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Myomas, also known as fibroids, are a specific characteristic of the human species. No other primates develop fibroids. At a cellular level, myomas are benign hyperplastic lesions of uterine smooth muscle cells. There are interesting theoretical concepts that link the development of myomas in humans with the highly specific process of childbirth from an upright position and the resulting need for greatly increased “expulsive” forces during labor. Myomas might be the price our species pays for our bipedal and highly intelligent existence. Myomas affect, with some variability, all ethnic groups and approximately 50% of all women during their lifetime. While some remain asymptomatic, myomas can cause significant and sometimes life-threatening uterine bleeding, pain, infertility, and, in extreme cases, ureteral obstruction and death. Traditionally, over 50% of all hysterectomies were performed for fibroids, leading to a significant healthcare burden. In this article, we review the developments of the past 20 years with regard to multiple new treatment strategies that have evolved during this time.
Modern Kuramların Postmodern Yansımaları: Okur Odaklı Edebiyat Kuramlarında Okurun Konumlandırılışı
(2017)
20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren edebiyat alanında önemli bir paradigma değişikliğinin gerçekleştiği söylenebilir. Bu değişiklik genel olarak edebiyat kuram ve eleştirilerinin o güne kadar ihmal ettiği ancak en başından itibaren edebiyatın en önemli parçası olan okurun yeni bir yönüyle keşfedilmesi ve yeniden tanımlanmasıyla gerçekleşir. Yazar ve onun yazdığı metin karşısında o güne kadar edilgen bir rol biçilen okur, dönemin koşullarının da elverişli olması nedeniyle aşama aşama etken bir role büründürülür. 1970'li yıllardan itibaren ise okurun bu özelliğini ele alan bir dizi yeni bakış açısı ve yaklaşım ortaya çıkar. Özellikle Almanya, Amerika ve Fransa'da ortaya çıkan bu yaklaşımların her birisi beslendikleri felsefi geleneğin etkisi altında farklı bir okur modeli geliştirirler. Bu çalışmada bu farklı okur modellerinden üç tanesi incelenerek okur kavramı ile neyi veya kimi kastettikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu üç farklı yaklaşımın ele alınmasındaki amaç ise, günümüzde edebiyat metnini anlamlandırmada etken bir rol üstlenen okuru tanımlamak üzere kullanılan "postmodern okur" modeline katkılarının olupc olmadığını sorgulamaktır.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health problem and is predicted to become the third most common cause of death by 2020. Apart from the important preventive steps of smoking cessation, there are no other specific treatments for COPD that are as effective in reversing the condition, and therefore there is a need to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms that could lead to new therapeutic strategies. The development of experimental models will help to dissect these mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level. COPD is a disease characterized by progressive airflow obstruction of the peripheral airways, associated with lung inflammation, emphysema and mucus hypersecretion. Different approaches to mimic COPD have been developed but are limited in comparison to models of allergic asthma. COPD models usually do not mimic the major features of human COPD and are commonly based on the induction of COPD-like lesions in the lungs and airways using noxious inhalants such as tobacco smoke, nitrogen dioxide, or sulfur dioxide. Depending on the duration and intensity of exposure, these noxious stimuli induce signs of chronic inflammation and airway remodelling. Emphysema can be achieved by combining such exposure with instillation of tissue-degrading enzymes. Other approaches are based on genetically-targeted mice which develop COPD-like lesions with emphysema, and such mice provide deep insights into pathophysiological mechanisms. Future approaches should aim to mimic irreversible airflow obstruction, associated with cough and sputum production, with the possibility of inducing exacerbations.
Robust predictions of alien species richness are useful to assess global biodiversity change. Nevertheless, the capacity to predict spatial patterns of alien species richness remains largely unassessed. Using 22 data sets of alien species richness from diverse taxonomic groups and covering various parts of the world, we evaluated whether different statistical models were able to provide useful predictions of absolute and relative alien species richness, as a function of explanatory variables representing geographical, environmental and socio-economic factors. Five state-of-the-art count data modelling techniques were used and compared: Poisson and negative binomial generalised linear models (GLMs), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), random forests (RF) and boosted regression trees (BRT). We found that predictions of absolute alien species richness had a low to moderate accuracy in the region where the models were developed and a consistently poor accuracy in new regions. Predictions of relative richness performed in a superior manner in both geographical settings, but still were not good. Flexible tree ensembles-type techniques (RF and BRT) were shown to be significantly better in modelling alien species richness than parametric linear models (such as GLM), despite the latter being more commonly applied for this purpose. Importantly, the poor spatial transferability of models also warrants caution in assuming the generality of the relationships they identify, e.g. by applying projections under future scenario conditions. Ultimately, our results strongly suggest that predictability of spatial variation in richness of alien species richness is limited. The somewhat more robust ability to rank regions according to the number of aliens they have (i.e. relative richness), suggests that models of aliens species richness may be useful for prioritising and comparing regions, but not for predicting exact species numbers.
Modelo de ensino-aprendizagem híbrido de alemão no Brasil : uma tendência contemporânea desafiadora?
(2021)
Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma pesquisa sobre crenças discentes a partir de dois cursos híbridos de alemão como língua estrangeira realizados por uma instituição de ensino de língua e cultura alemãs na cidade de São Paulo. Como arcabouço teórico, buscou-se apoio sobretudo em Barcelos (2001) e Almeida Filho (2013), entre outros autores dedicados às temáticas deste artigo. A metodologia de pesquisa apresenta análises qualitativas e quantitativas, baseadas em aplicação de questionário na perspectiva da Linguística Aplicada, focalizando as crenças dos estudantes a respeito do ensino a distância (modalidade EaD) antes e após a sua participação nos cursos. Constatamos que a busca por uma maior flexibilidade espaço-temporal e por uma redução nos custos de cursos tradicionais na modalidade exclusivamente presencial são fatores que motivaram a maior parte dos participantes da pesquisa a optarem pela modalidade EaD. Além disso, verificamos que parte da insatisfação com tal modalidade registrada dos entrevistados se deve a deficiências que eles identificaram na estrutura dos cursos e do ambiente virtual de aprendizagem, sendo que a plataforma utilizada nem sempre oferece recursos suficientes para desenvolver a necessária autonomia do alunado. Tal cenário reflete a problematização do uso das tecnologias em prol do desenvolvimento adequado do ensino a distância, bem como a necessidade de formação docente a fim de que seja possível encarar os novos desafios para o ensino-aprendizagem de línguas na modalidade híbrida.
The carcinogenic hydrocarbon 3.4-benzopyrene is soluble in aqueous solutions of different proteins. The solubilities are easily determined by the fluorimetric method. The fluorescence o. the hydrocarbon in the protein solutions is not quenched by molecular oxygen. Nevertheless only in presence of air (oxygen) an irreversible decrease of the fluorescence intensity occurs under irradiation with UV-light of wavelength 366 mμ, which is considerably faster than under nitrogen or in solutions of the hydrocarbon in ethanol or aqueous caffeine.
In the systems investigad, a correlation was found between the half-life period of the reaction and the SH-group activities. The participation of protein-SH-Groups in the 3.4-benzopyrene photoreaction is demonstrated by ampèrometric Ag⊕-titrations.
The influence of protein denaturation and inhibiting additives on the photoreaction are investigated by the fluorimetric method.
Irradiation- and oxygen-dependence of the reaction are analogous to the observations of photodynamic action and skin cancer induction by 3.4-benzopyrene.
By 366 mµ irradiation of β-lactoglobuline solutions containing 3.4-benzopyrene the heatdenaturation characteristics of the protein are changed. The same changes are produced without 3.4-benzopyrene by UV-light of the wavelength 280 mµ. Treatment of the β-lactoglobuline solutions with an amount of cigarette smoke, which certainly does not contain 3.4-benzopyrene in sufficient concentration, acts in the same direction.
Along with the changes in the protein properties the typical fluorescence of 3.4-benzopyrene vanishes. The hydrocarbon does not act as a catalyst in photodynamic action, but is chemically altered as well as the protein, at least in the system under investigation.
Polo-like kinases (PLKs) belong to a five-membered family of highly conserved serine/threonine kinases (PLK1-5) that play differentiated and essential roles as key mitotic kinases and cell cycle regulators and with this in proliferation and cellular growth. Besides, evidence is accumulating for complex and vital non-mitotic functions of PLKs. Dysregulation of PLKs is widely associated with tumorigenesis and by this, PLKs have gained increasing significance as attractive targets in cancer with diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential. PLK1 has proved to have strong clinical relevance as it was found to be over-expressed in different cancer types and linked to poor patient prognosis. Targeting the diverse functions of PLKs (tumor suppressor, oncogenic) are currently at the center of numerous investigations in particular with the inhibition of PLK1 and PLK4, respectively in multiple cancer trials. Functions of PLKs and the effects of their inhibition have been extensively studied in cancer cell culture models but information is rare on how these drugs affect benign tissues and organs. As a step further towards clinical application as cancer targets, mouse models therefore play a central role. Modelling PLK function in animal models, e.g., by gene disruption or by treatment with small molecule PLK inhibitors offers promising possibilities to unveil the biological significance of PLKs in cancer maintenance and progression and give important information on PLKs’ applicability as cancer targets. In this review we aim at summarizing the approaches of modelling PLK function in mice so far with a special glimpse on the significance of PLKs in ovarian cancer and of orthotopic cancer models used in this fatal malignancy.
The development of conservation strategies to mitigate the impact of invasive species requires knowledge of the species ecology and distribution. This is, however, often lacking as collecting biological data may be both time-consuming and resource intensive. Species distribution models can offer a solution to this dilemma by analysing the species-environment relationship with help of Geographic information systems (GIS). In this study, we model the distribution of the non-native bush-cricket Metrioptera roeselii in the agricultural landscape in mid-Sweden where the species has been rapidly expanding in its range since the 1990s. We extract ecologically relevant landscape variables from Swedish CORINE land-cover maps and use species presence-absence data from large-scale surveys to construct a species distribution model (SDM). The aim of the study is to increase the knowledge of the species range expansion pattern by examining how its distribution is affected by landscape composition and structure, and to evaluate SDM performance at two different spatial scales. We found that models including data on a scale of 1 × 1 km were able to explain more of the variation in species distribution than those on the local scale (10 m buffer on each side of surveyed road). The amount of grassland in the landscape, estimated from the area of arable land, pasture and rural settlements, was a good predictor of the presence of the species on both scales. The measurements of landscape structure – linear elements and fragmentation - gave ambivalent results which differed from previous small scaled studies on species dispersal behaviour and occupancy patterns. The models had good predictive ability and showed that areas dominated by agricultural fields and their associated grassland edges have a high probability being colonised by the species. Our study identified important landscape variables that explain the distribution of M. roeselii in Mid-Sweden that may also be important to other range expanding orthopteran species. This work will serve as a foundation for future analyses of species spread and ecological processes during range expansion.
Modelling short-term variability in carbon and water exchange in a temperate Scots pine forest
(2015)
The vegetation–atmosphere carbon and water exchange at one particular site can strongly vary from year to year, and understanding this interannual variability in carbon and water exchange (IAVcw) is a critical factor in projecting future ecosystem changes. However, the mechanisms driving this IAVcw are not well understood. We used data on carbon and water fluxes from a multi-year eddy covariance study (1997–2009) in a Dutch Scots pine forest and forced a process-based ecosystem model (Lund–Potsdam–Jena General Ecosystem Simulator; LPJ-GUESS) with local data to, firstly, test whether the model can explain IAVcw and seasonal carbon and water exchange from direct environmental factors only. Initial model runs showed low correlations with estimated annual gross primary productivity (GPP) and annual actual evapotranspiration (AET), while monthly and daily fluxes showed high correlations. The model underestimated GPP and AET during winter and drought events. Secondly, we adapted the temperature inhibition function of photosynthesis to account for the observation that at this particular site, trees continue to assimilate at very low atmospheric temperatures (up to daily averages of −10 °C), resulting in a net carbon sink in winter. While we were able to improve daily and monthly simulations during winter by lowering the modelled minimum temperature threshold for photosynthesis, this did not increase explained IAVcw at the site. Thirdly, we implemented three alternative hypotheses concerning water uptake by plants in order to test which one best corresponds with the data. In particular, we analyse the effects during the 2003 heatwave. These simulations revealed a strong sensitivity of the modelled fluxes during dry and warm conditions, but no single formulation was consistently superior in reproducing the data for all timescales and the overall model–data match for IAVcw could not be improved. Most probably access to deep soil water leads to higher AET and GPP simulated during the heatwave of 2003. We conclude that photosynthesis at lower temperatures than assumed in most models can be important for winter carbon and water fluxes in pine forests. Furthermore, details of the model representations of water uptake, which are often overlooked, need further attention, and deep water access should be treated explicitly.