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The mediation of German cultural studies has become a firm component of the foreign language lessons, because without knowledge about the culture of the target language communication cannot succeed. However, the aim of the study of the German cultural study lessons should not be to provide a comprehensive picture for the purposes of the actual study of the culture and geography, but to choose from the contents with the help of which then an intercultural competence can be developed. The concept "German cultural studies" is extended by the component "intercultural", so that now we speak of „German cultural and intercultural studies“. This contribution would like to point out which developments the field „German cultural and intercultural studies“ has taken in Turkey and which role the study of intercultural aspects plays in the German lessons at school and in the teacher advanced training. Furthermore this contribution would like to introduce the teaching draughts which were sketched for the teaching field “German cultural and intercultural studies” in the German teacher training. Moreover, it should be discussed with which subjects and methodical possibilities the learning aim of an intercultural competence can be reached.
The State of Africa 2010
(2010)
The State of Africa series project was conceived by the Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) during its 2003-2004 financial year for purposes of mapping out on a regular basis critical issue areas relating to intra- and inter-African as well as extra-African relations. The first and second volumes of the series were published in 2004 and 2008 respectively. Volume 1: The State of Africa: Thematic and Factual Review served as an exploratory piece and covered a broad range of issues relating to politics and governance, millennium development goals (MDGs), peace and conflict and regional development. Volume 2: The State of Africa: Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development focused thematically and examined - from critical and comprehensive perspectives - issues associated with post-conflict in Africa. The volume was grounded on the continent's quest for conflict prevention, management and resolution as a means of creating an enabling environment for the consolidation of democracy and reconstruction of societies affected by crisis in general and war in particular. This volume, Volume 3: Parameters and Legacies of Governance and Issue Areas takes a multi-pronged and multi-faceted approach to some of these issues by providing in-depth analysis of dynamics at national, regional, continental and international levels. The global transformation in the 1980s and 1990s, which witnessed the crumbling of the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact and opened a window of opportunities for East-West bipolar rapprochement, particularly between the United States and Russia, also had impact on Africa at the national, regional and continental levels. Focusing on conceptual units, such as the state, indigenous organisations, regional and continental organisations as well as selected priority issues - in particular gender and empowerment, the global South, and space science - the chapters in the book provide useful insights into the nature and impact of the transformation and its impact on the socio-economic and politico-security situation in Africa.
From the 1980 Maitatsine uprising to the 2009 Boko Haram uprising, Nigeria was bedevilled by ethno-religious conflicts with devastating human and material losses. But the Boko Haram uprising of July 2009 was significant in that it not only set a precedent, but also reinforced the attempts by Islamic conservative elements at imposing a variant of Islamic religious ideology on a secular state. Whereas the religious sensitivity of Nigerians provided fertile ground for the breeding of the Boko Haram sect, the sect’s blossoming was also aided by the prevailing economic dislocation in Nigerian society, the advent of party politics (and the associated desperation of politicians for political power), and the ambivalence of some vocal Islamic leaders, who, though they did not actively embark on insurrection, either did nothing to stop it from fomenting, or only feebly condemned it. These internal factors coupled with growing Islamic fundamentalism around the world make a highly volatile Nigerian society prone to violence, as evidenced by the Boko Haram uprising. Given the approach of the Nigerian state to religious conflict, this violence may remain a recurring problem. This paper documents and analyses the Boko Haram uprising, as well as its links with the promotion of Islamic revivalism and the challenges it poses to the secularity of the Nigerian state.
Variants resistant to compounds specifically targeting HCV are observed in clinical trials. A multi-variant viral dynamic model was developed to quantify the evolution and in vivo fitness of variants in subjects dosed with monotherapy of an HCV protease inhibitor, telaprevir. Variant fitness was estimated using a model in which variants were selected by competition for shared limited replication space. Fitness was represented in the absence of telaprevir by different variant production rate constants and in the presence of telaprevir by additional antiviral blockage by telaprevir. Model parameters, including rate constants for viral production, clearance, and effective telaprevir concentration, were estimated from 1) plasma HCV RNA levels of subjects before, during, and after dosing, 2) post-dosing prevalence of plasma variants from subjects, and 3) sensitivity of variants to telaprevir in the HCV replicon. The model provided a good fit to plasma HCV RNA levels observed both during and after telaprevir dosing, as well as to variant prevalence observed after telaprevir dosing. After an initial sharp decline in HCV RNA levels during dosing with telaprevir, HCV RNA levels increased in some subjects. The model predicted this increase to be caused by pre-existing variants with sufficient fitness to expand once available replication space increased due to rapid clearance of wild-type (WT) virus. The average replicative fitness estimates in the absence of telaprevir ranged from 1% to 68% of WT fitness. Compared to the relative fitness method, the in vivo estimates from the viral dynamic model corresponded more closely to in vitro replicon data, as well as to qualitative behaviors observed in both on-dosing and long-term post-dosing clinical data. The modeling fitness estimates were robust in sensitivity analyses in which the restoration dynamics of replication space and assumptions of HCV mutation rates were varied.
Comparative Historical and Interpretative Study of Religions, is a historical and interpretative study of religions. The work provides a thorough methodological discussion on specific themes, historical figures and movements in Religious Studies. It delves into other themes such as the concepts of God, spirits, mysterious forces, pollution and ritual symbolism. The reference to the Urhobo is a clear demonstration of current efforts by scholars in this area of study to de-emphasise the old forms of generalisation to greater differentiation. This approach provides new impetus for meaningful interpretation and comprehensive examination of the various themes in the light of current scholarhip. Also fundamental an analysis of the methodological problems in the study of African traditional religions. Some remedies which are intended to open new avenues for researchers are highlighted.
Hintergrund: Träger eines bestimmten Haplotyps des Gens der GTP Cyclohydrolase (GCH1) gaben im Anschluss an eine Diskektomie nach chronischer lumbaler Radikulopathie weniger Schmerzen an und hatten in experimentellen Schmerzmessungen höhere Schmerzschwellen. Die ex-vivo GCH1-Hochregulierung und BH4-Produktion nach Forskolinstimulierung war reduziert, während die Grundwerte der BH4-Konzentration nicht verändert waren. Diese Beobachtungen legen nahe, dass der Haplotyp hauptsächlich Veränderungen zeigt, wenn das GCH1-System provoziert wird. Diese Studie zielt darauf ab, (1) diese Hypothese zu testen und (2) die schmerzprotektiven Eigenschaften, die diesem Haplotyp zuvor zugeschrieben wurden in unabhängigen Rahmen zu reproduzieren. Methodik: Hierzu wurden experimentelle Schmerzmodelle mit Sensitisierung (lokale Hautentzündung, topische Capsaicinapplikation) und ohne Sensitisierung (punktuell-mechanischer Druck, stumpfer Druck, thermischer und elektrischer Schmerz) an 10 homozygoten Trägern und 22 homozygoten Nichtträgern des angeblich schmerzprotektiven GCH1-Haplotyps durchgeführt. GCH1-, iNOS-Hochregulierung und BH4-Produktion wurden ex-vivo in Leukozyten nach LPS-Stimulation für 24 Stunden ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Träger dieses GCH1-Haplotyps hatten höhere Schmerzschwellen für punktuell-mechanischen Druck (von Frey Haare) im Anschluss an eine lokale Hautentzündung (18.1 ± 11.3 vs. 9 ± 2.8 g; p = 0.005) und im kleineren Rahmen für thermischen Schmerz nach Hyperalgesieinduktion durch Capsaicincreme (35.2 ± 0.9 vs. 36.6 ± 2.4 _C; p = 0.026). Dem hingegen konnten bei den Schmerzmodellen ohne Sensitisierung keine genotypabhängigen Effekte beobachtet werden. GCH1-, BH4 und iNOS-Hochregulierung in Leukozyten nach 24-stündiger LPS-Stimulation waren vermindert bei Trägern des GCH1-Haplotyps, woraus sich schließen lässt, dass sich die Genotypgruppen im Hinblick auf die Regulationsvorgänge im Biopterinstoffwechsel unterscheiden. Schlussfolgerung: Diese Studie bestätigt die vorherigen Befunde, dass eine verminderte GCH1-Funktion oder GCH1-Induzierbarkeit als Folge von genetischen Polymorphismen einen schmerzprotektiven Effekt mit sich bringt. Als Erweiterung der Vorresultate zeigt diese Arbeit, dass sich der schmerzprotektive Effekt vorzugsweise in Schmerzmodellen mit Sensitisierung ausprägt. Dies legt eine besondere Rolle von BH4 bei spezifischen Schmerzprozessen nahe.
Es geht um Wahrheit: Und zwar nicht um die uninteressanten Wahrheiten, über die man einfach erzählen kann, sondern um die Wahrheiten, die überall offen zutage liegen und die dennoch niemand sieht – weil die eigenen Erwartungen und Erklärungsmuster einen diese nicht sehen lassen. Damit ist dieses Kino das Gegenteil von einem Kino, das bewußt an den Erwartungen und Erklärungsmustern der Zuschauer entlangproduziert wird (was auch heißen kann, diese um der Effekte willen gezielt zu durchkreuzen), also das Gegenteil von einem Kino, das mit Zuschauern rechnen kann.
The main theme in the three scenes and one stage theatre play called "Lawyers" which was written by Rolf Hochhuth in 1980 is "death". The date in the play goes back to May 1978 when the body of the Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro was found. In the play, the minister Heilmeyer is a lawyer like his daughter Tina and his prospective son-in-law Dieter. However, Heilmeyer worked as a judge at the times of Hitler's Germany. It is seen that lawyers from two different generations encounter topics like death, death sentence, suicide, right to kill and survive. Hochhuth not only questions his own society with a critical attitude and but also he keeps on becoming the conscience of the society with the chronological narrative and the play in which the ideas are associated. The play is analyzed in the light of the perspectives of social reality and readers.
The title compound, C22H28N2O6, crystallizes with four half-molecules in the asymmetric unit: each molecule is located about a crystallographic inversion centre. The central methylene groups of two molecules are disordered over two sets of equally occupied sites. The crystal packing is characterized by sheets of molecules parallel to (114).