Refine
Year of publication
- 2010 (264) (remove)
Document Type
- Part of a Book (264) (remove)
Language
- German (208)
- English (50)
- French (4)
- Italian (1)
- Multiple languages (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (264)
Keywords
- Rilke, Rainer Maria (38)
- Übersetzung (17)
- Deutschunterricht (15)
- Fremdsprachenlernen (15)
- Deutsch (14)
- Lyrik (11)
- Bachtin, Michail M. (10)
- Chronotopos (10)
- Erzähltheorie (10)
- Intonation <Linguistik> (9)
Institute
- Extern (49)
- Erziehungswissenschaften (4)
- Exzellenzcluster Die Herausbildung normativer Ordnungen (3)
- Kulturwissenschaften (3)
- Medizin (3)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (3)
- Zentrum für Weiterbildung (3)
- Cornelia Goethe Centrum für Frauenstudien und die Erforschung der Geschlechterverhältnisse (CGC) (2)
- Gesellschaftswissenschaften (2)
- Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) Mannheim (2)
Wenn wir es unbefangen betrachten, können wir gar nicht anders als zu dem Schluss kommen: Das Buch ist eine geniale Erfindung. Durch die Komprimierung arbiträrer Zeichen bietet es auf engstem Raum eine enorme Informationsdichte an. Für sich genommen ist die gedruckte Buchseite reine Flachware, aber durch die Beschriftung von Vor- und Rückseiten und die Bündelung von Blättern kombiniert das Buch auf raffinierte Weise die Dimensionen der Fläche und Tiefe. Es kombiniert dabei auch die lineare mit der nicht-linearen Darbietungsform. Entlang der Anordnung und Nummerierung der Seiten kann man es brav von Anfang bis zu Ende lesen, man kann aber auch (was bei der Papyrusrolle nicht möglich war) gezielt eine bestimmte Seite aufschlagen, und Ungeduldige können ins letzte Kapitel springen, wenn sie der Spannung des Krimis nicht standhalten. Wenn wir die Geschichte des Buches mit den Schminkpaletten in Altägypten und den Tontafeln in Mesopotamien beginnen lassen, hat das Buch für seine technische Evolution circa 4.500 Jahre gebraucht, um seine optimale Gestalt für Gebrauch und Verbreitung zu finden. Das geschah zur Zeit der Erfindung des Buchdrucks. Mit diesem Ereignis hat sich die Buchform stabilisiert und nicht mehr wesentlich verändert. Wenn man die Lösung eines Problems gefunden hat, muss man diese nicht mehr in Frage stellen. Das E-Book ist in diesem Sinne keine neue Mutation in der Geschichte des Buchs, sondern ein alternatives Angebot, von dem erst noch abzuwarten ist, wie und wofür es sich bewährt.
Bilinguismus in Böhmen
(2010)
Wenn wir den schillernden und lustigen Bilinguismus am langweiligen Monolinguismus messen, verbinden wir mit ihm eine höhere (verdoppelte) Sprachkompetenz, tieferen (weil komparationsfähigen) Einblick in die Funktionsweise der Sprache, Fähigkeit zum Sprachspiel, dank gesteigerter Sprachkompetenz ein breiteres und tiefer dringendes Weltwissen, unchauvinistische, humanere Einstellung zur Welt und außerdem Erinnerung an bessere Zeiten. Das tun wir, obwohl wir freilich wissen, dass Bilinguismus kein sprachlicher Idealzustand ist, denn selten – so belehren uns die Linguisten – kommt der Bilinguismus als Äquilinguismus daher, so dass eine der beiden Sprachen leicht (oder schwer) unterentwickelt sein kann, unvollkommen und außerdem für kauderwelsche Verunstaltungen durch die andere Sprache anfällig. Das gute Gefühl, das wir beim Lesen solcher Erinnerungen haben, kann nicht nur daher rühren, dass vergangene und also durch den wohltuenden Schleier des selektiven Vergessens (des Bösen) „entschmerzte“, idyllisierte Zustände geschildert werden (erinnerte Idylle bleibt idyllisch, auch wenn sie einsprachige Zustände schildert), sondern es scheint der Zustand der Zweisprachigkeit an sich positive Wertungen zu ernten und zu verdienen.
As work like McCarthy (2002: 128) notes, pre-Optimality Theory (OT) phonology was primarily concerned with representations and theories of subsegmental structure. In contrast, the role of representations and choice of structural models has received little attention in OT. Some central representational issues of the pre-OT era have, in fact, become moot in OT (McCarthy 2002: 128). Further, as work like Baković (2007) notes, even for assimilatory processes where representation played a central role in the pre-OT era, constraint interaction now carries the main explanatory burden. Indeed, relatively few studies in OT (e.g., Rose 2000; Hargus & Beavert 2006; Huffmann 2005, 2007; Morén 2006) have argued for the importance of phonological representations. This paper intends to contribute to this work by reanalyzing a set of processes related to vowel harmony in Shimakonde, a Bantu language spoken in Mozambique and Tanzania. These processes are of particular interest, as Liphola’s (2001) study argues that they are derivationally opaque and so not amenable to an OT analysis. I show that the opacity disappears given the proper choice of representations for vowel features and a metrical harmony domain.
Über das Gänsespiel, (Jeu de l’oie, Giuoco dell’Oca, Juego de la Oca, Game of the Goose,Ganzenspel, Gaasespil), ein Würfellaufspiel mit 63 Feldern, ist bereits viel geforscht und geschrieben worden. Die Forschung durch einen kleinen Mosaikstein zu bereichern und dem Jubilar dadurch eine Freude zu bereiten, ist das Ziel [des] vorliegenden Beitrages. Wie zu zeigen sein wird, hat die Druckgraphik – ein bevorzugtes Forschungsgebiet des Jubilars – bei der Ausbreitung des Spiels von seinen Anfängen an eine große Rolle gespielt. Diese in Italien oder Frankreich zu suchenden Anfänge des Gänsespiels werden in der Forschung allgemein auf die Wende vom 15. zum 16. Jahrhundert gelegt, und es herrscht Übereinstimmung darüber, dass das Spiel zunächst in Adelskreisen beheimatet war und um Geld gespielt wurde, bevor es mit Hilfe gedruckter populärer Spielbogen allmählich in andere Bevölkerungsschichten vorgedrungen ist und letztendlich in der Kinderwelt landete.
Den Menschen als Abbild Gottes aufzufassen, war mehr als nur eine theologische Richtungsentscheidung im spätantiken Europa. Sie betraf auch die Literatur. Grundsätzlicher als bisher von den Literaturgeschichten in den Blick genommen, ist die Bedeutung der christlichen Anthropologie für die europäische Literatur – das ist die These, die hier plausibilisiert werden soll. Doch nicht so, als dass diese europäische Literatur seit der Spätantike einfach christlich in ihren Themen noch in ihren Formen geworden wäre. Das ist sie sicherlich auch vielfach der Fall, man denke nur an die Durchsetzung etwa des Codex anstelle der Buchrolle, der Entfaltung neuer Gattungen wie der Legenden oder christlicher Moralvorstellung in den Büchern von Sebastian Brant bis Dostojewski. Vielmehr so, dass die europäische Literatur eine andere geworden ist, weil sie sich mit der christlichen Auffassung vom Menschen als Abbild Gottes auseinanderzusetzen hatte. Denn diese Lehre stellt die Literatur und andere Künste grundsätzlich in Frage, eben weil sie den Menschen so radikal in Frage stellt.
Im Kompilationsschrifttum der Frühen Neuzeit bildet die Tragica- und Criminalliteratur eine eigene Masse. In zahllosen Historien wird ein Schreckenspanorama ausgebreitet. Vergehen mit bösen Folgen laufen auf große Verbrechen hinaus, Lug und Betrug, Liebesverirrung und Ehebruch auf Todschlag und Mord mit spätestens hier sinnverwirrten, besessenen und getriebenen Tätern. [...] Es kommt aber eine ebenso extreme, harsche Normierung hinzu. Zur Geschichte der Tat gehört unweigerlich die Hinrichtung des Täters. Die Mordnachrichten sind damit eigentlich Exekutionsberichte. Die Texte dienen auch dem Erweis 'guter Policey', die hier Zeichen setzt für die Konsolidierung der politischen und sozialen Systeme im Prozess der Frühen Neuzeit.
Dass gerade das 16. und 17. Jahrhundert in der abendländischen Trinkkultur eine Zeit außerordentlich hohen Alkoholkonsums waren, ist hinlänglich bekannt. Die Berichte über große, oft tagelange Trinkgelage sind Legion und die „Tischzuchten“ des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts wissen vom Zutrinken, vom Bescheid Geben, vom Weiterreichen des Bechers detaillierte Einzelheiten der Trinksitten zu berichten. Das Trinken mit einer Hand galt lange noch als verpönt, aber die Regularien waren oft recht kompliziert – Festgelage waren vom Willkommensgruß über die zahlreichen auszusprechenden Toasts an adeligen Tafeln ebenso wie in Zunftstuben häufig strengen Normen unterworfen, während die ländliche Kirmes ebenfalls den exzessiven Alkoholgenuss, aber weniger strenge Regeln kannte. Auch häusliche Feste und Wirtshausbesuche endeten nicht selten im Vollrausch der Beteiligten. Und der Verlauf derartiger Szenarien nahm bei dem hohen Alkoholkonsum oft bizarre Formen an – das Trinken bis
zur Trunkenheit, ja Bewusstlosigkeit war in allen sozialen Schichten und auch bei beiden Geschlechtern zu finden. Doch die Stimmen zur Mäßigung waren nicht erst seit Erasmus von
Rotterdam und mit den Reformatoren immer lauter geworden. Der Siegeszug der großen Ernüchterer Kaffee, Tee und Schokolade, der die Trinkkultur revolutionieren sollte, hatte aber erst zaghaft begonnen. Dass im 17. Jahrhundert, einer Zeit des noch immer sehr hohen Alkoholkonsums, eine so elegante und hohe Konzentration erfordernde Handgeste wie die hier in Frage stehende verbreitet gewesen sein soll, überrascht denn doch und ist einer näheren Betrachtung wert. Da nur dieser spezielle Aspekt interessiert, werden keine ausführlichen Bildbeschreibungen und Gesamtinterpretationen geboten. Die Erforschung der Gesten und Gebärden und der Körpersprache in der Frühen Neuzeit hat in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten große Fortschritte gemacht. War schon mit Norbert Elias der Übergang vom „unordentlichen Leib“ zum zivilisierten und disziplinierten „geordneten Körper“ in zahlreichen Einzelheiten zu beobachten und mit Mary Douglas der Körper und die Körpersprache als Symbol für soziale Beziehungen zu interpretieren, so ist das Feld der nonverbalen Kommunikation inzwischen reich bestellt.
In un'intervista rilasciata in piena maturità a ricordo degli anni di gioventù, Bloch concentra la sua attenzione sulle rilessioni antimilitaristiche contenute in 'Spirito dell'utopia' (1918 e 1923). soprattutto riformula quella questione che – proposta con veemenza nella Introduzione (dal titolo Intenzione) del suo libro – attraversa come un ilo sotterraneo tutta la sua produzione giovanile: "dove deve essere rintracciata l'origine di quella cecità che ha portato al crimine della guerra? perché il popolo dei poeti e dei pensatori ha imboccato il vicolo cieco del primo conlitto mondiale?".
La vis polemica di Bloch nei confronti dello storico colpo di tuono emerge dai passi iniziali di 'Spirito dell’utopia', uno studio che – come segnala l'"avvertenza" del 1936 – è stato "sviscerato e realizzato di note contro la guerra". È soprattutto a un intenso brano della "Intenzione" che bloch affida la sua denuncia della barbarie della prima conflagrazione bellica, inquadrandola in uno 'Zeitgeist' di generale immiserimento economico e morale.
This study examines intraoral pressure for English and German stops in bilabial and alveolar place of articulation. Our subjects are two speakers of American English and three speakers of German. VOICING is the main phonological contrast under evaluation in both word initial and word final position. For initial stops, a few of the pressure characteristics showed differences between English and German, but on the whole the results point to similar production strategies at both places of articulation in the two different languages. Analysis of the pressure trajectory differences between VOICING categories in initial position raises questions about articulatory differences. In the initial closing gesture, time from start of gesture to closure is roughly equivalent for both categories, but the pressure change is significantly smaller on average for VOICED stops. Final stops, however, present a more complicated picture. German final stops are neutralized to a presumed VOICELESS phonological state. English final /p/ is broadly similar to German /p/, but English /t/ often shows no pressure increase at all which is at odds with the conventional account of phonation termination via pressure increase and loss of pressure differential. The results raise the question of whether the German final stops should be considered VOICELESS or some intermediate form, at least as compared to English final stops.
Glottal marking of vowel-initial German words by glottalization and glottal stop insertion were investigated in dependence on speech rate, word type (content vs. function words), word accent, phrasal position and the following vowel. The analysed material consisted of speeches of Konrad Adenauer, Thomas Mann and Richard von Weizsäcker. The investigation shows that not only the left boundary of accented syllables (including phrasal stress boundary) and lexical words favour glottal stops/glottalization, but also that the segmental level appears to have a strong impact on these insertion processes. Specifically, the results show that low vowels in contrast to non-low ones favour glottal stops/glottalization even before non-accented syllables and functional words.
The present study, based on a typological survey of ca. 70 languages, offers a systematization of consonantal insertions by classifying them into three main types: grammatical, phonetic, and prosodic insertions. The three epenthesis types essentially differ from each other in terms of preferred sounds, domains of application, the role of segmental context, their occurrence cross-linguistically, the extent of variation and phonetic explication.
The present investigation is significantly different from other analyses of consonantal epentheses in the sense that it neither invokes markedness nor diachronic state of the processes under discussion. Instead, it considers the different nature of the epenthetic segments by referring to the representational levels and/or domains which are relevant for their appearance.
This paper employs empirical methods to examine verbs such as seem, for which the traditional raising to subject analysis relates pairs of sentences which differ by taking an infinitival or sentential complement. A corpus-driven investigation of the verbs seem and appear demonstrates that information structure and evidentiality both play a determinate role in the choice between infinitival or sentential complementation. The second half of the paper builds upon the corpus results and examines the implications for the standard claims concerning these constructions. First, pairs of sentences related by the subject-to-subject raising analysis of verbs are often viewed as equivalent. New evidence from indefinite generic subjects shows that whether an indefinite generic subject occurs in the infinitival or sentential complement construction leads to truth-conditional differences. Further implications are explored for the claim that subjects of the infinitival variant may take narrow-scope: once various confounds are controlled for, the subject of the infinitival construction is shown to most naturally take wide-scope.
This paper tests three current theories of the phonology-syntax interface – Truckenbrodt (1995), Pak (2008) and Cheng & Downing (2007, 2009) – on the prosody of relative clauses in Chewa. Relative clauses, especially restrictive relative clauses, provide an ideal data set for comparing these theories, as they each make distinct predictions about the optimal phrasing. We show that the asymmetrical phase-edge based approach developed to account for similar Zulu prosodic phrasing by Cheng & Downing also best accounts for the Chewa data.
In Nłeʔkepmxcin, consonant-heavy inventories, lengthy obstruent clusters and widespread glottalization can make potential F0 cues to prosodic phrase boundaries (e.g. boundary tones or declination reset) difficult to observe phonetically. In this paper, I explore a test that exploits one behaviour of phrasefinal consonant clusters to test for prosodic phrasing in Nłeʔkepmxcin clauses. Final /t/ of the 1pl marker kt is aspirated when phrase-final, but not phraseinternally. Use of this test suggests that Thompson Salish speakers parse verbs, arguments and adjuncts into separate phonological phrases. However, complex verbal predicates and complex noun phrases are parsed as single phonological phrases. Implications are discussed, especially in regards to findings that (absence of) pitch accent is not employed to signal the informational categories of Focus and Givenness, even though Nłeʔkepmxcin is a stress language.
The aim of this paper is to try to explain how the Tooro system, which phonologically lacks tone, has come into being, by examining comparatively the tone system of each language itself and also by closely looking at the differences which exist among the Haya, Ankole and Nyoro systems (Kiga data insufficient) in order to look for phonetic reasons of the tone changes.
"The documentation of... descriptive generalizations is sometimes clearer and more accessible when expressed in terms of a detailed formal reconstruction, but only in the rare and happy case that the formalism fits the data so well that the resulting account is clearer and easier to understand than the list of categories of facts that it encodes.... [If not], subsequent scholars must often struggle to decode a description in an out-of-date formal framework so as to work back to... the facts.... which they can re-formalize in a new way. Having experienced this struggle often ourselves, we have decided to accommodate our successors by providing them directly with a plainer account." (Akinlabi & Liberman 2000:24)
This questionnaire is intended as an aid to eliciting different relative clause types – restrictive, non-restrictive, free, cleft. We have taken care to include examples where the head plays a variety of grammatical functions in the relative clause (subject, object, indirect object, possessor, adjunct). We have also taken care to include examples where the relative clause is in different positions in the sentence: initial, medial and extraposed. The questionnaire is intended as a guide, only, as every language will have its own set of possibilities and complications. At the end of the questionnaire is a checklist, as well as some illustrative examples in English and Swahili of the basic relative clause types. While we had Bantu languages in mind in devising the questionnaire, we hope it could also be useful to linguists with an interest in other languages.
In this paper I investigate the usage of the adverb and particle 'so' in spontaneous speech (interviews) collected from 21 speakers of the urban multi-ethnolectal youth language Kiezdeutsch. Speakers from the neighborhoods Kreuzberg and Wedding in Berlin are ranging in age from 14 to 18. The 1454 tokens of so available in the corpus (about 5 hours of speech) were classified into 10 different categories; some were structurally defined while others were defined along dimensions of meaning. Our current results indicate that there are differential usages patterns depending on the speaker's gender and age for some of these categories. Further, it appears that some patterns that have been attributed grammatical meaning may not appear frequently enough to establish a separate meaningful grammatical category. Rather, most instances of this kind of use of so appear to have a hedging function, indicating speakers' non-commitance to a specific circumstance.
This paper deals with the possessive constructions — either connective or relative — in Mbochi (C25), a Bantu language spoken in Congo-Brazzaville. In Mbochi, as in most languages of the same group (C20), the underlying /CV-/ form of nominal prefixes never surfaces as such but is targeted by two main processes: consonantal dissimilation and vowel elision. Both processes are in complementary distribution and the alternations triggered by them may explain the surface forms of both connective and relative constructions. In order to provide the necessary background for the study of Mbochi relative clauses, the three subject markers of Mbochi are introduced and the main verbal suffixes are also discussed. Thereafter, a detailed presentation and analysis of the relative constructions is given. Finally, we discuss the prosody of these constructions, showing that relative clauses in Mbochi have no particular tonal markers and we propose a model involving superimposed boundary tones to account for their intonation.
Cet article propose une réflexion sur la manière dont la langue bàsàa (Bantu A 43 parlée au Cameroun) exprime la relativisation. En l’absence d’une classe grammaticale de pronoms relatifs la langue utilise la classe des démonstratifs. La stratégie démonstrative mise en place peut selon les cas, associer la classe des locatifs pour déterminer les degrés de définitude. La langue distingue également les relatives restrictives des relatives non-restrictives qui sont soit descriptives, soit emphatiques. Du point de vue prosodique, la fin de la relative en bàsàa coïncide avec une finale de Groupe Intonatif.
We focus in this paper on two prosodic phenomena in Chimwiini: vowel length and accent (or High tone). Vowel length is determined in part by a lexical distinction between long and short vowels, and also by various morphophonemic processes that derive long vowels. Accent is penult in the default case, but final under certain morphosyntactic conditions. In order to account for the distribution of vowel length and the location of accents in a Chimwiini sentence, it is necessary to segment sentences into a sequence of phonological phrases. This paper examines the phonological phrasing of both canonical relative clauses and what we refer to as "pseudo-relative" clauses. An account of relative clause phrasing is of critical importance in Chimwiini due to the extensive use of pseudo-relatives in the language. Close examination of the pseudo-relatives reveals that their phrasing is not exactly the same as the phrasing of canonical relative clauses.
Símákonde is an Eastern Bantu language (P23) spoken by immigrant Mozambican communities in Zanzibar and on the Tanzanian mainland. Like other Makonde dialects and other Eastern and Southern Bantu languages (Hyman 2009), it has lost the historical Proto-Bantu vowel length contrast and now has a regular phrase-final stress rule, which causes a predictable bimoraic lengthening of the penultimate syllable of every Prosodic Phrase. The study of the prosody / syntax interface in Símákonde Relative Clauses requires to take into account the following elements: the relationship between the head and the relative verb, the conjoint / disjoint verbal distinction and the various phrasing patterns of Noun Phrases. Within Símákonde noun phrases, depending on the nature of the modifier, three different phrasing situations are observed: a modifier or modifiers may (i) be required to phrase with the head noun, (ii) be required to phrase separately, or (iii) optionally phrase with the head noun.
This paper examines locative relatives in Durban Zulu. We show that locative relatives differ from nominal relatives crucially in prosodic phrasing as well as in resumptive pronoun marking. We propose that the best way to account for locative relatives in Zulu is to resort to the old style adjunction analysis of relative clauses, with an empty operator. The system we propose assumes that such an adjunction analysis co-exists with a head-raising analysis, which accounts for the nominal relative clauses.
Símákonde is an Eastern Bantu language (P23) spoken by immigrant Mozambican communities in Zanzibar and on the Tanzanian mainland. Like other Makonde dialects and other Eastern and Southern Bantu languages (Hyman 2009), it has lost the historical Proto-Bantu vowel length contrast and now has a regular phrase-final stress rule, which causes a predictable bimoraic lengthening of the penultimate syllable of every Prosodic Phrase. The study of the prosody / syntax interface in Símákonde Relative Clauses requires to take into account the following elements: the relationship between the head and the relative verb, the conjoint / disjoint verbal distinction and the various phrasing patterns of Noun Phrases. Within Símákonde noun phrases, depending on the nature of the modifier, three different phrasing situations are observed: a modifier or modifiers may (i) be required to phrase with the head noun, (ii) be required to phrase separately, or (iii) optionally phrase with the head noun.
The morpho-syntax of relative clauses in Sotho-Tswana is relatively well-described in the literature. Prosodic characteristics, such as tone, have received far less attention in the existing descriptions. After reviewing the basic morpho-syntactic and semantic features of relative clauses in Tswana, the current paper sets out to present and discuss prosodic aspects. These comprise tone specifications of relative clause markers such as the demonstrative pronoun that acts as the relative pronoun, relative agreement concords and the relative suffix. Further prosodic aspects dealt with in the current article are tone alternations at the juncture of relative pronoun and head noun, and finally the tone patterns of the finite verbs in the relative clause. The article aims at providing the descriptive basis from which to arrive at generalizations concerning the prosodic phrasing of relative clauses in Tswana.
Relative clauses in Haya
(2010)
This paper gives an overview of the morphology and syntax of Haya relative clause constructions. It extends previous work on this topic (Duranti, 1977) by incorporating data from a number of different dialects and by introducing new data on locative relative clauses. The dialects discussed in addition to the Kihanja data from Byarushengo et al. (1977) include Kiziba, Muleba and Bugabo dialects. Nyambo data taken from Rugemalira (2005) is also compared to Haya in places. The focus of the discussion is on the grammaticality of pronominal elements attached to the verb that refer back to the relativized entity with different types of relativized constituents in Haya. It is shown that there are differences between subjects, objects and locatives in terms of this kind of morphology inside the relative clause, as well as differences between these kinds of morphemes and resumptive pronouns.
Introduction
(2010)
The papers in this volume were originally presented at the Bantu Relative Clause workshop held in Paris on 8-9 January 2010, which was organized by the French-German cooperative project on the Phonology/Syntax Interface in Bantu Languages (BANTU PSYN). This project, which is funded by the ANR and the DFG, comprises three research teams, based in Berlin, Paris and Lyon. [...] This range of expertise is essential to realizing the goals of our project. Because Bantu languages have a rich phrasal phonology, they have played a central role in the development of theories of the phonology-syntax interface ever since the seminal work from the 1970s on Chimwiini (Kisseberth & Abasheikh 1974) and Haya (Byarushengo et al. 1976). Indeed, half the papers in Inkelas & Zec’s (1990) collection of papers on the phonology-syntax interface deal with Bantu languages. They have naturally played an important role in current debates comparing indirect and direct reference theories of the phonology-syntax interface. Indirect reference theories (e.g., Nespor & Vogel 1986; Selkirk 1986, 1995, 2000, 2009; Kanerva 1990; Truckenbrodt 1995, 1999, 2005, 2007) propose that phonology is not directly conditioned by syntactic information. Rather, the interface is mediated by phrasal prosodic constituents like Phonological Phrase and Intonation Phrase, which need not match any syntactic constituent. In contrast, direct reference theories (e.g., Kaisse 1985; Odden 1995, 1996; Pak 2008; Seidl 2001) argue that phrasal prosodic constituents are superfluous, as phonology can – indeed, must – refer directly to syntactic structure.
This study examines articulatory and acoustic inter-speaker variability in the production of the German vowels /i/, /u/ and /a/. Our subjects are 3 monozygotic twin pairs (2 female and 1 male pair) and 2 dizygotic female twin pairs. All of them were born, raised and are still living in Berlin and see their twin brother or sister regularly. We assume that monozygotic twins that are genetically identical and share the same physiology should be more similar in their articulation than dizygotic twins but that the shared time and social environment of twins, regardless of their genetic similarity, also plays a crucial role in the acoustic similarity of twins. Articulatory measurements were made with EMA (Electromagnetic Articulography) and the target positions of the produced vowels were analyzed. Additionally, the formants F1-F4 of each vowel were measured and compared within the twin pairs. Our data seems to point out the importance of a shared environment and the strong influence of learning over the anatomical identity of the monozygotic twins regarding the production of vowels. But, additional results suggest (1) the impact of physiology on the production of a vowel following a velar consonant and (2) the interaction of physiology and stress in inter-speaker variability.
Wie kann eLearning in einer Bildungseinrichtung wie einer Hochschule, Schule oder einem Unternehmen erfolgreich verbreitet werden? Welche mediendidaktischen eLearning-Ansätze passen zu der jeweiligen Einrichtung, ihrer Lernkultur, ihren Dozierenden, Lerngruppen und neuen Zielgruppen, und wie kann hierzu ein strategischer Ansatz entwickelt werden? Dieser Beitrag gibt Impulse aus der Perspetive der Organisationsentwicklung, wie eLearning durch geeignete Qualifizierungs-, Support- und Anreizstrukturen und den Aufbau einer vor allem auch horizontal vernetzten Community in Bildungseinrichtungen verbreitet und verankert werden kann. Dabei werden verschiedene eLearning-Formen ebenso berücksichtigt wie Lehrstile und -präferenzen und gerade dem Kompetenzerwerb von Lehrenden kommt eine sehr wichtige Rolle zu.
studiumdigitale, die zentrale eLearning-Einrichtung der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, hat im Rahmen ihrer Beratungs- und Supporttätigkeit in den letzten Jahren zunehmend standardisierte Instrumente und Prozesse zur Einführung von eLearning entwickelt. Diese Instrumente werden inzwischen nicht nur im Hochschulkontext, sondern auch bei Unternehmen und Bildungseinrichtungen eingesetzt. Im Kontext von Kooperationsprojekten und Beratungen wendet studiumdigitale das in der Hochschule schon etablierte Vorgehensmodell AKUE auch außerhalb der Universität ein und entwickelt gemeinsam mit Partnern eLearning-Angebote oder begleitet Firmen und Bildungseinrichtungen bei der Einführung von eLearning durch Organisationsentwicklungsprojekte.
In vielen Metaphern ist das Leben als Zielbereich enthalten. In einer idiombezogenen kognitivlinguistischen Untersuchung wurden diejenigen Ausgangsbereiche gesucht, auf die bei der Konzeptualisierung des Lebens zurückgegriffen wird, wenn deutsche metaphorische Idiome verwendet werden. Die metaphorischen Lebens-Idiome wurden dabei aus zwei verschiedenen Datenquellen, aus Wörterbüchern und aus dem Mannheimer IDS-Korpus gesammelt, mit Rücksicht auf die Problematik der introspektiven bzw. korpuslinguistischen Methoden (Kispál 2010). Als Ergebnis dieser Untersuchung ist eine Liste von 152 metaphorischen Lebens-Idiomen sowie eine Liste von 20 konzeptuellen Metaphern aufgestellt worden. Die metaphorischen Lebens-Idiome sind durch eine mehrfache Motiviertheit geprägt. Die Motiviertheit mehrerer Idiome kann dabei u. a. durch konzeptuelle Metaphern aufgezeigt werden, die die Konzeptualisierung des Lebens als Zyklus darstellen.
"'Ironie haben wir nicht' – rief Nannerl, die schlanke Kellnerin, die in diesem Augenblick vorbeisprang, – 'aber jedes andre Bier können Sie doch haben.' Daß Nannerl die Ironie für eine Sorte Bier gehalten", fährt Heinrich Heine im dritt en Kapitel seiner Reisebilder Von Münch en nach Genua fort, "war mir sehr leid, und damit sie sich in der Folge wenigstens keine solche Blöße mehr gebe, begann ich folgendermaßen zu dozieren: 'Schönes Nannerl, die Ironie iska Bier, sondern eine Erfindung der Berliner, der klügsten Leute von der Welt, die sich sehr ärgerten, daß sie zu spät auf die Welt gekommen sind, um das Pulver erfinden zu können, und die deshalb eine Erfindung zu machen suchten, die ebenso wichtig und eben denjenigen, die das Pulver nicht erfunden haben, sehr nützlich ist.'" Die Erfindung, die Heine hier anspricht, soll ein Mittel sein, das es erlaubt, Dummheit in Ironie zu verwandeln. In diesem Zusammenhang entfaltet Heine eine fiktive Genealogie der Dummheit, gefolgt von einer Genealogie der Strategien, wie sich Dummheit verhindern lässt – beides mit unverkennbar polemischem Unterton […]. Hatte man zunächst den Eindruck , das "rück wirkende Mittel", von dem Heine sprich t, sei ein Pharmakon, vielleicht auch eine Art Pulver, mit dem man die Dummheit wie eine lästige Migräne-Attacke neutralisieren kann, wird kurz darauf deutlich , dass das 'ganz einfache Mittel', das Heine im Sinn hat, ein sprachliches ist: Anstelle des Pulvers hat man in Berlin einen Sprechakt erfunden, mit dem sich jede Dummheit in Weisheit umgestalten lässt. Genau genommen handelt es sich bei diesem Sprechakt um ein Deklarativ. Deklarative Sprechakte begegnen uns häufig in der Kirche und im Krieg. So, wenn ein Priester sagt, "hiermit erkläre ich Euch zu Mann und Frau", oder wenn ein Präsident einem anderen Land den Krieg erklärt. […] Damit derartige deklarative Sprechakte gelingen, muss man – das gilt für alle bisher genannten Fälle – ein gewisses Maß an institutioneller Rückendeckung respektive ein gewisses Maß an Souveränität haben.
Der Beitrag nimmt kritisch Stellung gegen das populäre Konzept der 'Gefühlsübertragung', mit dem sowohl realweltliche Empathieprozesse als auch das Verhältnis zwischen literarischer Figur und Leser oft beschrieben werden. Am Beispiel der Emotion Mitleid werden vier Kategorien psychischer Prozesse unterschieden: (a) eine emotionale Reaktion auf einen (literarisch) präsentierten Stimulus, (b) emotionale Ansteckung, (c) sentimentale Rührung und (d) Empathie (verstanden als eine beliebig komplexe kognitive Operation, die zu einer mentalen Repräsentation eines fremden Gemütszustands führt). Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt dabei der sinnlichen Qualität empathischer Vorstellungen, von der das Missverständnis der 'Gefühlsübertragung' seine intuitive Plausibilität gewinnt und die seit der Entdeckung so genannter Spiegelneuronen oft mit Empathie gleichgesetzt wird. Im Unterschied zu einigen populärwissenschaftlichen Verlautbarungen vertrete ich die Ansicht, dass neuronale Spiegelungsprozesse wahrscheinlich stärker an Ansteckungs- als an Empathieprozessen beteiligt sind.
In folk theories of art reception, readers and cinema audiences are said to experience fictional worlds vicariously 'through' characters, i.e. they 'identify' themselves with them, they partake in their experiences 'empathetically'. In the first section of my essay, I will argue that it is not character but focalization (point of view) which, on a fundamental level, guides our fictional experience, and I will exemplify several ways that characters (or similar ideas) can then in addition come into play. In the next two sections, I will discuss possible cognitive correlates of both the textual device of focalization and textual clues indicating ›persons‹. The aim is to show that what I call ›psycho-poetic effects‹ (that is, the mental representation of anthropomorphic instances) are best described as byproducts of various cognitive programs involved in the reception of narrative fiction. 'Empathy', as it is understood in the above mentioned folk theory of art reception, can then be analysed into individual algorithms of social cognition. And it can be differentiated, as is done in the last section, from other phenomena often confused with it, like emotional experience proper and emotional contagion. Also, I refer to the idea that mirror neurons provide the means to empathize with others, literary characters included. My general proposition is to revise and refine those concepts with the help of evolutionary theory and, thus, to hypothesize as cognitive correlates for textual features only programs specific enough to be correlated with a specific adaptive function which they may have performed in the process of human evolution.
Bakhtin and Dostoevsky shared the conviction that human life must be understood in terms of temporality. Both thinkers were obsessed with time’s relation to life as people experience it. For each, a rich sense of humanity demanded a chronotope of open time. In many respects, the views of Bakhtin and Dostoevsky coincide. Theologically speaking, one could fairly call them both heretics, as we shall see. Their differences reflect their different starting points. Bakhtin began with ethics, whereas Dostoevsky thought about life first and foremost in terms of psychology. For Bakhtin, any viable view of the world had first of all to give a rich meaning to moral responsibility. Dostoevsky could accept no view that was false to his sense of how the human mind thought and felt.
As Bakhtin noted, chronotopes arise from the density and fusion of temporal and spatial indicators. In prose narrative, the density of temporal and spatial indicators arises as a natural consequence of setting scenes and explaining action, and those indicators are fused by the centripetal forces of plot, character and so on that encourage us to read the various elements of the text as aspects of a coherent story and world. In non-narrative poetry, however, there is no story to drive the setting of scene or generation of character; there may not even be scene or character. As a result, temporal and spatial indicators can be quite sparse, and there may be little centripetal force to encourage their fusion. In a textual environment bereft of character, plot, scene, in which even the centripetal forces of syntax are frayed by linebreaks and other poetic devices, how can chronotopes form and function? [...] In the centripetal environment afforded by most prose narratives, the stable chronotopes and the relationships among them define consciousness, world and values. In the centrifugal environment of non-narrative poetry, chronotopes flicker and flow in a series of hints, glimpses, dissolves, defining consciousness, world and values via evanescence rather than stability. However, as I hope to show below, the evanescence of chronotopes in non-narrative poetry can be as central to the vitality and meaning of those texts as the stability of chronotopes is to the vitality and meaning of prose narratives.
In this contribution, I would like to examine the way in which Bakhtin, in the two essays dedicated to the chronotope, lays the foundations for a theory of literary imagination. […] His concept of the chronotope may be interpreted as a contribution to a tradition in which Henri Bergson, William James, Charles Sander Peirce and Gilles Deleuze have been key figures. Like these four authors, Bakhtin is a philosopher in the school of pragmatism. His predilection for what Gary Saul Morson and Caryl Emerson have called “prosaics” puts him right at the heart of a philosophical family that calls forth multiplicity against metaphysical essentialism, and prefers the mundane to the universal. It seems wise to proceed carefully in the attempt to reconstruct Bakhtin’s theory of imagination. In this contribution to the debate, I choose to develop a philosophical dialogue between Bakhtin and the above-mentioned philosophical family. More specifically, it seems to me that the ideal point of departure for examining the way in which Bakhtin attempts to get to the bottom of the mysteries of literary imagination is Gilles Deleuze’s synthesis of Bergson’s epistemological view on knowledge as “the perception of images”, as well as Peirce’s theory of experience based on a typology of images. In the following, I show that Bakhtin’s view of the temporal-spatial constellations in literature demonstrates a strong affinity to the Bergsonian view that perception of the spatial world is colored by the lived time experienced by the observer. Based on this observation, I then develop a typology of images which places the concept of the chronotope in a more systematic framework.
The Fugue of Chronotope
(2010)
As the survey by Nele Bemong and Pieter Borghart introducing this volume makes clear, the term chronotope has devolved into a veritable carnival of orismology. For all the good work that has been done by an ever-growing number of intelligent critics, chronotope remains a Gordian knot of ambiguities with no Alexander in sight. The term has metastasized across the whole spectrum of the human and social sciences since the publication of FTC in Russian in 1975, and (especially) after its translation into English in 1981. As others have pointed out, one of the more striking features of the chronotope is the plethora of meanings that have been read into the term: that its popularity is a function of its opacity has become a cliché. In the current state of chronotopic heteroglossia, then, how are we to proceed? The argument of this essay is that many of the difficulties faced by Bakhtin’s critics derive from ambiguities with which Bakhtin never ceased to struggle. That is, instead of advancing yet another definition of my own, I will investigate some of the attempts made by Bakhtin himself to give the term greater precision throughout his long life. In so doing, I will also hope to cast some light on the foundational role of time-space in Bakhtin’s philosophy of dialog as it, too, took on different meanings at various points in his thinking.
Bakhtin argues that each literary genre codifies a particular world-view which is defined, in part, by its chronotope. That is, the spatial and temporal configurations of each genre determine in large part the kinds of action a fictional character may undertake in that given world (without being iconoclastic, a realist hero cannot slay mythical beasts, and a questing knight cannot philosophize over drinks in a café). Recent extensions of Bakhtin’s theory have sought to define the chronotopes of new and emergent genres such as the road movie, the graphic novel, and hypertext fiction. Others have challenged Bakhtin’s characterization of certain chronotopes, such as those of epic and lyric poetry, arguing that these genres (and their chronotopes) are far more dynamic and dialogic than Bakhtin’s analysis seems at first glance to allow. Rather than taking issue with Bakhtin’s characterization of particular genres here, however, I wish to argue that we should pay closer attention to the heterochrony, or interplay of different chronotopes, in individual texts and their genres. As Bakhtin’s own essay demonstrates, what makes any literary chronotope dynamic is its conflict and interplay with alternative chronotopes and world-views. Heterochrony (raznovremennost) is the spatiotemporal equivalent of linguistic heteroglossia, and if we examine any of Bakhtin’s readings of particular chronotopes closely enough, we will find evidence of heterochronic conflict. This clash of spatiotemporal configurations within a text, or family of texts, provides the ground for the dialogic inter-illumination of opposing world-views.
This paper proposes a reflection on the potential of the chronotope as a heuristic tool in the field of adaptation studies. My goal is to situate the chronotope in the context of adaptation studies, specifically with regard to perhaps the most central treatise in the field of literary adaptation, Gérard Genette’s “Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree”, and to draw attention to perhaps one of the most overlooked works in the field of adaptation studies, Caryl Emerson’s chronotope-inspired “Boris Godunov: Transpositions of a Russian Theme”. I will demonstrate how the chronotope might be used in the study of literary adaptation by examining the relationships between Daniel Defoe’s “Robinson Crusoe”, its historical sources, and Michel Tournier’s twentieth-century adaptation of the Robinson story, “Friday”. My analysis draws upon three of the semantic levels of the chronotope presented in the introduction to this volume: (1) chronotopic motifs linked to two opposing themes: enthusiasm for European colonial expansionism and skepticism regarding the supremacy of European culture; (2) major chronotopes that determine the narrative structure of a text; and (3) the way in which such major chronotopes may be linked to broader questions of genre.
In this contribution we try to probe the generic chronotope of realism, which, judging from its astonishing productivity in the nineteenth century and the profound impact it has had on literary evolution and theory ever since, can be designated nothing less than a hallmark in the general history of narrative. Although we are primarily concerned with the description of the principles of construction underlying the realistic, “documentary”, chronotope, we would also like to touch upon some of its rather evident, but still somewhat under-discussed similarities with the genre of historiography. For, despite an abundance of what could be called “touches of realism” in a plethora of literary texts and genres (both narrative and poetic) since the very beginnings of literary history itself, the direct germs of realism as it developed into a particular narrative genre or generic chronotope during the nineteenth century may well be situated in “prescientific” historiographical works such as those of Gibbon or Michelet.
The aim of this introductory article [to the volume of the same title], firstly, is to recapitulate the basic principles of Bakhtin’s initial theory as formulated in “Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel: Notes toward a Historical Poetics” (henceforth FTC) and “The Bildungsroman and its Significance in the History of Realism (Toward a Historic Typology of the Novel)” (henceforth BSHR). Subsequently, we present some relevant elaborations of Bakhtin’s initial concept and a number of applications of chronotopic analysis, closing our state of the art by outlining two perspectives for further investigation. Some of the issues which we touch upon receive more detailed treatment in other contributions to this volume. Others may offer perspectives for future Bakhtin scholarship.
One of the most fundamental problems of systemic approaches to literature is the question of how systemic principles might be translated into a manageable methodological framework. This contribution proposes that a combination of functionalistsystemic theories (in casu Itamar Even-Zohar’s Polysystem theory – especially the textually oriented versions – and the prototypical genre approach proposed by Dirk De Geest and Hendrik Van Gorp 1999) with Mikhail Bakhtin’s chronotope theory shows great promise in this respect. Since I am primarily interested in literary genres, the prototypical genre approach assumes a central position in my theoretical framework. My main argument is that Bakhtin’s chronotope concept offers interesting perspectives as a heuristic tool within a functionalist-systemic approach to genre studies, enabling the study not only of the constitutive elements of genre systems, but also of their mutual relations. Bakhtin’s own vague definitions of the concept somewhat hamper the process of putting it into practice for this purpose, but with the aid of the distinction between generic and motivic chronotopes, that problem can be solved. A detailed, comprehensive account of the theoretical premises underlying my proposal can be found in Bemong (under review); here I restrict myself to the basics.
This paper forms part of a larger, ongoing project, to investigate how certain narrative possibilities that seem to have crystallized for the first time in the ancient Greek novel have proved persistent and productive over time, undergoing subtle transformations during formative later periods in the history of the genre, notably the twelfth century (simultaneously in Old French and in Byzantine Greek) and the eighteenth (the time when, according to a narrower definition, the novel is said to originate). For the present, my more limited aim is to revisit the two main essays in which Bakhtin’s theory of the chronotope (and of the “historical poetics” of the novel) are developed, and to extrapolate what seem to me to the most significant and productive lines of his approach, both in general, and with specific reference to the ancient Greek novel. I will then attempt simultaneously to apply and to modify Bakhtin’s model, in the light of a reading of Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon and with reference to previous critiques. The final part of the paper examines how this approach can be productive for a reading of a much later text, often regarded as “foundational” for the modern development of the genre, especially in English, Fielding’s Tom Jones (1749).
The present essay outlines a project, which aims to catalogue and tap the potential of medieval German manuscripts in the collections of both church and secular libraries and archives in Romania. The project complements current efforts to catalogue and explore medieval German manuscripts in Eastern European countries. At the same time, the project prepares the ground for a regionally oriented literary history of Transylvania. Here, too, the aim is to build on current trends in medieval German studies in particular. Instead of a concept of literary history based almost exclusively on individual authors and their work, these trends advocate a literary historiography that turns to regional factors and manuscript transmission in describing literary activity in a particular area.
In letzter Zeit wird in Bezug auf alte Bücher und Büchersammlungen immer häufiger der Blick auf die Rezeptionsgeschichte geworfen, sei es für Biografien, wenn ermittelt werden soll, welche Bücher die porträtierte Person besessen und genutzt hat, oder sei es für kulturgeschichtliche Arbeiten, wenn gefragt wird, wer zu welcher Zeit welche Lektüre betrieb. Auch die Fragen, welche Informationen über Bücher wann und wohin verbreitet wurden und welche Auswirkungen dies in Politik, Wirtschaft und Kunst hatte, scheinen zunehmend interessanter. Große Datensammlungen zu Rezeption und Provenienzgeschichte sind indes noch selten. Deshalb ist es angebracht, den Blick in Bibliotheken mit großen Altbestandsteilen zu werfen. Beispielhaft soll im Folgenden die "Sammlung Frankfurter Drucke" der Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg in Frankfurt am Main (UB Ffm) betrachtet werden. Es soll geklärt werden, wie häufig Lese- oder andere Benutzungsspuren in Frankfurter Drucken des 16. Jahrhunderts zu finden sind. Außerdem soll versucht werden, einige der frühen Besitzer dieser Drucke zu identifizieren.
"Nur die oberflächlichen Eigenschaften dauern", so Oskar Wilde in seinen 'Sätzen und Lehren zum Gebrauch der Jugend': "Des Menschen tieferes Wesen ist bald entlarvt". Ausgehend von der These, dass der Poetik Jelineks ein "Lob der Oberfläche" eingeschrieben ist, möchte ich im folgenden die Rolle der Mode beleuchten, und zwar nicht nur als Oberflächenphänomen, sondern auch als Übergangsphänomen, das an der Schwelle zwischen Oberfläche und Tiefe in Erscheinung tritt.