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This paper reflects on legal pluralism. How did medieval societies incorporate both unwritten customs and written law at the same time? How did they constitute the process of finding justice? What is the essense of legal pluralism, and will it help us understand the situation of Taiwan’s indigenous population?
We aim to solve these problems by taking a closer look at medieval Saxony: for around 400 years, both laws given by the authorities and traditional customs in Saxony worked fine in parallel. The latter were put into writing by the legal practitioner Eike von Repgow around 1230 for reasons unknown. We refer to his collection of laws and customs of the Saxons as the Sachsenspiegel ("Mirror of Saxons").
While Saxons certainly differed from Taiwan’s indigenous population for many reasons, such as the supposedly weaker egalitarianism among the Saxons than among at least some indigenous groups, the two show some remarkable similarities nonetheless. Just like the Taiwanese Gaya, the Sachsenspiegel’s spiritual origin raises the claim to validity. Furthermore, comparing the handling of a person’s sale of inherited property, the legal situations in the Sachsenspiegel and Taiwan’s unwritten customs resemble each other. The heir can transfer only property he acquired personally. Furthermore, the author discusses the different character of courts and procedure under oral law in contrast to written modern law.
Finally, the paper concludes with some remarks about a learned commentary on the Sachsenspiegel written around 1325, combined with an outlook on the possible future of Taiwanese customs.
Ob eine Suche nach Rechtsbegriffen des Mittelalters förderlich sei, erscheine – so Harald Siems – zweifelhaft. Theoretische Reflexionen über Recht habe man im Frühen Mittelalter kaum angestellt. Jedenfalls nicht in der Intensität, dass sie sich zum Begriff verdichtet hätten. Die Frage nach dem Rechtsbegriff sei auch deshalb fehl am Platze, weil im Frühmittelalter so etwas zur Lösung von Rechtsfragen nichts hätte beitragen können. Warum sollte jemand auf die Idee kommen, "quasi auf Vorrat" Rechtsbegriffe zu entwickeln? Schon wenn es um konkrete Rechtsfragen wie beispielsweise die Behandlung von Diebstahl oder Raub geht, fehle es "noch lange an Begriff und System". Diese knappe Feststellung bringt Siems’ Ausführungen für einen kurzen Moment in die Nähe von Überlegungen, die Pilch anstellt und die auf dieser Tagung zu verfolgen sind. Aber wirklich nur für einen Augenblick blitzt das auf: Siems sagt, Rechtsbegriffe seien eine schwierige, abstrakte Kategorie, für die heute die Vertreter der Rechtstheorie und der Rechtsphilosophie zuständig seien. ...
The effect of a single site mutation of Arg-54 to methionine in Paracoccus denitrificans cytochrome c oxidase was studied using a combination of optical spectroscopy, electrochemical and rapid kinetics techniques, and time-resolved measurements of electrical membrane potential. The mutation resulted in a blue-shift of the heme a alpha-band by 15 nm and partial occupation of the low-spin heme site by heme O. Additionally, there was a marked decrease in the midpoint potential of the low-spin heme, resulting in slow reduction of this heme species. A stopped-flow investigation of the reaction with ferrocytochrome c yielded a kinetic difference spectrum resembling that of heme a(3). This observation, and the absence of transient absorbance changes at the corresponding wavelength of the low-spin heme, suggests that, in the mutant enzyme, electron transfer from Cu(A) to the binuclear center may not occur via heme a but that instead direct electron transfer to the high-spin heme is the dominating process. This was supported by charge translocation measurements where Deltapsi generation was completely inhibited in the presence of KCN. Our results thus provide an example for how the interplay between protein and cofactors can modulate the functional properties of the enzyme complex.
Background and Purpose: Activation of hepatic thyroid hormone receptor β (THR-β) is associated with systemic lipid lowering, increased bile acid synthesis, and fat oxidation. In patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), treatment with THR-β agonists decreased hepatic steatosis and circulating lipids, and induced resolution of NASH. We chose resmetirom (MGL-3196), a liver-directed, selective THR-β agonist, as a prototype to investigate the effects of THR-β activation in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) and biopsy-confirmed advanced NASH with fibrosis.
Experimental Approach: C57Bl/6J mice were fed a diet high in fat, fructose, and cholesterol for 34 weeks, and only biopsy-confirmed DIO-NASH mice with fibrosis were included. Resmetirom was administered at a daily dose of 3 mg·kg−1 p.o., for 8 weeks. Systemic and hepatic metabolic parameters, histological non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity and fibrosis scores, and liver RNA expression profiles were determined to assess the effect of THR-β activation.
Key Results: Treatment with resmetirom did not influence body weight but led to significant reduction in liver weight, hepatic steatosis, plasma alanine aminotransferase activity, liver and plasma cholesterol, and blood glucose. These metabolic effects translated into significant improvement in NAFLD activity score. Moreover, a lower content of α-smooth muscle actin and down-regulation of genes involved in fibrogenesis indicated a decrease in hepatic fibrosis.
Conclusion and Implications: Our model robustly reflected clinical observations of body weight-independent improvements in systemic and hepatic metabolism including anti-steatotic activity.
Do sentido interno
(2009)
Religion und Gesellschaft
(2016)
Abstract
Indoor air pollution with harmful particulate matter (PM) is mainly caused by cigarette smoke. Super-Slim-Size-Cigarettes (SSL) are considered a less harmful alternative to King-Size-Cigarettes (KSC) due to longer filters and relatively low contents. We ask if “Combined Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke” (CMSS)-associated PM levels of SSL are lower than of KSC and thus are potentially less harmful. PM concentrations in CMSS (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) are measured from four cigarette types of the brand Vogue, using an “automatic-environmental-tobacco-smoke-emitter” (AETSE) and laser aerosol spectrometry: SSL-BLEUE, -MENTHE, -LILAS and KSC-La Cigarette and -3R4F reference. This analysis shows that SSL MENTHE emitted the highest amount of PM, and KSC-La Cigarette the lowest. 3R4F reference emitted PM in the middle range, exceeding SSL BLEUE and falling slightly below SSL LILAS. It emerged that PM1 constituted the biggest proportion of PM emission. The outcome shows significant type-specific differences for emitted PM concentrations. Our results indicate that SSL are potentially more harmful for passive smokers than the respective KSC. However, this study cannot give precise statements about the general influence of the size of a cigarette on PM. Alarming is that PM1 is responsible for the biggest proportion of PM pollution, since smaller particles cause more harmful effects.
The genus Sibogasyrinx has to date included only four species of rare deep-water Conoidea, each known from few specimens. In shell characters it strongly resembles three distantly-related genera, two of which, Comitas and Leucosyrinx, belong to a different family, the Pseudomelatomidae. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of a large amount of material of Conoidea has revealed the existence of much additional undescribed diversity within Sibogasyrinx from the central Indo-Pacific and temperate Northern Pacific. Based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cox1 gene and morphological characters of 54 specimens, 10 species hypotheses are proposed, of which six are described as new species: S. subula sp. nov., S. lolae sp. nov., S. maximei sp. nov., S. clausura sp. nov., S. pagodiformis sp. nov. and S. elbakyanae Kantor, Puillandre & Bouchet sp. nov. One of the previously described species was absent in our material. Most of the new species are very similar and are compared to Leucosyrinx spp. Species of Sibogasyrinx are unique among Conoidea on account of the high intrageneric variability in radular morphology. Three distinct radula types are found within Sibogasyrinx, two of which are confined to highly supported subclades.
The status of five genera recognized within subfamily Buccininae (Buccinidae) is critically re-assessed based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis of the cox-1, 16S, and 28S gene fragments. Our results suggest restoring Volutharpa P. Fischer, 1856 from synonymy of Buccinum and we also consider Plicibuccinum Golikov & Gulbin, 1977 as valid genus. New molecular data provide further support for the synonimization of Bathybuccinum Golikov & Sirenko, 1988 with Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that Thysanobuccinum Golikov #38; Gulbin in Golikov, 1980 and Ovulatibuccinum Golikov & Sirenko, 1988 as currently construed are nested within Buccinum and their subgeneric rank is not confirmed. Therefore, we synonymize these genera with Buccinum. In the absence of molecular data the monotypic genus Corneobuccinum Golikov & Gulbin, 1977 is provisionally considered valid. Two new species, Buccinum hasegawai sp. nov. and B. bizikovi sp. nov. are described from the Kurile Islands; these species were previously erroneously identified as Bathybuccinum bombycinum (Dall, 1907) and Ovulatibuccinum ovulum (Dall, 1907), respectively. New replacement names are proposed for the secondary junior homonym Buccinum perlatum (Fraussen & Chino, 2009) and the primary junior homonyms Buccinum coronatum Golikov, 1980 and Buccinum costatum Golikov 1980.
Die kulturhistorische Forschung hat Gertrud Kantorowicz (1876-1945) - anders als ihren Cousin, den berühmten Mediävisten Ernst Kantorowicz - nur gelegentlich beachtet. Dabei hat die Simmel-Vertraute, promovierte Kunsthistorikerin und wohl einzige Dichterin des George-Kreises ein nicht unbeträchtliches Werk hinterlassen, darunter etwa eine bislang nicht gewürdigte Reihe von Michelangelo-Nachdichtungen und die bedeutende Übersetzung von Bergsons "L'évolution créatrice".
Wie nehmen Sie die Goethe-Universität heute in Zeiten des stärkeren nationalen und internationalen Wettbewerbs der Hochschulen wahr?
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Objective. Traumatic injury or severe surgery leads to a profound immune response with a diminished functionality of monocytes and subsequently their IL-1β release. IL-1β plays an important role in host immunity and protection against infections. Its biological activation via IL-1β-precursor processing requires the transcription of inflammasome components and their activation. Deregulated activity of NOD-like receptor inflammasomes (NLR) like NLRP3 that leads to the maturation of IL-1β has been described in various diseases. While the role of other inflammasomes has been studied in monocytes, nothing is known about NLRP3 inflammasome after a traumatic injury. Here, the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in impaired monocyte functionality after a traumatic injury was analyzed.
Measurements and Main Results. Ex vivo-in vitro stimulation of isolated CD14+ monocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed a significantly higher IL-1β secretion in healthy volunteers (HV) compared to trauma patients (TP) after admission. Reduced IL-1β secretion was paralleled by significantly lowered gene expression of NLRP3 in monocytes from TP compared to those of HV. Transfection of monocytes with NLRP3-encoding plasmid recovered the functionality of monocytes from TP regarding the IL-1β secretion.
Conclusions. This study demonstrates that CD14+ monocytes from TP are significantly diminished in their function and that the presence of NLRP3 components is necessary in recovering the ability of monocytes to produce active IL-1β. This recovery of the NLRP3 inflammasome in monocytes may imply a new target for treatment and therapy of immune suppression after severe injury.
Die Flechte Cladonia stygia (Fr.) Ruoss wurde anlässlich einer Bestandsaufnahme der Rentierflechten 2009 erstmals aus Hessen gemeldet. Da die Unterscheidung von der ähnlichen C. rangiferina (L.) F. H. Wigg. anhand morphologischer Merkmale oft unsicher ist, wurden molekulargenetische Daten zur Identifizierung der hessischen Belege der Art herangezogen. Phylogenetische Stammbäume auf der Grundlage von sechs mitochondrialen und nuklearen Genloci untermauern die Abgrenzung beider Arten. Nur zwei von sieben gemeldeten hessischen Vorkommen gehören nach diesen Ergebnissen zu C. stygia, die übrigen zu C. rangiferina. Eine gezielte Suche nach C. stygia und eine durch molekulargenetische Daten untermauerte Bestimmung der Belege erscheint notwendig, um den Status der Art in Hessen zuverlässig beurteilen zu können.
Anlass für diese molekular-genetische Studie war der Verdacht, dass die seit 1986 bekannten und seitdem stark expandierten Populationen des Zwerg- Sonnenröschens (Fumana procumbens) im Naturschutzgebiet "Scheid bei Volkmarsen" in Nordhessen angesalbt wurden. Die Art war zuvor aus Nordhessen nicht gemeldet; lediglich in Südhessen waren isolierte Vorkommen auf kalkreichen Sanddünen bekannt. Eine Split-Netzwerk-Analyse basierend auf AFLP-Profilen von 69 Individuen an acht Lokalitäten konnte aufdecken, dass sich die südhessischen und französischen Populationen im Netzwerk jeweils klar als eigene Gruppen abgrenzen, während sich die nordhessischen Individuen mit den thüringischen, sachsen-anhaltinischen und gotländischen Aufsammlungen mischen. Die Frage nach der Ansalbung der Bestände lässt sich durch die Studie nicht beantworten. Wurde angesalbt, dann stammte das Ausgangsmaterial höchstwahrscheinlich aus den östlich sich anschließenden Populationen.
Za svojega kratkoga boravka u Petrogradu 1912. I. Milcetic; opisao je bogatu Bercicevu zbirku glagoljickih rukopisa i tiskanih knjiga iz Ruske nacionalne knjižnice, ali nije stigao podrobno prouciti svaki sastavni dio Berciceve grade. U Milceticevu opisu kodeksa br. 1 (Klimantovicev zbornik, 1514.) spominje se prolog Muke, ali se ne upozorava da se u nastavku toga prologa nalazi ulomak iz srednjovjekovnoga prikazanja sa scenom Judine izdaje Isusa. Ta je scena u srednjem vijeku ponajviše uznemiravala puk jer se tada od svega najviše mrzila laž, izdaja i prijetvornost. U radu se opisuju i prvi put objavljuju ulomci nepoznate redakcije Muke Isuhrstove iz petrogradske Berciceve zbirke (sign. Bc 1), koji predstavljaju za sada najstariji zapisani prolog i scenu hrvatskoga srednjovjekovnoga prikazanja pasionske tematike. Stihovi ulomaka usporeduju se s mladom ciklickom Mukom Spasitelja našega iz glagoljickoga Zbornika prikazanja (1556.), s kojom se u korpusu hrvatskoga srednjovjekovnoga pjesništva ti ulomci najviše podudaraju.
Reconstructions of the vegetation of Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are an enigma. Pollen-based analyses have suggested that Europe was largely covered by steppe and tundra, and forests persisted only in small refugia. Climate-vegetation model simulations on the other hand have consistently suggested that broad areas of Europe would have been suitable for forest, even in the depths of the last glaciation. Here we reconcile models with data by demonstrating that the highly mobile groups of hunter-gatherers that inhabited Europe at the LGM could have substantially reduced forest cover through the ignition of wildfires. Similar to hunter-gatherers of the more recent past, Upper Paleolithic humans were masters of the use of fire, and preferred inhabiting semi-open landscapes to facilitate foraging, hunting and travel. Incorporating human agency into a dynamic vegetation-fire model and simulating forest cover shows that even small increases in wildfire frequency over natural background levels resulted in large changes in the forested area of Europe, in part because trees were already stressed by low atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the cold, dry, and highly variable climate. Our results suggest that the impact of humans on the glacial landscape of Europe may be one of the earliest large-scale anthropogenic modifications of the earth system.
Im nordwestlichen Westfalen und der Grafschaft Bentheim wurde eine Bestandserhebung von Hypericum elodes durchgeführt. Mit Vorkommen an etwa 50 Gewässern dürfte diese Art innerhalb der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in der untersuchten Region ihren Verbreitungsschwerpunkt besitzen. Aspekte der Bestandsschwankungen und Gefährdung werden diskutiert.
In den Jahren 1986 bis 1990 wurde Ranunculus ololeucos (Reinweißer Hahnenfuß) im nordwestlichen Westfalen und südöstlichen Niedersachsen an 17 Gewässern beobachtet. Einen Verbreitungsschwerpunkt bildet der Naturraum "Gildehauser Venn". Ursache für viele Neu- und Wiederfunde dürfte der für Ranunculus ololeucos günstige Witterungsverlauf der letzten Jahre mit mehreren trockenen Sommerhalbjahren gewesen sein. Noch stärker als durch Eutrophierung erscheint die Art wie auch andere Littorelletea-Arten durch die zunehmende Versauerung der nährstoffarmen Stillgewässer gefährdet.