations, suggesting that the peak itself is dominantly the result of radial flow rather than anomalous hadronization processes. For pT > 10 GeV/c particle ratios in pp and Pb–Pb collisions are in agreement and the nuclear modification factors for π±, K± and p(p¯) indicate that, within the systematic and statistical uncertainties, the suppression is the same. This suggests that the chemical composition of leading particles from jets in the medium is similar to that of vacuum jets.
The ALICE Collaboration at the LHC reports measurement of the inclusive production cross section of electrons from semi-leptonic decays of beauty hadrons with rapidity |y| < 0.8 and transverse momentum 1 < pT < 10 GeV/c, in pp collisions at √s = 2.76 TeV. Electrons not originating from semi-electronic decay of beauty hadrons are suppressed using the impact parameter of the corresponding tracks. The production cross section of beauty decay electrons is compared to the result obtained with an alternative method which uses the distribution of the azimuthal angle between heavy-flavour decay electrons and charged hadrons. Perturbative QCD predictions agree with the measured cross section within the experimental and theoretical uncertainties. The integrated visible cross section, σb→e = 3.47 ± 0.40(stat) +1.12 −1.33(sys) ± 0.07(norm) μb, was extrapolated to full phase space using Fixed Order plus Next-to-Leading Log (FONLL) calculations to obtain the total bb production ¯ cross section, σbb¯ = 130 ± 15.1(stat) +42.1 −49.8(sys) +3.4 −3.1(extr) ± 2.5(norm) ± 4.4(BR) μb.
Transverse momentum spectra of π±, K± and p(p¯) up to pT = 20 GeV/c at mid-rapidity in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√= 2.76 TeV have been measured using the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT≈3GeV/c in central Pb-Pb collisions. Below the peak, pT < 3 GeV/c, both ratios are in good agreement with hydrodynamical calculations, suggesting that the peak itself is dominantly the result of radial flow rather than anomalous hadronization processes. For pT > 10 GeV/c particle ratios in pp and Pb-Pb collisions are in agreement and the nuclear modification factors for π±, K± and p(p¯) indicate that, within the systematic and statistical uncertainties, the suppression is the same. This suggests that the chemical composition of leading particles from jets in the medium is similar to that of vacuum jets.
We report on the production of inclusive Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector at backward (−4.46<ycms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<ycms<3.53) rapidity down to zero transverse momentum. The production cross sections of the Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) are presented, as well as the nuclear modification factor and the ratio of the forward to backward yields of Υ(1S). A suppression of the inclusive Υ(1S) yield in p-Pb collisions with respect to the yield from pp collisions scaled by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions is observed at forward rapidity but not at backward rapidity. The results are compared to theoretical model calculations including nuclear shadowing or partonic energy loss effects.
We report on the production of inclusive Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector at backward (−4.46<ycms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<ycms<3.53) rapidity down to zero transverse momentum. The production cross sections of the Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) are presented, as well as the nuclear modification factor and the ratio of the forward to backward yields of Υ(1S). A suppression of the inclusive Υ(1S) yield in p-Pb collisions with respect to the yield from pp collisions scaled by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions is observed at forward rapidity but not at backward rapidity. The results are compared to theoretical model calculations including nuclear shadowing or partonic energy loss effects.
The differential charged jet cross sections, jet fragmentation distributions, and jet shapes are measured in minimum bias proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energy s√=7 TeV using the ALICE detector at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed from charged particle momenta in the mid-rapidity region using the sequential recombination kT and anti-kT as well as the SISCone jet finding algorithms with several resolution parameters in the range R=0.2 to 0.6. Differential jet production cross sections measured with the three jet finders are in agreement in the transverse momentum (pT) interval 20<pjet,chT<100 GeV/c. They are also consistent with prior measurements carried out at the LHC by the ATLAS collaboration. The jet charged particle multiplicity rises monotonically with increasing jet pT, in qualitative agreement with prior observations at lower energies. The transverse profiles of leading jets are investigated using radial momentum density distributions as well as distributions of the average radius containing 80% (⟨R80⟩) of the reconstructed jet pT. The fragmentation of leading jets with R=0.4 using scaled pT spectra of the jet constituents is studied. The measurements are compared to model calculations from event generators (PYTHIA, PHOJET, HERWIG). The measured radial density distributions and ⟨R80⟩ distributions are well described by the PYTHIA model (tune Perugia-2011). The fragmentation distributions are better described by HERWIG.
Event-by-event fluctuations of the mean transverse momentum of charged particles produced in pp collisions at s√ = 0.9, 2.76 and 7 TeV, and Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−−√ = 2.76 TeV are studied as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity using the ALICE detector at the LHC. Dynamical fluctuations indicative of correlated particle emission are observed in all systems. The results in pp collisions show little dependence on collision energy. The Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET are in qualitative agreement with the data. Peripheral Pb-Pb data exhibit a similar multiplicity dependence as that observed in pp. In central Pb-Pb, the results deviate from this trend, featuring a significant reduction of the fluctuation strength. The results in Pb--Pb are in qualitative agreement with previous measurements in Au-Au at lower collision energies and with expectations from models that incorporate collective phenomena.
The ALICE collaboration at the LHC reports measurement of the inclusive production cross section of electrons from semi-leptonic decays of beauty hadrons with rapidity |y|<0.8 and transverse momentum 1<pT<10 GeV/c, in pp collisions at s√= 2.76 TeV. Electrons not originating from semi-electronic decay of beauty hadrons are suppressed using the impact parameter of the corresponding tracks. The production cross section of beauty decay electrons is compared to the result obtained with an alternative method which uses the distribution of the azimuthal angle between heavy-flavour decay electrons and charged hadrons. Perturbative QCD calculations agree with the measured cross section within the experimental and theoretical uncertainties. The integrated visible cross section, σb→e=3.47±0.40(stat)+1.12−1.33(sys)±0.07(norm)μb, was extrapolated to full phase space using Fixed Order plus Next-to-Leading Log (FONLL) predictions to obtain the total bb¯ production cross section, σbb¯=130±15.1(stat)+42.1−49.8(sys)+3.4−3.1(extr)±2.5(norm)±4.4(BR)μb.
Freeze-out radii extracted from three-pion cumulants in pp, p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC
(2014)
In high-energy collisions, the spatio-temporal size of the particle production region can be measured using the Bose–Einstein correlations of identical bosons at low relative momentum. The source radii are typically extracted using two-pion correlations, and characterize the system at the last stage of interaction, called kinetic freeze-out. In low-multiplicity collisions, unlike in high-multiplicity collisions, two-pion correlations are substantially altered by background correlations, e.g. mini-jets. Such correlations can be suppressed using three-pion cumulant correlations. We present the first measurements of the size of the system at freeze-out extracted from three-pion cumulant correlations in pp, p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC with ALICE. At similar multiplicity, the invariant radii extracted in p–Pb collisions are found to be 5–15% larger than those in pp, while those in Pb–Pb are 35–55% larger than those in p–Pb. Our measurements disfavor models which incorporate substantially stronger collective expansion in p–Pb as compared to pp collisions at similar multiplicity.
We report on the measurement of the inclusive Υ (1S) production in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV carried out at forward rapidity (2.5 < y < 4) and down to zero transverse momentum using its μ+μ−decay channel with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. A strong suppression of the inclusive Υ (1S) yield is observed with respect to pp collisions scaled by the number of independent nucleon–nucleon collisions. The nuclear modification factor, for events in the 0–90% centrality range, amounts to 0.30 ± 0.05(stat) ± 0.04(syst). The observed Υ (1S) suppression tends to increase with the centrality of the collision and seems more pronounced than in corresponding mid-rapidity measurements. Our results are compared with model calculations, which are found to underestimate the measured suppression and fail to reproduce its rapidity dependence.
A Torrent of Terror
(2014)
Rome Aboh's poetry unmistakably enwraps the condition of the politically and socially cannibalised segment of his society; and the beauty of the verse radiates from his facility with language as the stylist and linguist. The section 'patriotism' with such poems as 'hour of truth' aptly brings out the socially obligatory role of the poets whose mission goes beyond versifying and sharing their personal fantasies and urges. Similarly the poem 'letter to the mp' echoes the agonies of the common masses who feel deceived by the ruling elite in their so-called democratic nations.
This paper deals with left and right dislocation in Embɔsi, a Bantu language (C25) spoken in Congo-Brazzaville. The prosody of dislocation has gathered considerable attention, as it is particularly informative for the theories of the syntax-prosody mapping of Intonation Phrases (a.o. Selkirk, 2009, 2011; Downing, 2011). Concentrating on selected Bantu languages, Downing (2011) identifies two main phrasing patterns. She primarily distinguishes languages in which only right dislocated phrases display a lack of prosodic integration ("asymmetric" languages), from languages in which both left and right dislocations phrase separately ("symmetric" languages). Hiatus avoidance processes, boundary tones and register expansion/reduction indicate that Embɔsi displays a somewhat more intricate phrasing pattern. In this language, both left and right dislocated items sit outside of the Intonation Phrase formed by the core-clause, but only the latter form their own Intonation Phrase. We also discuss the prosody of multiple dislocations (i.e. with two dislocated arguments), which have not so far received all the attention they deserve. What we observe in Embɔsi is that either the two dislocated items phrase together and are not integrated to the core Intonation Phrase, or only the outermost dislocated element phrases separately.
Construction and commissioning of a setup to study ageing phenomena in high rate gas detectors
(2014)
In high-rate heavy-ion experiments, gaseous detectors encounter big challenges in terms of degradation of their performance due to a phenomenon dubbed ageing. In this thesis, a setup for high precision ageing studies has been constructed and commissioned at the GSI detector laboratory. The main objective is the study of ageing phenomena evoked by materials used to build gaseous detectors for the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR).
The precision of the measurement, e.g., of the gain of a gaseous detector, is a key element in ageing studies: it allows to perform the measurement at realistic rates in an acceptable time span. It is well known the accelerating ageing employing high intensity sources might produce misleading results. The primary objective is to build an apparatus which allows very accurate measurements and is thus sensitive to minute degradations in detector performance. The construction and commissioning of the
setup has been carried out in two steps. During the first step of this work, a simpler setup which already existed in the detector laboratory of GSI had been utilised to define all conditions related to ageing studies. The outcome of these studies defined the properties and characteristics that must be met to build and operate a new, sophisticated and precise setup. The already existing setup consisted of two identical Multi Wire Proportional Chambers (MWPCs), a gas mixing station, an 55Fe source, an x-ray generator, an outgassing box and stainless steel tubing. In a first step, the gain and electric field configuration of the MWPCs were simulated by a combination of a gas simulation (Magboltz) and electric field simulation program (Garfield). The performance and operating conditions of the chambers have been thoroughly characterised before utilising them in first preparatory ageing test. The main diagnostic parameter in ageing studies is the detector gain, thus it is mandatory for precise ageing studies to minimise the systematic and statistical variation of the pressure and temperature corrected gain. To achieve the required accuracy, several improvements of the chamber design and the gas system have been implemented. In addition, the temperature measurement has been optimised. During the preparatory tests, several ageing studies have been carried out. The ageing effect of seven materials and gases have been carried out during these tests: RTV-3145, Ar/CO2 gas, Durostone flushed with Ar/Isobutane gas, Vetronit G11, Vetronit G11 contaminated with Micro 3000 and Gerband 705. The results of these studies went into the design of the new sophisticated ageing setup. For example some tests revealed that there was, even after cleaning, a certain level of contamination with "ageing agents" in the existing setup, which made it imperative to ensure a very high level cleanness of all components during the construction of the setup. The curing period of some testing samples like glues or the gas flow rate were found to be very important factors that must be taken into account to obtain comparable results. Very important changes in the chamber design have been made, i.e., the aluminium-Kapton cathodes used in MWPCs have been replaced with multi-wire planes and the fibreglass housing of the chamber has been changed to metal. The second step started with building the new setup which was designed based on the findings from the first step. The new ageing setup consists of three MWPCs, two moving platforms, an 55Fe source, a copper-anode x-ray generator, two outgassing boxes, both flexible and rigid stainless steel tubes. Before fabrication of the chambers, simulations of their electric field and the gain have been done using Magboltz and Garfield programs. After that, the chambers were installed and tested. A 0.3% peak-to-peak residual variation of the corrected gain has been achieved. Finally, the complete setup has been operated with full functionality in no-ageing conditions during one week. This test revealed very stable gain in all three chambers. After that two materials (Gerban 705 and RTV-3145) have been inserted in the two outgassing boxes and tested. They revealed an ageing rate of about 0.3%/mC/cm and 3%/mC/cm respectively. The final test proves the stability and accuracy of the ageing measurements carried out with the ageing setup at the detector laboratory at GSI which is ready to conduct the envisaged systematic ageing studies.
The European Central Bank (ECB) has finalized its comprehensive assessment of the solvency of the largest banks in the euro area and on October 26 disclosed the results of this assessment. In the present paper, Acharya and Steffen compare the outcomes of the ECB's assessment to their own benchmark stress tests conducted for 39 publically listed financial institutions that are also included in the ECB's regulatory review. The authors identify a negative correlation between their benchmark estimates for capital shortfalls and the regulatory capital shortfall, but a positive correlation between their benchmark estimates for losses under stress both in the banking book and in the trading book. They conclude that the regulatory stress test outcomes are potentially heavily affected by discretion of national regulators in measuring what is capital, and especially the use of risk-weighted assets in calculating the prudential capital requirement.
Polypharmakologie hat in den letzten Jahren mehr und mehr an Bedeutung in der pharmazeutischen Forschung gewonnen und könnte in Zukunft zu einem Umdenken in der Entwicklung neuer Wirkstoffe führen. Das wachsende Verständnis für biologische Zusammenhänge, im speziellen für die starke Vernetzung zwischen verschiedenen Signalwegen oder Gewebearten, und die daran beteiligten Proteine, könnten zu gänzlich neuen Strategien führen. Beispiele aus dem Bereich der Onkologie und der Entwicklung von Neuroleptika haben bereits gezeigt, dass eine Intervention an mehreren Stellen eines solchen komplexen Netzwerkes zu wirksameren und gleichzeitig sichereren Wirkstoffen führen kann. Erkenntnisse aus der Systembiologie und die retrospektive Analyse bereits zugelassener Wirkstoffe machen deutlich, dass viele erfolgreiche Wirkstoffe nur aufgrund ihres polypharmakologischen Wirkprofils so effektiv sind – wenngleich dies bei Ihrer Entwicklung oftmals nicht beabsichtigt war.
Das rationale Design sogenannter „multitarget Wirkstoffe“ stellt bis heute eine große Herausforderung dar. Aus Sicht eines medizinischen Chemikers bedeutet es die Verknüpfung zweier, auf unterschiedliche Targets aktiver, Liganden zu einem neuen Wirkstoff, ohne einen signifikanten Aktivitätsverlust auf die einzelnen Targets herbeizuführen. Ein naheliegender Ansatz zur Verbindung zweier Liganden ist die Verknüpfung der Moleküle über einen flexiblen Linker. Dieser Ansatz kann zwar in vitro zu sehr potenten Wirkstoffen führen, birgt jedoch pharmakokinetische Nachteile, bedingt durch das hohe Molekulargewicht, die sich oft erst in vivo zeigen. Die Schwierigkeit besteht also zum einen in der Aufrechterhaltung der individuellen Aktivität auf das jeweilige Target und zum anderen im Erreichen einer guten Balance zwischen Aktivität und Komplexität des Liganden. Damit soll ausreichend Raum für spätere Optimierung von pharmakokinetischen und pharmakodynamischen Eigenschaften gewährleistet werden. Bisher wurden nur wenige Computer-gestützte Ansätze entwickelt um diese und ähnliche Fragestellungen zu bearbeiten. Aus diesem Grund ist die Entwicklung neuer in silico Verfahren zur Identifzierung von multitarget Liganden ein Kernthema dieser Arbeit. Die Implementierung eines Fragment-basierten Ansatzes hält die Komplexität der Liganden möglichst gering und bietet genügend Raum für eine anschließende, multi-dimensionale Optimierung an zwei oder mehreren Targets.
In der ersten Studie wurde eine Pharmakophor-basierte Strategie verfolgt. Die Repräsentation eines Liganden durch ein Pharmakophormodell stellt eine abstrakte dreidimensionale Darstellung der für die biologische Aktivität relevanten Strukturmerkmale dar. Diese Abstraktion vereinfacht den Vergleich zweier Verbindungen und erlaubt gleichzeitig Spielraum für chemische Variabilität. Bei diesem Ansatz wurden Pharmakophormodelle, jeweils für eine Vielzahl aktiver Liganden zweier Targets, erzeugt und paarweise miteinander verglichen. Sobald zwei Pharmakophormodelle eine genügend große Anzahl an Pharmakophorpunkten in räumlich ähnlicher Orientierung teilen, stellt dieses gemeinsame Pharmakophor die Basis eines potentiellen multitarget Liganden dar. In der beschriebenen Studie wurde dieses Verfahren anhand von aktiven Liganden der löslichen Epoxid Hydrolase (sEH) und 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) evaluiert. Die auf dieser Grundlage identifizierten multitarget Pharmakophormodelle wurden zum anschließenden Screening einer Fragement-Datenbank verwendet und führten zu 9 aktiven Liganden für sEH und 5-LO. Diese Liganden besitzen chemische Grundgerüste (Scaffolds), die in der Literatur bisher noch nicht als aktive sEH- oder 5-LO-Liganden beschrieben wurden und somit eine ideale Grundlage für die Entwicklung neuer Wirkstoffe darstellen. Für eine der gefundenen Verbindungen, basierend auf einem Benzimidazol-Gerüst, wurden Aktivitäten im niedrig mikromolaren Bereich für beide Targets bestimmt. Diese Verbindung und weitere Derivate werden zu diesem Zeitpunkt weiter charakterisiert um eine erste Struktur-Aktivitäts-Beziehung aufzustellen und die Eignung dieser Substanzklasse als potentielle Leitstruktur für neue, duale sEH/5-LO Liganden zu überprüfen.
Parallel dazu wurde eine Substruktur-basierte Strategie verfolgt um Rückschlüsse auf jene Strukturmerkmale zu ziehen, die für die Aktivität auf dem jeweiligen Target verantwortlich sein könnten. Dazu wurden in einem ersten Schritt alle aktiven Liganden zweier Targets auf ihre möglichst maximalen gemeinsamen Substrukturen reduziert. Für jedes Target wird damit ein Set von Substrukturen generiert, welches die für die Bindung an das jeweilige Target charakteristische Strukturmerkmale enthält. Diese Substrukturen, repräsentieren den chemischen Raum des jeweiligen Targets und stellten die Trainingsdaten für den entwickelten multiSOM Ansatz dar. Dieser Ansatz basiert auf dem automatisierten Vergleich von selbst-organisierenden Karten und hebt Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen diesen Substruktursets in einer leicht zu interpretierenden, visuellen Form hervor. Dies erlaubt die Identifizierung von gemeinsamen Substrukturen aus beiden verwendeten Substruktursets, welche potentielle duale Strukturelemente darstellen.
Die Validierung dieses Ansatzes erfolgte erneut auf Basis bekannter 5-LO- und sEH-Liganden. Unter 24 ausgewählten Verbindungen konnten neun Fragmente identifiziert werden, die auf einem der beiden Targets und 5 Fragmente, die auf beiden Targets im niedrig mikromolaren Bereich inhibierend wirken. Einer dieser dualen Fragmente wurden anschließend als Basis für eine Substruktursuche in einer Inhouse Datenbank verwendet. Die daraus resultierende Verbindung, die einen Teil des ursprünglichen Fragments beinhaltet, wirkt sowohl auf sEH als auch 5-LO in nanomolaren Konzentrationen inhibierend. Auch diese Verbindung wird zu diesem Zeitpunkt weiter charakterisiert und stellt eine vielversprechende Basis als Leitstruktur neuer dualer sEH/5-LO-Liganden dar.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die vorgestellten Methoden neue Möglichkeiten bieten, das rationale Design von multitarget Liganden zu unterstützen. Die Pharmakophor-basierte Methode kann besonders dann von Vorteil sein, wenn bereits Strukturinformationen für beide Targets bzw. die bioaktiven Konformationen der Liganden vorliegen. Für einen ausschließlichen Liganden-basierten Ansatz stellt die Verwendung der MultiSOM, und damit die Identifizierung gemeinsamer Strukturelemente der Liganden, die bessere Methode dar.
Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit werden Studien zur Identifizierung neuer Farnesoid-X-Rezeptor (FXR) Partialagonisten beschrieben. Auch in diesem Fall wurden zwei unterschiedliche Strategien verfolgt. Da FXR eine starke strukturelle Anpassung abhängig vom gebundenen Liganden aufweist („induced fit“), sind rein strukturbasierte virtuelle Screening-Methoden nur eingeschränkt einsetzbar. Aus diesem Grund sollte zunächst ein Liganden-basierter Drug Repurposing Ansatz verfolgt werden, bei dem bereits zugelassene Wirkstoffe mit potentiell FXR-modulierenden Eigenschaften identifiziert werden sollten. Der Vorteil des Drug Repurposing besteht darin, dass die betrachteten Wirkstoffe bereits intensiv hinsichtlich Sicherheit und Bioverfügbarkeit untersucht wurden. Somit kann man sich bei der Entwicklung verstärkt auf die biologische Aktivität auf das neue Target konzentrieren.
Erneut wurden selbstorganiserende Karten (SOMs) verwendet, um zugelassene Wirkstoffe mit FXR-Aktivität zu identifizieren. Trainiert wurde die SOM auf einem Datensatz bestehend aus bekannten FXR-Agonisten zum einen und der DrugBank Datenbank mit zugelassen Wirkstoffen zum anderen. Die Eigenschaft der SOM Verbindungen mit ähnlicher biologischer Aktivität in räumlicher Nähe auf der Karte zu clustern führte zu einer Anhäufung an bekannten FXR-Agonisten auf einigen wenigen Neuronen. Auf solchen sogenannten Aktivitätsinseln wurden zusätzlich auch zugelassene Wirkstoffe platziert, wenn ihre Ähnlichkeit zu den FXR-Agonisten ausreichend hoch war. Die auf den Aktivitätsinseln angesiedelten Wirkstoffe wurden anschließend bestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer FXR-Aktivität in einem Transaktivierungs-Assay untersucht. Unter den bestellten Verbindungen konnten sechs Liganden mit einer signifikanten relativen FXR-Aktivierung identifiziert werden. Weitere Hinweise auf eine mögliche FXR-Aktivierung der Verbindungen gaben in der Literatur beschriebene Nebeneffekte, die mit einer FXR-Aktivierung in Zusammenhang stehen könnten. Die potentenste Verbindung, der zugelassenen Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitor Imatinib, wurde zusätzlich in Bezug auf FXR-basierte SHP mRNS Induktion untersucht. In qPCR-Experimenten konnte dabei eine mit GW4064 vergleichbare Induktion in HepG2 Zellen gezeigt werden. Diese Ergebnisse untermauern die aus der Literatur gewonnen Vermutung, dass Imatinib FXR-modulierende Eigenschaften besitzt und somit eine interessante Grundlage für die Entwicklung neuer FXR-Partialagonisten darstellt. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt werden weitere Imatinib-Derivate synthetisiert und diese Struktur als mögliche Leitstruktur charakterisiert.
In einer zweiten Studie wurde eine Kombination aus Liganden- und Struktur-basierten Ansatz verfolgt. Dabei wurden sämtliche Struktur-Informationen aus publizierten FXR-Kristallstrukturen und den darin kokristallisierten Liganden gebündelt, um die Auswirkungen des zu Beginn erwähnten induced-fit Effekts zu minimieren. Auf Basis der ko-kristallisierten Liganden wurden zunächst zwei Konsensus-Pharmakophormodelle erstellt. Diese Modelle wurden in einem anschließenden Schritt jeweils mit einem Konsensus-Pharmakophormodell, das mit Hilfe von Protein-Ligand-Interaktions-Fingerprints (PLIF) aus den korrespondieren Kristallstrukturen abgeleitet wurde, überlagert und kombiniert. Diese kombinierten Modelle vereinten sowohl Informationen der strukturellen Gemeinsamkeiten der Liganden als auch gemeinsame, relevante Interaktionspunkte zwischen Ligand und Rezeptor aus den Kristallstrukturen. Das Pharmakophor-Screening mit anschließender Docking Analyse führte zu 42 getesteten Verbindungen, von denen 12 Strukturen eine signifikante relative FXR-Aktivierung zeigten. Darunter konnte ein Partial-Agonist mit einem EC50 von 480 nM bei einer maximalen Aktivierung von ca. 14% im Vergleich zur Referenz GW4064 identifiziert werden. Auch diese Verbindung wird zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt weiter charakterisiert und könnte in Zukunft als Leitstruktur für neue FXR-Partialagonisten dienen.
In beiden Studien konnten neue FXR-Agonisten mit bisher noch nicht beschriebenen Scaffolds identifiziert werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Verwendung bereits zugelassener Wirkstoffe für neue Indikationen eine attraktive Quelle für neue Leitstrukturen darstellen kann und im Zuge dessen bisher ungeklärte Nebeneffekte bekannter Wirkstoffe aufgeklärt werden können.
Abschließend lässt sich festhalten, dass selbstorganisierende Karten eine universelle Methode zur Erkennung und Analyse von polypharmakologischen Zusammenhängen darstellen. Des Weiteren lassen sich mit ihrer Hilfe chemische Räume repräsentieren und durch den in dieser Arbeit entwickelten MultiSOM-Ansatz direkt vergleichen. Dies ermöglicht auf intuitive und effiziente Weise die Identifizierung von überlappenden chemischen Räumen und somit möglicher polypharmakologischer Zusammenhänge.
Was lässt sich also vorerst über eine mögliche Rilke-Rezeption bei Thomas Bernhard sagen? Am ehesten kann man das Verhältnis der beiden Autoren darstellen, indem man Rilkes "Auftritte" in Bernhards Werk mit dem Dasein der verstorbenen Christine Brahe in Urnekloster vergleicht. Wäre er leibhaftig dort, er würde sich selbst sicherlich nicht in einem Spiegel erkennen, zu unterschiedlich sind Formen und Inhalte. Auch fehlt das Rilke-Portrait jedenfalls in Bernhards selbst gewählter Ahnengalerie. Es gibt allerdings einzelne Momente in den Texten, bei denen man vermeint, Rilke durch eine an sich "stets verschlossene Türe" in Bernhards Werk hineinschreiten zu sehen, gemessenen Schrittes geht er an den Figuren vorbei und verschwindet fast durchsichtig, fast unbemerkt wieder. Nur ein Geist, in dieser Welt gestorben und nicht mehr verlässlich zuhaus, ein Nachhall von einem vergangenen Zustand, dadurch aber dennoch, zumindest zwischen den Buchstaben, Zeilen und Seiten, zwischen den Buchtiteln und Klappentexten, vorhanden.
We report on a polarization measurement of inclusive J/ψ mesons in the di-electron decay channel at mid-rapidity at 2 < pT < 6 GeV/c in p + p collisions at √s = 200 GeV. Data were taken with the STAR detector at RHIC. The J/ψ polarization measurement should help to distinguish between different models of the J/ψ production mechanism since they predict different pT dependences of the J/ψ polarization. In this analysis, J/ψ polarization is studied in the helicity frame. The polarization parameter λθ measured at RHIC becomes smaller towards high pT , indicating more longitudinal J/ψ polarization as pT increases. The result is compared with predictions of presently available models.
This paper investigates the risk channel of monetary policy on the asset side of banks’ balance sheets. We use a factoraugmented vector autoregression (FAVAR) model to show that aggregate lending standards of U.S. banks, such as their collateral requirements for firms, are significantly loosened in response to an unexpected decrease in the Federal Funds rate. Based on this evidence, we reformulate the costly state verification (CSV) contract to allow for an active financial intermediary, embed it in a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, and show that – consistent with our empirical findings – an expansionary monetary policy shock implies a temporary increase in bank lending relative to borrower collateral. In the model, this is accompanied by a higher default rate of borrowers.
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in root nodules of grain legumes such as chickpea is a highly complex process that drastically affects the gene expression patterns of both the prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic interacting cells. A successfully established symbiotic relationship requires mutual signaling mechanisms and a continuous adaptation of the metabolism of the involved cells to varying environmental conditions. Although some of these processes are well understood today many of the molecular mechanisms underlying SNF, especially in chickpea, remain unclear. Here, we reannotated our previously published transcriptome data generated by deepSuperSAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) to the recently published draft genome of chickpea to assess the root- and nodule-specific transcriptomes of the eukaryotic host cells. The identified gene expression patterns comprise up to 71 significantly differentially expressed genes and the expression of twenty of these was validated by quantitative real-time PCR with the tissues from five independent biological replicates. Many of the differentially expressed transcripts were found to encode proteins implicated in sugar metabolism, antioxidant defense as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses of the host cells, and some of them were already known to contribute to SNF in other legumes. The differentially expressed genes identified in this study represent candidates that can be used for further characterization of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying SNF in chickpea.
A checklist and classification of the species of Elateridae reported from mainland Ecuador are given. Anchastus boulardi Chassain, Cardiorhinus apicalis Golbach, Physorhinus marginatus Candèze, and P. sexnotatus Steinheil are reported from Ecuador for the first time. The recorded elaterid fauna of Ecuador is now represented by 140 species, 38 genera, and 9 subfamilies, which are low taxon richness numbers when compared to those of neighboring countries.
The Crusade movement is one of the most important occurrences of medieval history. It took place throughout two centuries in the Levant and affected both Muslims and Crusaders and in turn changed the way in which West and East related to one another. When the Crusaders took control of the Holy Land and many Islamic cities in the Levant, they transferred their feudal European system there. They established four main fiefdoms or lordships, Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli. In addition, there were another twelve secondary fiefdoms, of which Tibnīn was one. Tibnīn was called “Toron” by the Crusaders. Once the Crusaders had captured Tibnīn, they began building its fortified castle, from which the fief of Tibnīn gained its importance throughout the period of the Crusades.
This paper traces the military role of Tibnīn and its rulers in the Latin East against the Muslims until 1187/ 583. Tibnīn played a key role in overcoming the Muslims in Tyre and controlled it in 1124. It also played a vital role in the conflict between Damascus and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Tibnīn participated in defending Antioch, Banyas, Hebron and Transjordan several times. Furthermore, its soldiers and Knights joined the army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to capture Ascalon in 1153, and joined the campaigns of Amaury I, King of Jerusalem, against Egypt from 1164 to1169. The military situation of Tibnīn under the rule of the royal house until its fall to the Muslims in 1187/ 583 will be studied as well.
Batten disease refers to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), which are inherited lysosomal storage diseases with diverse ages of onset and cause progressive neurodegeneration. The most common NCL is Juvenile NCL (JNCL), which begins in early childhood and is characterized by lysosomal accumulation of subunit c of the mitochondrial ATP synthase (subunit c). JNCL is caused by mutations in the gene CLN3. This gene encodes the CLN3 protein, a transmembrane protein of unknown structure. Localization of CLN3 is ambiguous, and its exact cellular function is not known. Thereby, it is unclear what mechanisms lead to neurodegeneration in JNCL. Models of JNCL present disturbed membrane bound organelles and cytoskeleton as well as impaired autophagy and lysosomal function. The JNCL gene defect that most patients harbor is deletion of the exons 7 and 8 of CLN3. In the Cln3Δex7/8/Δex7/8 mouse model of JNCL, this deletion has been introduced to the mouse Cln3 gene.
The actin cytoskeleton consists of filaments formed through polymerization of actin and provides a framework which defines cellular morphology and also facilitates cell motility, cytokinesis, and cell surface remodeling. Rho GTPases are signaling proteins which regulate the assembly and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and play an important role in neuronal morphology. Rho GTPases need to be membrane-anchored in order to become active and initiate a signaling cascade. Their membrane anchorage is achieved through their geranylgeranyl tails, which they acquire through prenylation. Protein prenylation refers to the attachment of a geranylgeranyl or farnesyl group to the C-terminus of a protein. The enzyme geranylgeranyl transferase (GGTase) catalyzes geranylgeranylation, whereas geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is the donor of the geranylgeranyl group. Cells produce GGPP as well as cholesterol and other lipids through the mevalonate pathway (MVA pathway).
The aim of this study was to analyze how the JNCL gene defect affects cellular morphology, especially the actin cytoskeleton and Rho GTPases, and the MVA pathway which is connected with Rho GTPase activation. These important cellular components play crucial roles in neurons and are implicated in other neurodegenerative diseases, but have received little attention in JNCL. The immortalized CbCln3Δex7/8/Δex7/8 cerebellar precursor cell line from Cln3Δex7/8/Δex7/8 mice was used for the experiments and provides a genetically accurate, neuronal cell model of JNCL. CbCln3Δex7/8/Δex7/8 cells present subunit c accumulation only when aged at confluency, but sub-confluent cells display other phenotypes. The experiments of this study were performed both with confluency-aged and sub-confluent cells. Filamentous actin was visualized, and protein levels as well as membrane localization of several small Rho GTPases was analyzed biochemically. Also the protein levels of GGTase and the key enzymes of the mevalonate pathway were determined.
Staining pattern of filamentous actin was disturbed in confluency-aged CbCln3Δex7/8/Δex7/8 cells. Additionally it was found out that these cells did not grow to wild-type size and exhibited an elongated peroxisomal morphology. Rho GTPases had reduced total levels and showed a tendency of decreased membrane localization. Levels of GGTase and the MVA pathway enzymes were altered. Results of sub-confluent CbCln3Δex7/8/Δex7/8 cells were similar with the exception of HMG-CoA reductase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme of the MVA pathway: while its level in confluency-aged CbCln3Δex7/8/Δex7/8 cells was increased, at sub-confluency it showed a reduced level. Also, in contrast with the confluency-aged cells, Rho GTPases presented a tendency of increased membrane localization.
The results of this study reveal that the accurate JNCL gene defect alters cellular morphology and the activity of the MVA pathway in neuronal cells. Small cell size and disrupted architecture of the actin cytoskeleton are confirmed as neuronal JNCL phenotypes, and the peroxisome is introduced as a novel cellular component affected in JNCL. Through defects in endocytosis, autophagy, lysosomal and mitochondrial function, and cytoskeleton, the JNCL gene defect may prevent cells from growing to wild-type size. The JNCL gene defect may attenuate the MVA pathway via mitochondrial dysfunction and/or upregulation of degradative processes. Attenuation of the MVA pathway may contribute to impaired membrane rafts, which are an established phenotype of JNCL cells. As indicated by reduced GGTase level and supported by downregulation of lipid production through the MVA pathway, the JNCL gene defect might also decrease prenylation of proteins.
Women?s contributions against apartheid under the auspices of the Namibian liberation movement SWAPO and their personal experiences in exile take center stage in this study. Male and female leadership structures in exile are analysed whilst the sexual politics in the refugee camps and the public imagery of female representation in SWAPO?s nationalism receive special attention. The party?s public pronouncements of women empowerment and gender equality are compared to the actual implementations of gender politics during and after the liberation struggle.
Physics at its core is an experimental pursuit. If one theory does not agree with experimental results, then the theory is wrong. However, it is becoming harder and harder to directly test some theories of fundamental physics at the high energy/small distance frontier exactly because this frontier is becoming technologically harder to reach. The Large Hadron Collider is getting near the limit of what we can do with present accelerator technology in terms of directly reaching the energy frontier. The motivation for this special issue was to try and collect together ideas and potential approaches to experimentally probe some of our ideas about physics at the high energy/small distance frontier. Some of the papers in this special issue directly deal with the issue of what happens to spacetime at small distance scales. In the paper by A. Aurilia and E. Spallucci a picture of quantum spacetime is given based on the effects of ultrahigh velocity length contractions on the structure of the spacetime. The work of P. Nicolini et al. further pursues the idea that spacetime has a minimal length. The consequences of this minimal length are investigated in terms of the effects it would have on the gravitational collapse of a star to form a black hole. In the article by G. Amelino-Camelia et al. the quantum structure of spacetime is studied through the Fermi LAT data on the Gamma Ray Burst GRB130427A. The article by S. Hossenfelder addressed the question of whether spacetime is fundamentally continuous or discrete and postulates that in the case when spacetime is discrete it might have defects which would have important observational consequences. ...
So-called medicanes (Mediterranean hurricanes) are meso-scale, marine, and warm-core Mediterranean cyclones that exhibit some similarities to tropical cyclones. The strong cyclonic winds associated with medicanes threaten the highly populated coastal areas around the Mediterranean basin. To reduce the risk of casualties and overall negative impacts, it is important to improve the understanding of medicanes with the use of numerical models. In this study, we employ an atmospheric limited-area model (COSMO-CLM) coupled with a one-dimensional ocean model (1-D NEMO-MED12) to simulate medicanes. The aim of this study is to assess the robustness of the coupled model in simulating these extreme events. For this purpose, 11 historical medicane events are simulated using the atmosphere-only model, COSMO-CLM, and coupled model, with different setups (horizontal atmospheric grid-spacings of 0.44°, 0.22°, and 0.08°; with/without spectral nudging, and an ocean grid-spacing of 1/12°). The results show that at high-resolution, the coupled model is able to not only simulate most of medicane events but also improve the track length, core temperature, and wind speed of simulated medicanes compared to the atmosphere-only simulations. The results suggest that the coupled model is more proficient for systemic and detailed studies of historical medicane events, and that this model can be an effective tool for future projections.
This book is a comprehensive appraisal of the political history of Nigeria since colonisation, with emphasis on political parties. The author argues that party coalitions in Nigeria can be explained by the factors of heterogeneity as well as the political systems the country has experimented with. He asserts the influence of the institution of the presidency in the current trend towards a two-party system.
This thesis is structured into 7 chapters:
• Chapter 2 gives an overview of the ultrashort high intensity laser interaction with matter. The laser interaction with an induced plasma is described, starting from the kinematics of single electron motion, followed by collective electron effects and the ponderamotive motion in the laser focus and the plasma transparency for the laser beam. The three different mechanisms prepared to accelerate and propagate electrons through matter are discussed. The following indirect acceleration of protons is explained by the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA) mechanism. Finally some possible applications of laser accelerated protons are explained briefly.
• Chapter 3 deals with the modeling of geometry and field mapping of magnetic lens. Initial proton and electron distributions, fitted to PHELIX measured data are generated, a brief description of employed codes and used techniques in simulation is given, and the aberrations at the solenoid focal spot is studied.
• Chapter 4 presents a simulation study for suggested corrections to optimize the proton beam as a later beam source. Two tools have been employed in these suggested corrections, an aperture placed at the solenoid focal spot as energy selection tool, and a scattering foil placed in the proton beam to smooth the radial energy beam profile correlation at the focal spot due to chromatic aberrations. Another suggested correction has been investigated, to optimize the beam radius at the focal spot by lens geometry controlling.
• Chapter 5 presents a simulation study for the de-neutralization problem in TNSA caused by the fringing fields of pulsed magnetic solenoid and quadrupole. In this simulation, we followed an electrostatic model, wherethe evolution of both, self and mutual fields through the pulsed magnetic solenoid could be found, which is not the case in the quadrupole and only the growth of self fields could be found. The field mapping of magnetic elements is generated by the Matlab program, while the TraceWin code is employed to study the tracking through magnetic elements.
• Chapter 6 describes the PHELIX laser parameters at GSI with chirp pulse amplification technique (CPA), and Gafchromic Radiochromic film RCF) as a spatial energy resolver film detector. The results of experiments with laser proton acceleration, which were performed in two experimental areas at GSI (Z6 area and PHELIX Laser Hall (PLH)), are presented in section 6.3.
• Chapter 7 includes the main results of this work, conclusions and gives a perspective for future experimental activities.
Der ,Neue Mann' zwischen Familie und Beruf : Erkundungen bei Hans Fallada und Joseph Breitbach
(2014)
Falladas „Kleiner Mann“ gehört zu den Erfolgstiteln der späten Weimarer Republik und darf bis heute mit uneingeschränktem Publikumsinteresse rechnen. Empathisch, realitätsnah, detailreich, aber wenig politisch engagiert, rief die Darstellung der absinkenden Mittelschicht schon in der Weimarer Republik den Vorwurf der „linken Melancholie“ hervor, der neben Fallada auch Kästner traf. Noch 1970 diente diese Kategorie dem Literaturwissenschaftler Helmut Lethen als Kampf- und Abwehrbegriff gegen einen vorgeblich „weißen“ Sozialismus, dem er die Absicht sozialer Pazifizierung zuschrieb. Die Farbwahl deutet auf die Langlebigkeit des politisch-literarischen Topos hin, hatte doch Kurt Tucholsky schon 1926 die deutsche Sozialdemokratie in dem Gedicht „Feldfrüchte“ als „außen rot und innen weiß“ charakterisiert. Joseph Breitbach greift in seinen Erzählungen „Rot gegen Rot“ und „Das Radieschen“ von 1928/29 diese Metaphorik ebenso auf wie die mit ihr assoziierten widerstreitenden Positionen. „Rot gegen Rot“ lautet auch der Titel seines 1929 bei der Deutschen Verlagsanstalt erschienenen ersten Erzählbandes. Im Gegensatz zu den politischen Kampffronten sind diejenigen zwischen den Geschlechtern erst spät, dafür aber mit eindeutigem und nachhaltigem Interesse an der „Neuen Frau“ ins Blickfeld der Literaturwissenschaft geraten. Es scheint geradezu, als habe das Erlöschen der politischen Utopie, die sich zunächst in der Weimarer Republik, dann für zahlreiche, vor allem angloamerikanische, Forscher in der DDR verkörperte, die vorherigen Hoffnungen nun auf eine grundlegende Neudefinition des Geschlechterverhältnisses verlagert: Die „Neue Frau“ sollte im Privaten und Öffentlichen realisieren, was politisch eben nicht gelungen war. […] Parallel wäre zu wünschen, dass der Literarisierung des „Neuen Mannes“ die gleiche differenzierte Aufmerksamkeit zukäme - selbst wenn er massenmedial weit weniger präsent ist als seine Geschlechtsgenossinnen. Zeichen seiner Schwäche sind schon in den 20er Jahren unübersehbar. Der „Neue Mann“ ist zumeist – ob im wörtlichen oder übertragenen Sinne – der „Kleine Mann“.
Explizite Notenzitate in der Schönen Literatur sind selten, weisen sie doch auf die grundsätzliche Fremdheit zwischen den beiden Medien hin. Diese wurde schon in der romantischen Musikliteratur ebenso oft beschworen wie zu widerlegen versucht. Musik sei die bessere Sprache, meinten zahlreiche romantische Autoren, niemals würde die verbale Sprache sie zu erreichen vermögen. Gleichwohl kämpften Wackenroder und Tieck, Heine und Grillparzer um jene poetische Sprache, die so viel mehr sein soll als die Prosa. So überrascht es nicht, wenn nur wenige Autoren sich der Herausforderung stellen, mit dem Notentext selbst auch die Grenzen ihres eigenen Mediums zu bezeichnen - und noch weniger nutzen sie das Notenzitat als Indiz ihrer poetologischen Grundüberzeugungen. Nicht zufällig sind Hans Henny Jahnn, Arthur Schnitzler und Ingeborg Bachmann die wichtigsten nach wie vor seltenen Zeugen einschlägiger medienkomparatistischer Betrachtungen.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) offers an effective interventional option for treating symptomatic chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy is performed to facilitated endoscopic treatment. Pancreatic duct strictures can be treated by inserting plastic stents, and a 10 Fr endoprosthesis is adequate in many cases. Before stent insertion, hydrostatic balloon dilation is needed in some cases. Pancreatic stones can be removed with a dormia basket, but combining ERCP and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) is often most effective.
Standard and advanced endoscopic treatment approaches are delineated in this article and include stricture dilation with a Soehendra retriever, cSEMS placement and multi-stenting.
In der Arbeit wird ein Testverfahren zum Prüfen der Varianzhomogenität der Lebenszeiten eines Erneuerungsprozesses entwickelt. Das Verfahren basiert auf der "Filtered-Derivative"-Methode. Zur Herleitung des Annahmebereichs werden zunächst Bootstrap-Permutationen genutzt, bevor zu einer asymptotischen Methode übergangen wird. Ein entsprechender funktionaler Grenzwertsatz wird skizziert. Aufbauend auf dem Test wird ein Multiple-Filter-Algorithmus zur genauen Detektion der Varianz-Change-Points besprochen. Schließlich folgt die Inklusion von vorher detektierten Ratenänderungen in das Verfahren. Der Test und der Algorithmus werden in Simulationsstudien evaluiert. Abschließend erfolgt eine Anwendung auf EEG-Daten.
In many cases, the dire situation of public finances calls into question the very soundness of sovereigns and prompts corrective actions with far-reaching consequences. In this context, European authorities responded with several measures on different fronts, for instance by passing the "Fiscal Compact", which entered into force on January 1, 2013. Of critical importance in this framework is the assessment of a country’s situation by way of statistical measures, in order to take corrective actions when called for according to the letter of the law. If these statistics are not correct, there is a risk of imposing draconian measures on countries that do not really need it.
The implications of delegating fiscal decision making power to sub-national governments has become an area of significant interest over the past two decades, in the expectation that these reforms will lead to better and more efficient provision of public goods and services. The move towards decentralization has, however, not been homogeneously implemented on the revenue and expenditure side: decentralization has materialized more substantially on the latter than on the former, creating "vertical fiscal imbalances". These imbalances measure the extent to which sub-national governments’ expenditures are financed through their own revenues. This mismatch between own revenues and expenditures may have negative consequences for public finances performance, for example by softening the budget constraint of sub-national governments. Using a large sample of countries covering a long time period from the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics Yearbook, this paper is the first to examine the effects of vertical fiscal imbalances on fiscal performance through the accumulation of government debt. Our findings suggest that vertical fiscal imbalances are indeed relevant in explaining government debt accumulation, and call for a degree of caution when promoting fiscal decentralization.
We show that the correct experiment to evaluate the effects of a fiscal adjustment is the simulation of a multi year fiscal plan rather than of individual fiscal shocks. Simulation of fiscal plans adopted by 16 OECD countries over a 30-year period supports the hypothesis that the effects of consolidations depend on their design. Fiscal adjustments based upon spending cuts are much less costly, in terms of output losses, than tax-based ones and have especially low output costs when they consist of permanent rather than stop and go changes in taxes and spending. The difference between tax-based and spending-based adjustments appears not to be explained by accompanying policies, including monetary policy. It is mainly due to the different response of business confidence and private investment.
We develop a methodology to identify and rank “systemically important financial institutions” (SIFIs). Our approach is consistent with that followed by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) but, unlike the latter, it is free of judgment and it is based entirely on publicly available data, thus filling the gap between the official views of the regulator and those that market participants can form with their own information set. We apply the methodology to annual data on three samples of banks (global, EU and euro area) for the years 2007-2012. We examine the evolution of the SIFIs over time and document the shifs in the relative weights of the major geographic areas. We also discuss the implication of the 2013 update of the identification methodology proposed by the FSB.
The answer to the question – Which can be the best way to teach and to learn to understand foreign people and culture in ethnically, culturally and linguistically homogenous teaching contexts? – is simple: through language teaching and learning. This process is per definitionem the encounter between a culture of origin and a target culture. The process of learning and teaching foreign languages generates the encounter with languages and cultures, which implies on the one hand a comparison of different cultural contexts and on the other hand self-reflection.
Starting from data, which were collected based on a survey, the present contribution attempts to answer the following questions:
1. What is the role of foreign language teachers in ethnically, culturally and linguistically homogenous teaching contexts?
2. To what extent do foreign language teachers and students perceive the intercultural dimensions of foreign language education in such contexts?
pH and Na+ homeostasis in all cells requires Na+/H+ antiporters. The crystal structure, obtained at pH 4, of NhaA, the main antiporter of Escherichia coli, has provided general insights into an antiporter mechanism and its unique pH regulation. Here, we describe a general method to select various NhaA mutants from a library of randomly mutagenized NhaA. The selected mutants, A167P and F267C are described in detail. Both mutants are expressed in Escherichia coli EP432 cells at 70–95% of the wild type but grow on selective medium only at neutral pH, A167P on Li+ (0.1 M) and F267C on Na+ (0.6 M). Surprising for an electrogenic secondary transporter, and opposed to wild type NhaA, the rates of A167P and F267C are almost indifferent to membrane potential. Detailed kinetic analysis reveals that in both mutants the rate limiting step of the cation exchange cycle is changed from an electrogenic to an electroneutral reaction.
The Late Cretaceous is known to be mostly affected by warm periods interrupted temporarily by a number of cooling events. The reconstruction of the paleoclimatic conditions during a period of high concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is of great importance for the creation of future climate models. We applied the recently developed method reconstructing the SST from the TEX86 (TetraEther indeX of tetraethers consisting of 86 carbon atoms).
The sample material used for the present study was obtained from the tropical Late Cretaceous southern Tethys upwelling system (Negev/Israel), lasting from the Late Santonian to the Early Maastrichtian (~ 85 to 68 Ma). On the core samples from the Shefela basin, representing the outer belt of the upwelling system and the outcrop profile from the open mine Mishor Rotem (Efe Syncline), representing the inner belt, various bulk geochemical and biomarker studies were performed in this thesis.
Derived from TEX86 data, a significant long-term SST cooling trend from 36.0 to 29.3 °C is recognized during the Late Santonian and the Early Campanian in the southern Tethys margin. This is consistent with the opening and deepening of the Equatorial Atlantic Gateway (EAG) and the intrusion of cooler deep water from the southern Atlantic Ocean influencing the global SSTs and also the Tethys Ocean. Furthermore, the cooler near shore SST usually found in modern upwelling systems could be verified in case of the ancient upwelling system investigated in the present study. The calculated mean SST in the inner belt (27.7 °C) represented in the Efe Syncline was 1.5 °C cooler in comparison to the more seaward located outer belt (Shefela basin).
Moreover, geochemical and biomarker analyses were used to identify both the accumulation of high amounts of phosphate in the PM and good preservation of organic matter (OM) in the lower part of the OSM section. Total organic carbon (TOC) contents are highly variable over the whole profile reaching from 0.6 % in the MM, to 24.5 % in the OSM. Total iron (TFe) varies from 0.1 % in the PM to 3.3 % in the OSM and total sulfur (TS) varies between 0.1 % in the MM and 3.4 % in the OSM. Different correlations of TS, TOC and TFe were used to identify the conditions during the deposition of the different facies types. Natural sulfurization was found to play a key role in the preservation of the OM particularly in the lower part of the OSM. Samples from the OSM and the PM were deposited under dysoxic to anoxic conditions and iron limitation lasted during the deposition of the OSM and the PM, which effected the incorporation of sulfur into OM.
Phosphorus is highly accumulated in the sediments of the PM with a mean proportion of 11.5 % total phosphorus (TP), which is drastically reduced to a mean value of 0.9 % in the OSM and the MM. From the correlation of the bulk geochemical parameters TOC/TOCOR ratio and TP a major contribution of sulfate reducing bacteria to the phosphate deposition is concluded. This interrelation has previously been investigated in recent coastal upwelling systems off Peru, Chile, California and Namibia. This was further supported by the analysis of branched and monounsaturated fatty acids indicating the occurrence of sulfate reducing and sulfide oxidizing bacteria during the deposition.
According to the results from the analysis of n-alkanes and C27- to C29-steranes up to 95 % of the OM was of marine origin.
Organic sulfur compounds (OSC) were a major compound class in the aromatic hydrocarbon fraction and n-Alkyl and isoprenoid thiophenes were the most abundant, with highest amounts found for 2-methyl-5-tridecyl-thiophene (28 µg/g TOC). The relatively high abundance of ββ-C35 hopanoid thiophenes and epithiosteranes is equivalent to an incorporation of sulfur during the early stages of diagenesis.
Moreover, the geochemical parameters δ13Corg, δ15Norg, C/N and the pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratio, were studied for reconstruction of seafloor and water column depositional environments. The high C/N ratio along with relatively low values of δ15Norg (4 ‰ to 6 ‰) and δ13Corg (-29 ‰ to -28 ‰) are consistent with a significant preferential loss of nitrogen-rich organic compounds during diagenesis. Oxygen-depleted conditions lasted during the deposition of the PM and the bottom of the OSM, reflected by the low Pr/Ph ratio of 0.11–0.7. In the upper part of the OSM and the MM the conditions changed from anoxic to dysoxic or oxic conditions. This environmental trend is consistent with co-occurring foraminiferal assemblages in the studied succession and implies that the benthic species in the Negev sequence were adapted to persistent minimum oxygen conditions by performing complete denitrification as recently found in many modern benthic foraminifera.
Furthermore, the anammox process could have influenced the nitrogen composition of the sediments. In this anaerobically process nitrite and ammonia are converted to molecular nitrogen.
Xylotrechus rameyi, new species, (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is described from southern Utah. Comments on its biology including habitat, host plants and larval history are provided along with photographs of the holotype, allotype, the related species X. insignis LeConte, and the larval galleries and pupal chamber.
Fluctuations of the water level at the edges of temporary water bodies provide favourable living conditions for annual plant communities of the phytosociological class Isoëto-Nanojuncetea. Such communities of periodically flooded ponds within the agricultural landscape of NE Germany are particularly rich in rare plant species of that class. During the past decades drainage, fertilisation and herbicides in the surrounding arable fields have led to a severe decline in diversity of these species. To develop efficient conservation strategies it is essential to understand the factors driving the species composition. Therefore, we studied how varying water regimes, soil properties and agricultural practices affect the diversity and species composition of these temporary ponds. The study was carried out in seven ponds on a conventionally managed farm in NE Brandenburg. At each of these wetlands mixed soil samples were taken to determine the pH, total nitrogen and phosphorus concentration. The plant species were recorded in 177 plots, each covering 1 x 1 m2. For each plot, the water level was recorded in April, July and August 2013, respectively, resulting in five "water level regimes". Total species number and percentages of Isoëto-Nanojuncetea species were determined per plot, to evaluate water level effects on the vegetation. In addition, mean Ellenberg indicator values for light, moisture and nutrients were calculated to assess the environmental conditions.
Die Familie von der Tann entstammt altem fuldischem Lehnsadel und war in den Prozess der Entstehung der fränkischen Reichsritterschaft von Beginn an eingebunden. Zur Reformationszeit taten sich vor allem die Brüder Eberhard und Alexander von der Tann hervor, die als fürstliche Ratgeber in Kursachsen bzw. Hessen tätig waren. Vor allem Eberhard von der Tann hat in vielfacher Weise an der Verwirklichung von Luthers Reformvorstellungen mitgewirkt. So war er 1555 auf dem Reichstag zu Augsburg als protestantischer Verhandlungsführer entscheidend am Zustandekommen des Religionsfriedens beteiligt, eine Tatsache, die in der einschlägigen Forschung bis heute noch wenig beachtet wurde.