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Pultenaea glabra Benth. is a recently revised taxon which includes disjunct populations in Victoria, NSW, and Queensland. Victorian populations were previously described as Pultenaea weindorferi Reader, and listed as rare in Victoria. Pultenaea glabra is known from four locations in Victoria; it is locally abundant at the Bunyip and Lerderderg-Wombat localities, is uncommon at Wandin, and is in serious decline at Kinglake. Viable soil-stored seeds were present at all sampled locations, and seed germination was enhanced by heat pre-treatments, though germination of untreated seeds also occurred. Few mature plants remain at Kinglake and the population structure differed markedly from the other sampled populations. It has been suggested that the species requires a specific fire regime for regeneration, but it is likely that the severe decline in the Kinglake population is the result of grazing, rather than an inappropriate fire regime. At this site, germination is occurring but plants have not reached maturity, and the species is represented by only seedlings. Managing the species at Kinglake will require consideration of multiple factors, and reintroducing fire to the site at this stage may jeopardize seedling survival and result in local extinction.
In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Proteinkinase Akt das
Zellzyklusprotein p21 in Endothelzellen an der Aminosäure Threonin 145
phosphoryliert und auf diese Weise p21 posttranskriptionell reguliert. So führt die Aktabhängige Phosphorylierung zur Aufhebung der PCNA-Bindungsfähigkeit und zu einer Abnahme der Komplexbildung von p21 mit Cdk2 und Cdk4. Dementsprechend reduziert die Akt-Phosphorylierung von p21 an Threonin 145 die Hemmung der Cdk2-Aktivierung durch p21, begünstigt damit die Phosphorylierung von Retinoblastoma-Protein und die Freisetzung des Transkriptionsfaktors E2F. Diese Daten weisen auf einen neuen Signaltransduktionsweg hin, über den Akt die Endothelzellproliferation reguliert.
Außerdem führt die Akt-vermittelte Phosphorylierung von p21 an T145 zur Stabilisierung von p21 gegenüber Caspase-abhängiger Degradation während der pro-apoptotischen Stimulation der Endothelzellen und schützt die Zellen gegenüber der Apoptose-Induktion durch TNFα. Die p21-Phosphorylierung durch Akt stellt dabei einen essentiellen Mechanismus der endothelzellprotektiven Wirkung von Akt dar, denn in Abwesenheit von p21 infolge Antisense-Transfektion vermag die Überexpression von Akt nicht mehr zu einer Senkung der endothelialen Apoptoserate nach TNFα -Stimulation führen.
Potentilla heptaphylla gehört in Hessen zu den oft verkannten Arten. Durch Herbarbelege bestätigt sind Vorkommen bei Niederkleen, Münzenberg sowie in Nordhessen um Korbach und Waldeck. Für diese Vorkommen konnte die diploide Chromosomenzahl von 2n = 14 bestätigt werden. Ein Vorkommen im Frankfurter Wald ist erloschen. In Nordhessen wurden außerdem tetraploide Pflanzen festgestellt, bei denen es sich eventuell um Bastarde zwischen Potentilla heptaphylla und P. neumanniana handelt.
This paper suggests a motive for bank mergers that goes beyond alleged and typically unverifiable scale economies: preemtive resolution of banks´ financial distress. Such "distress mergers" can be a significant motivation for mergers because they can foster reorganizations, realize diversification gains, and avoid public attention. However, since none of these potential benefits comes without a cost, the overall assessment of distress mergers is unclear. We conduct an empirical analysis to provide evidence on consequences of distress mergers. The analysis is based on comprehensive data from Germany´s savings and cooperatives banks sectors over the period 1993 to 2001. During this period both sectors faced significant structural problems and superordinate institutions (associations) presumably have engaged in coordinated actions to manage distress mergers. The data comprise 3640 banks and 1484 mergers. Our results suggest that bank mergers as a means of preemtive distress resolution have moderate costs in terms of the economic impact on performance. We do find strong evidence consistent with diversification gains. Thus, distress mergers seem to have benefits without affecting systematic stability adversely.
Los fósiles atribuidos a briófitos son escasos, principalmente en rocas paleozoicas a pesar de ser registrados desde el Silúrico. Para la División Bryophyta, los fósiles correspondientes a la Clase Bryopsida comienzan a ser encontrados a partir del Carbonífero, aunque son bastante escasos. Registros más abundantes son conocidos para el Pérmico en rocas de las cuencas de Petchora, Kuznetsk y en la Plataforma Rusa, así como en la Antártica, en la Cuenca del Karoo (África del Sur) e India. Especímenes de gametófitos con esporofitos pleurocárpicos del género Dwykea fueron colectados en los niveles inferiores del Subgrupo Itararé, próximos a la ciudad de Campinas, Estado de S. Paulo. Estos fósiles corresponden al primer registro para el periodo Carbonífero de gametofitos femeninos fértiles. La microflora asociada a los fósiles de Dwykea permite establecer correlaciones con la Palinozona Ahrensisporites cristatus de edad westfaliana. Además los niveles donde fueron colectados los ejemplares de Dwykea corresponden a sedimentos proglaciales, que son interpretados como una vegetación de tundra que habitaba en el margen noreste de la Cuenca del Paraná, durante el Westfaliano.
Prinzipien der Proprialitätsmarkierung : Familiennamenindikatoren in den nordeuropäischen Sprachen
(2004)
In dem grundlegenden Beitrag "Svenska släktnamn i gar, i dag - i morgon?" liefert Thorsten Andersson einen kompakten Überblick über ein bewegtes Jahrhundert schwedischer Familiennamengeschichte. Dabei handelt es sich zur Überraschung deutscher Leser/innen um das 20. Jahrhundert. In Deutschland wüsste man mit dem Titel ,,Deutsche Familiennamen gestern, heute -morgen?" nicht viel anzufangen, zumindest nicht mit der Frage nach dem Heute und dem Morgen: Die deutschen Familiennamen sind seit Jahrhunderten fixiert; von seltenen und wohlbegründeten Ausnahmen abgesehen kann niemand seinen Familiennamen wechseln geschweige denn frei kreieren. Und die Frage nach dem Morgen hat sich vermutlich noch nie jemand gestellt.
We study the returns the venture capital and private equity investment from 221 venture capital and private equity funds that are part of 72 venture capital and private equity firms, 5040 entrepreneurial firms (3826 venture capital and 1214 private equity), and spanning 32 years (1971 - 2003) and 39 countries from North and South America, Europe and Asia. We make use of four main categories of variables to proxy for value-added activities and risks that explain venture capital and private equity returns: market and legal environment, VC characteristics, entrepreneurial firm characteristics, and the characteristics and structure of the investment. We show Heckman sample selection issues in regards to both unrealized and partially realized investments are important to consider for analysing the determinants of realized returns. We further compare the actual unrealized returns, as reported to investment managers, to the predicted unrealized returns based on the estimates of realized returns from the sample selection models. We show there exists significant systematic biases in the reporting of unrealized investments to institutional investors depending on the level of the earnings aggressiveness and disclosure indices in a country, as well as proxies for the degree of information asymmetry between investment managers and venture capital and private equity fund managers. Klassifikation: G24, G28, G31, G32, G35
In this article, we investigate risk return characteristics and diversification benefits when private equity is used as a portfolio component. We use a unique dataset describing 642 US-American portfolio companies with 3620 private equity investments. Information about precisely dated cash flows at the company level enables for the first time a cash flow equivalent and simultaneous investment simulation in stocks, as well as the construction of stock portfolios for benchmarking purposes. With respect to the methodology involved, we construct private equity, stock-benchmark and mixed-asset portfolios using bootstrap simulations. For the late 1990s we find a dramatic increase in the extent to which private equity outperforms stock investment. In earlier years private equity was underperforming its stock benchmarks. Within the overall class of private equity, returns on earlier private equity investment categories, like venture capital, show on average higher variations and even higher rates of failure. It is in this category in particular that high average portfolio returns are generated solely by the ability to select a few extremely well performing companies, thus compensating for lost investments. There is a high marginal diversifiable risk reduction of about 80% when the portfolio size is increased to include 15 investments. When the portfolio size is increased from 15 to 200 there are few marginal risk diversification effects on the one hand, but a large increase in managing expenditure on the other, so that an actual average portfolio size between 20 and 28 investments seems to be well balanced. We provide empirical evidence that the non-diversifiable risk that a constrained investor, who is exclusively investing in private equity, has to hold exceeds that of constrained stock investors and also the market risk. From the viewpoint of unconstrained investors with complete investment freedom, risk can be optimally reduced by constructing mixed asset portfolios. According to the various private equity subcategories analyzed, there are big differences in optimal allocations to this asset class for minimizing mixed-asset portfolio variance or maximizing performance ratios. We observe optimal portfolio weightings to be between 3% and 65%.
Modifications of the gyromagnetic moment of electrons and muons due to a minimal length scale combined with a modified fundamental scale Mf are explored. First-order deviations from the theoretical SM value for g−2 due to these string theory-motivated effects are derived. Constraints for the fundamental scale Mf are given.