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Two botanical pesticides, Neem Azal-T/S (NA) and Quassia amara, one biopesticide, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (Bta) and one combination of Bta + NA were tested against 2nd and 4th instar larvae of the noctuids Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) on field beans under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The maximum mortality of 58 and 27 % was obtained in Bta + NA treatments in case of 2nd and 4th instar larvae of H. armigera under laboratory conditions followed by Bta (50 and 14 %) and NA (34 and 7 %) alone treatments. Under greenhouse conditions a mortality of 69 and 26 % was observed in case of Bta + NA treatments in 2nd and 4th instar larvae of H. armigera followed by Bta (67 and 20 %) and NA (56 and 10 %) alone. The mortality of H. armigera larvae was higher under greenhouse conditions. There was a significant difference in the mortality between 2nd and 4th instar larvae both under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The mortality of H. armigera was higher in 2nd instar than in the 4th instar larvae in all treatments. Similar results were obtained in case of S. exigua both under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The results indicate that Bta and NA have the potential to the control of H. armigera and S. exigua either independently or in combination, when used at the right stage of the field populations. The uassia-extracts tested did not show a high efficacy against larvae of H. armigera and S. exigua.
Location-based services (LBS) are services that position your mobile phone to provide some context-based service for you. Some of these services – called ‘location tracking’ applications - need frequent updates of the current position to decide whether a service should be initiated. Thus, internet-based systems will continuously collect and process the location in relationship to a personal context of an identified customer. This paper will present the concept of location as part of a person’s identity. I will conceptualize location in information systems and relate it to concepts like privacy, geographical information systems and surveillance. The talk will present how the knowledge of a person's private life and identity can be enhanced with data mining technologies on location profiles and movement patterns. Finally, some first concepts about protecting location information.