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Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Produktion positiv und negativ geladener Pionen im System Au+Au bei einer kinetischen Strahlenergie von 1,5 GeV pro Nukleon. Diese Daten wurden im Juli 1998 mit dem Kaonenspektrometer KaoS gemessen. Es liegen Pi-Minus-Spektren bei drei verschiedenen Laborwinkeln (Theta Lab = 40°, 48°, 60°) vor sowie Pi-Plus-Spektren bei fünf Laborwinkeln(Theta Lab = 32°, 40°, 48°, 60°, 71,5°). Die Spektren können als Funktion der Energie im Nukleon-Nukleon-Schwerpunktssystem mit der Summe zweier Boltzmannverteilungen beschrieben werden, deren Steigung sich ebenso wie der unter Annahme isotroper Emission im Schwerpunktssytem integrierte Wirkungsquerschnitt mit dem Laborwinkel ändert. Als mögliche Ursache dieses Verhaltens wird untersucht, ob eine polare Anisotropie der Emission vorliegt. Eine solche wurde in früheren Experimenten [49, 50] für die Pionenproduktion in Proton-Proton-Stößen gefunden und als Effekt der p-Wellen-Produktion von Pionen interpretiert, bei der als Zwischenschritt eine Resonanz, zumeist eine Delta-Resonanz, angeregt wird. Die Zerfallskinematik dieser Resonanzen bewirkt duch ihren Drehimpuls eine Winkelverteilung der emittierten Pionen [24]. In Kern-Kern-Stößen führt die Abschattung von Pionen durch nicht an der Reaktion teilnehmende Nukleonen zu einer zusätzlichen Richtungsabhängigkeit der Emission. Unter der Annahme, daß Energie- und Winkelabhängigkeit separierbar sind, wird in einem einfachen Modell der Winkelanteil des differentiellen Wirkungsquerschnitts als Funktion des Kosinus des Schwerpunktswinkels mit einer Parabelform beschrieben. Um den Anpassungsparameter a2, der die Stäke der Anisotropie quantifiziert, zu ermitteln, stehen zwei Methoden zur Verfügung, die simultane Anpassung der bei festem Laborwinkel gemessenen Spektren und der Vergleich mit einer durch Schnitte durch die Laborimpulsspektren erzeugten Verteilung bei Theta cm = 90°. Beide Verfahren ermitteln erfolgreich den Anisotropieparameter aus in einer Monte-Carlo-Simulation erzeugten Spektren mit parabelförmiger Winkelverteilung. Die mit beiden Methoden ermittelten a2-Werte stimmen für Pi+ wie für Pi- im Rahmen der Fehler überein. Die Winkelverteilung der Pi+ ist mit a2 = 0,7 +- 0,1 stärker ausgeprägt als die der Pi- mit a2 = 0,4 +- 0,1, beide werden bevorzugt unter Theta cm = 0° und Theta cm = 180° emittiert. Allerdings zeigt sich in beiden Methoden eine starke Abhängigkeit von der Phasenraumabdeckung der Daten und beide sind nicht geeignet, eine Abhängigkeit des Anisotropieparameters von der Pionenenergie zu ermitteln....
Pion-Pion-Streuung in einem geeichten linearen Sigma-Modell mit chiraler U(2)R × U(2)L-Symmetrie
(2006)
Das Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit waren die leichten skalaren und vektoriellen Mesonen, die in einem chiral symmetrischen SU(2)-Modell zusammengefasst wurden; aufgrund der sich daraus ergebenden Lagrange-Dichte wurde die Streuamplitude für die Pion-Pion-Streuung im Vakuum berechnet, was sodann die Berechnung der s-Wellen-Streulängen an der Schwelle im Vakuum erlaubte.
Pion-kaon femtoscopy and the lifetime of the hadronic phase in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV
(2021)
In this paper, the first femtoscopic analysis of pion–kaon correlations at the LHC is reported. The analysis was performed on the Pb–Pb collision data at √sNN = 2.76 TeV recorded with the ALICE detector. The non-identical particle correlations probe the spatio-temporal separation between sources of different particle species as well as the average source size of the emitting system. The sizes of the pion and kaon sources increase with centrality, and pions are emitted closer to the centre of the system and/or later than kaons. This is naturally expected in a system with strong radial flow and is qualitatively reproduced by hydrodynamic models. ALICE data on pion–kaon emission asymmetry are consistent with (3+1)-dimensional viscous hydrodynamics coupled to a statistical hadronisation model, resonance propagation, and decay code THERMINATOR 2 calculation, with an additional time delay between 1 and 2 fm/c for kaons. The delay can be interpreted as evidence for a significant hadronic rescattering phase in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC.
Pion-kaon correlation functions are constructed from central Au+Au STAR data taken at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV by the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The results suggest that pions and kaons are not emitted at the same average space-time point. Space-momentum correlations, i.e., transverse flow, lead to a space-time emission asymmetry of pions and kaons that is consistent with the data. This result provides new independent evidence that the system created at RHIC undergoes a collective transverse expansion.
In this Letter we report the first results on π±, K±, p and pp¯¯¯ production at mid-rapidity (|y|<0.5) in central Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV, measured by the ALICE experiment at the LHC. The pT distributions and yields are compared to previous results at sNN−−−√ = 200 GeV and expectations from hydrodynamic and thermal models. The spectral shapes indicate a strong increase of the radial flow velocity with sNN−−−√, which in hydrodynamic models is expected as a consequence of the increasing particle density. While the K/π ratio is in line with predictions from the thermal model, the p/π ratio is found to be lower by a factor of about 1.5. This deviation from thermal model expectations is still to be understood.
The pion multiplicity per participating nucleon in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at the energies 2-15 A GeV is significantly smaller than in nucleon-nucleon interactions at the same collision energy. This effect of pion suppression is argued to appear due to the evolution of the system produced at the early stage of heavy-ion collisions towards a local thermodynamic equilibrium and further isentropic expansion.
The pion multiplicity per participating nucleon in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at the energies 2-15 A GeV is significantly smaller than in nucleon-nucleon interactions at the same collision energy. This effect of pion suppression is argued to appear due to the evolution of the system produced at the early stage of heavy-ion collisions towards a local thermodynamic equilibrium and further isentropic expansion.
Spectral functions encode a wealth of information about the dynamics of any given system, and the determination of their non-perturbative characteristics is a long-standing problem in quantum field theory. Whilst numerical simulations of lattice QCD provide ample data for various Euclidean correlation functions, the inversion required to extract spectral functions is an ill-posed problem. In this work, we pursue previously established constraints imposed by field locality at finite temperature T, namely that spectral functions possess a non-perturbative representation which generalises the well-known Källén-Lehmann spectral form to T > 0. Using this representation, we analyse lattice QCD data of the spatial pseudo-scalar correlator in the temperature range 220–960 MeV, and obtain an analytic expression for the corresponding spectral function, with parameters fixed by the data. From the structure of this spectral function we find evidence for the existence of a distinct pion state above the chiral pseudo-critical temperature Tpc, and contributions from its first excitation, which gradually melt as the temperature increases. As a non-trivial test, we find that the extracted spectral function reproduces the corresponding temporal lattice correlator data for T = 220 MeV.
Pion-production cross sections have been measured for the reaction 40Ar+40Ca--> pi ++X at a laboratory energy of 1.05 GeV/nucleon. A maximum in the pi + cross section occurs at mid-rapidity, which is anomalous relative to p+p and p+nucleus reactions and compared to many other heavy-ion reactions. Calculations based on cascade and thermal models fail to fit the data.
A detailed study of pion production in inelastic and central nucleus-nucleus collisions was carried out using a 2 m streamer spectrometer. Nuclear targets mounted inside the streamer chamber were exposed to nuclear beams of 4.5 GeV/c/nucleon momentum. A systematic study of the influence of the central trigger on observed data is performed. The data on multiplicities, rapidities, transverse momenta, and emission angles of negative pions are presented for various pairs of colliding nuclei. Intercorrelations between various characteristics are studied and discussed. The results are compared with predictions of some theoretical models. It is shown that the main features of the pion production in nuclear collisions can be satisfactorily described by a model assuming independent nucleon-nucleon collisions with subsequent cascading process. However, the observed correlation between Lambda and pion characteristics seems to be unexplained by this picture.