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A powerful technique to distinguish the enantiomers of a chiral molecule is the Coulomb Explosion Imaging (CEI). This technique allows us to determine the handedness of a single molecule. In CEI, the molecule becomes charged by losing many electrons in a very short period of time by interacting with the light. The repulsion forces between the positive charged particles of the molecule leads the molecule to break into parts-fragments. By measuring the three vector momentum of (at least) four fragments, the handedness observable can be determined. In this thesis, CEI is induced by absorption of a single high energy photon, which creates an inner-shell hole (K shell) of the molecule. The subsequent cascade of Auger decays lead to fragmentation. We decided to work with the formic acid molecule in this thesis. Two different experiments were conducted. The first experiment focused on exciting electrons to different energy states, while the second experiment focused on extracting directly a photoelectron to the continuum and measure the angular distribution of the photoelectron in the molecular frame. The primary goal was to search for chiral signal in a pure achiral planar molecule under the previous electron processes. The results of these findings were further implemented to two more molecules.
Coupling local, slowly adapting variables to an attractor network allows to destabilize all attractors, turning them into attractor ruins. The resulting attractor relict network may show ongoing autonomous latching dynamics. We propose to use two generating functionals for the construction of attractor relict networks, a Hopfield energy functional generating a neural attractor network and a functional based on information-theoretical principles, encoding the information content of the neural firing statistics, which induces latching transition from one transiently stable attractor ruin to the next. We investigate the influence of stress, in terms of conflicting optimization targets, on the resulting dynamics. Objective function stress is absent when the target level for the mean of neural activities is identical for the two generating functionals and the resulting latching dynamics is then found to be regular. Objective function stress is present when the respective target activity levels differ, inducing intermittent bursting latching dynamics.
Generating functionals may guide the evolution of a dynamical system and constitute a possible route for handling the complexity of neural networks as relevant for computational intelligence.We propose and explore a new objective function, which allows to obtain plasticity rules for the afferent synaptic weights. The adaption rules are Hebbian, self-limiting, and result from the minimization of the Fisher information with respect to the synaptic flux. We perform a series of simulations examining the behavior of the new learning rules in various circumstances.The vector of synaptic weights aligns with the principal direction of input activities, whenever one is present. A linear discrimination is performed when there are two or more principal directions; directions having bimodal firing-rate distributions, being characterized by a negative excess kurtosis, are preferred. We find robust performance and full homeostatic adaption of the synaptic weights results as a by-product of the synaptic flux minimization. This self-limiting behavior allows for stable online learning for arbitrary durations.The neuron acquires new information when the statistics of input activities is changed at a certain point of the simulation, showing however, a distinct resilience to unlearn previously acquired knowledge. Learning is fast when starting with randomly drawn synaptic weights and substantially slower when the synaptic weights are already fully adapted.
We derive the collision term in the Boltzmann equation using the equation of motion for the Wigner function of massive spin-1/2 particles. To next-to-lowest order in h, it contains a nonlocal contribution, which is responsible for the conversion of orbital into spin angular momentum. In a proper choice of pseudogauge, the antisymmetric part of the energy-momentum tensor arises solely from this nonlocal contribution. We show that the collision term vanishes in global equilibrium and that the spin potential is, then, equal to the thermal vorticity. In the nonrelativistic limit, the equations of motion for the energy-momentum and spin tensors reduce to the well-known form for hydrodynamics for micropolar fluids.
An automated beam-setting optimization application has been implemented on top of FAIR’s control system software stack based on CERN’s LSA framework. The optimization functionality is built using the Jenetics software library implemented in Java. Tests of the software with beam have been performed at the CRYRING@ESR ion storage ring.
A novel approach to identify the geometrical (anti)clusters formed by the Polyakov loops of the same sign and to study their properties in the lattice SU(2) gluodynamics is developed. The (anti)cluster size distributions are analyzed for the lattice coupling constant β ∈ 2 [2:3115; 3]. The found distributions are similar to the ones existing in 2- and 3-dimensional Ising systems. Using the suggested approach, we explain the phase transition in SU(2) gluodynamics at β = 2.52 as a transition between two liquids during which one of the liquid droplets (the largest cluster of a certain Polyakov loop sign) experiences a condensation, while another droplet (the next to the largest cluster of opposite Polyakov loop sign) evaporates. The clusters of smaller sizes form two accompanying gases, which behave oppositely to their liquids. The liquid drop formula is used to analyze the distributions of the gas (anti)clusters and to determine their bulk, surface and topological parts of free energy. Surprisingly, even the monomer multiplicities are reproduced with high quality within such an approach. The behavior of surface tension of gaseous (anti)clusters is studied. It is shown that this quantity can serve as an order parameter of the deconfinement phase transition in SU(2) gluodynamics. Moreover, the critical exponent β of surface tension coefficient of gaseous clusters is found in the upper vicinity of critical temperature. Its value coincides with the one found for 3-dimensional Ising model within error bars. The Fisher topological exponent τ of (anti)clusters is found to have the same value 1:806±0:008, which agrees with an exactly solvable model of the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition and disagrees with the Fisher droplet model, which may evidence for the fact that the SU(2) gluodynamics and the model are in the same universality class.
The interaction of T cells and antigen-presenting cells is central to adaptive immunity and involves the formation of immunological synapses in many cases. The surface molecules of the cells form a characteristic spatial pattern whose formation mechanisms and function are largely unknown. We perform computer simulations of recent experiments on geometrically repatterned immunological synapses and explain the emerging structure as well as the formation dynamics. Only the combination of in vitro experiments and computer simulations has the potential to pinpoint the kind of interactions involved. The presented simulations make clear predictions for the structure of the immunological synapse and elucidate the role of a self-organizing attraction between complexes of T cell receptor and peptide–MHC molecule, versus a centrally directed motion of these complexes.
Gemessen wurden der gerichtete und der elliptische Fluss von Pionen und Protonen in Blei-Blei-Stößen bei einer Laborenergie des Projektils von 40 GeV pro Nukleon. Bestimmt wurde die Abhängigkeit der beiden Flusskomponenten von der Zentralität des Stoßes sowie von der Rapidität und dem Transversalimpuls der gemessenen Teilchen. Zur Rekonstruktion des Flusses wurde die Methode der Korrelation der Teilchen mit der abgeschätzten Reaktionsebene verwendet. Zur Korrektur der azimutalen Anisotropien des Detektors wurde die Methode des Zentrierens der Teilchenverteilung in Abhängigkeit von Rapidität und Transversalimpuls angewendet. Für den v2 wurde eine Abänderung des Korrelationsterms nötig, um den Einflüssen durch die schlechte Akzeptanz entgegenzuwirken. Weiterhin wurde der Einfluss von Nicht-Fluss-Korrelationen zwischen den gemessenen Teilchen auf den Fluss untersucht. Dabei erkannte man einen starken Einfluss der Transversalimpulserhaltung im v1, der durch eine Korrektur behoben werden konnte. Einen weniger starken Einfluss konnte man bei der Untersuchung im Phasenraum kurzreichweitiger Korrelationen feststellen. Es wurde erstmals deutlich ein negativer gerichteter Fluss von Protonen nahe der Schwerpunktsrapidität beobachtet, der bereits mittels meherer theoretischer Rechnungen vorhergesagt wurde. Sowohl der gerichtete als auch der elliptische Fluss erreicht bei 40 AGeV Laborenergie annähernd die gleichen Werte, die von NA49 bei 158 AGeV Laborenergie gemessen wurden. Die für den Fluss gemessenen Werte befinden sich teilweise in Übereinstimmung mit denen des Experimentes CERES/NA45, ist allerdings nur bedingt möglich, da bisher nur einzelne vorläufige Resultate veröffentlicht wurden. Die für den elliptischen Fluss gemessenen Werte bei der Schwerpunktsrapidität und einer Zentralität von 25% liegen etwas höher als man aus der beobachteten Systematik der Energieabhängigkeit zwischen den Experimenten E877 (mit 10 AGeV Laborenergie am AGS), CERES und NA49 (bei einer Energie von und 160 AGeV am SPS) sowie STAR (am RHIC bei einer Energie von psNN = 130GeV) erwartet hat. So wird von den Werten am AGS bei voller Energie zu denen am SPS bei 40 AGeV ein Anstieg von 2% auf 3,3% beobachtet. Von 40 AGeV zu 158 AGeV Laborenergie am SPS ändert sich der Wert nur minimal von 3,3% auf 3,2%. Zwischen der höheren SPS-Energie von 158 AGeV und der RHIC-Energie von psNN = 130GeV wird ein weiterer Anstieg von 3,2% auf 5,6% gemessen. Das ist ein Anzeichen für eine Anomalie, die im Bereich der SPS-Energien vorliegen könnte. Eine genauere Bestimmung des Flusses ist noch möglich, da für die Analyse dieser Arbeit erst eine Hälfte der gemessenen Daten zur Verfügung stand. Mit Hilfe dieser Daten ließe sich die Energieabhängigkeit des Flusses genauer untersuchen und die gefundene Anomalie bestätigen.
Type-II multiferroic materials, in which ferroelectric polarization is induced by inversion non-symmetric magnetic order, promise new and highly efficient multifunctional applications based on mutual control of magnetic and electric properties. However, to date this phenomenon is limited to low temperatures. Here we report giant pressure-dependence of the multiferroic critical temperature in CuBr2: at 4.5 GPa it is enhanced from 73.5 to 162 K, to our knowledge the highest TC ever reported for non-oxide type-II multiferroics. This growth shows no sign of saturating and the dielectric loss remains small under these high pressures. We establish the structure under pressure and demonstrate a 60\% increase in the two-magnon Raman energy scale up to 3.6 GPa. First-principles structural and magnetic energy calculations provide a quantitative explanation in terms of dramatically pressure-enhanced interactions between CuBr2 chains. These large, pressure-tuned magnetic interactions motivate structural control in cuprous halides as a route to applied high-temperature multiferroicity.