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Konstruierte urbane Räume : zur unheim(e)lichen Interaktion und Interdependenz von Emotion und Beton
(2011)
Sandra Evans konzentriert sich in ihren Ausführungen auf sogenannte 'gated communities' und fragt, warum Menschen sich in selbstverwaltete Wohnkomplexe mit schützenden Mauern und Überwachungstechnologien zurückziehen. Um die in diesem Kontext häufig genannten Ursachen - Gefühle des Bedrohtseins, der Furcht und der Angst - genauer beleuchten zu können, rekurriert sie auf das Unheimliche in seiner sozio-politischen Dimension. Vor diesem Hintergrund kann sie erklären, dass das Vertraute - unabhängig etwa von der tatsächlichen Kriminalitätsrate - nicht selten mit Sicherheit in eins gesetzt wird, während das Unvertraute oder Unbekannte als unheimliche Bedrohung empfunden wird. Anstatt sich aber mit den eigentlichen Faktoren der Angst auseinanderzusetzen, verfallen Bewohner von 'gated communities' selbsttäuschenden Vermeidungstaktiken.
Jan Niklas Howe untersucht Freuds Modell des Unheimlichen im Hinblick auf ästhetische und reale Emotionen und bezieht sich dabei auf neuere psychologische Forschungen von 'mere exposure', 'prototypicality' und 'cognitive fluency'. Das Gefühl des Unheimlichen lässt sich Howe zufolge auf Wiederholungsprozesse zurückführen und als Rekontextualisierung ästhetischer Lust beschreiben, die notwendig zu höchst realer ästhetischer Unlust führt.
Geister versammeln : Vorwort
(2011)
Bereits zu Beginn seiner Abhandlung "Das Unheimliche" (1919) weist Sigmund Freud darauf hin, dass "dies Wort nicht immer in einem scharf zu bestimmenden Sinne gebraucht wird". Entsprechend charakterisiert sich für Freud das Unheimliche durch eine Vielzahl an schwer zu fassenden Eigenschaften: Es bezeichnet eine seltsame Nähe zwischen Wissen und Nichtwissen, erscheint als etwas Vertrautes in fremder Gestalt oder als etwas Fremdes mit vertrauten Eigenschaften. Diese Unfassbarkeit und Definitionsresistenz führt Freud implizit darauf zurück, dass das Unheimliche als "abseits liegendes" Thema vom ästhetischen Fachdiskurs weitgehend vernachlässigt wurde. Dieser Vorwurf hat mittlerweile deutlich an Aktualität eingebüßt: Längst fehlt es nicht mehr an einschlägigen Abhandlungen, deren Faszination für das Thema sich allerdings nicht daraus speist, dass das Unheimliche inzwischen eine eindeutige Bestimmung erfahren hätte, sondern umgekehrt daraus, dass es so vielgestaltig und schwer zu fassen ist.
Von Okkultisten und Spiritisten an- und aufgeführte 'Geister-Zitationen' waren auch Sigmund Freud nicht entgangen. Sein Begriff einer 'Technik der Magie' nimmt in mehrfacher Hinsicht, so Rupert Gaderer in seinen Überlegungen, eine zentrale Rolle für das 'dynamische' Modell des Unheimlichen ein. Einerseits ist die 'Technik der Magie' ein Referenzpunkt zum 'primitiven' Zeitalter des Animismus, andererseits kann sie als spezifische Operation verstanden werden, die ein ambivalentes Wissen über das Unheimliche entstehen lässt. Dem folgend weist Gaderer darauf hin, dass Freuds Analyse der 'Technik der Magie' die Psychoanalyse selbst hat unheimlich werden lassen.
In this brief excursion into the poetry of Dante and Montale, Rebecca West suggests some approaches to only a few issues that emerge out of the creation of both the primary beloveds of Dante and Montale and of those feminine figures that have been characterized as ostensibly 'antitranscendental' and more secondary in their roles and meanings. As regards Montale's primary feminine figure, Clizia, West argues that she is, to use Teodolinda Barolini's term for Beatrice, a 'hybrid' poetic character, and ultimately exceeds the limits of the poetic beloved as traditionally conceived and read, not only in the courtly tradition upon which she is modelled but well beyond it. In the case of the so-called secondary 'other women' in Dante's and Montale's poetry, West seeks to show that they are much less separable from the primary feminine figures than such binaries as major/minor, transcendent/erotic, soul/body, and traditional/experimental may lead us to believe. Lastly, West considers specifically the wife-figure, in her conspicuous absence from Dante's corpus and in her late appearance in Montale's. For both poets, there are complex intertwinings, interferences, and non-dualistic patterns that form a densely textured poetic weave, in which both the primary and the secondary feminine figures provide "fili rossi" as well as not so easily graspable dangling threads of meaning. These threads have to do with the preoccupation of both poets with the possible integration of immanence and transcendence, embodiment and abstraction, and with the very limits of poetic language. West's topic is also motivated by a feminist-oriented search for modes of deciphering the figure of the feminine beloved in lyric poetry that are not conditioned exclusively by the traditional emphasis on the male poet-creator, but which allow for a shift in focus onto the female figure who is, of course, the creature of the poet's imagination and skill, but who also often takes him into regions in which the excesses (commonly associated with the female) of non-binary thought and the mysteries of alterity - the feminine symbolic sphere, in short - do not so much allow the emergence of neatly squared-off meanings as the evolution of more oblique, circular conduits of potential significance. As a specialist of modern literature, Rebecca West concentrates on Montale more than on Dante, mainly noting the Dantesque aspects of the former's poetry.
Even if the title of Wolfgang Koeppen's last novel, "Der Tod in Rom", alludes quite obviously to Thomas Mann's novella, "Der Tod in Venedig", Koeppen's text must be understood first and foremost as a response to Mann's most controversial novel, "Doktor Faustus". The novels of Mann and Koeppen rank among the most well-known literary examinations of National Socialism but stand in a complementary relation to each other. "Doktor Faustus", published in 1947, analyses the cultural and intellectual origins of German fascism, while "Der Tod in Rom", published only seven years later in 1954, criticizes the continuity of National Socialist ideologies in post-war Germany. Both authors focus their analyses of fascism on fictional avant-garde composers who seem at first glance detached from any political context. [...] The actual starting point of Florian Trabert's paper, however, is the fact that both novels are preceded by epigraphs taken from Dante's "Inferno". Trabert begins by commenting on the references to Dante in "Doktor Faustus" and then continues by analysing the allusions to the "Commedia" in Koeppen's novel, which constitute, as Trabert demonstrates, a complex constellation among the three texts.
Dante's "Inferno" and Walter Benjamin's cities : considerations of place, experience, and media
(2011)
When Walter Benjamin wrote his main texts, the theme of the city as hell was extremely popular. Some of his German contemporaries, such as Brecht or Döblin, also used it. Benjamin was aware of these examples, as well as of examples outside Germany, including Joyce's "Ulysses" and Baudelaire's "poetry". And he was - at least in some way - familiar with Dante's "Inferno" and used it, and in particular Dante's conception of hell, for his own purposes. Benjamin's appropriation of the topos of the Inferno has been seen as a critique of capitalism and as a general critique of modernism by means of allegory. In the following analysis, Angela Merte-Rankin takes a slightly different approach and, despite Benjamin's status as an expert on allegory, considers hell in its literal sense as a place and examines the issues of implacement that might follow from this standpoint.
There has been a great deal of uproar about Darwinian approaches in literary scholarship. Statements range from enthusiastic prophecies of a new paradigm for literary studies to acrimonious scoldings of reductionism. Believing that the major challenge is first to find good questions to which evolutionary psychology might provide us with good answers, I outline and critically assess different veins of argumentation as revealed in recent contributions to the field. As an alternative to some simplistic mimeticism in present Literary Darwinism, I put forward the idea of evolutionary psychology as a heuristic theory that serves to resolve defined problems in interpretation and literary theory.
High grade gliomas, including anaplastic glioma WHO grade III and glioblastoma WHO IV (GBM), carry a dismal prognosis. Taking all nowadays-available therapeutics options, including radiation, chemotherapy and surgery, for GBM into consideration the prognosis after initial diagnosis is about 12 month. Despite this bad prognosis, researchers gained a tremendous insight into the molecular and genetic signatures of low and high grade gliomas. Several different subtypes of GBM were demonstrated with respect to their genetic background. These genetic alterations include p53 mutation in secondary GBMs and EGFR amplification in primary GBMs, respectively. Very recently, great excitement was raised after the discovery of IDH1 mutation in low-grade gliomas and secondary GBMs. This discovery is of great significance since it allows further categorizing of GBMs and is helpful in distinguishing low-grade gliomas from non-neoplastic adjacent brain tissue. Despite all this progress there is an urgent need for fresh additional therapeutic strategies. In addition to the identification of novel therapeutic regimens it is of utmost importance to gain an understanding about the molecular mechanisms on how GBMs manage to evade from almost any anti-cancer treatment regimen. In experimental models of glioblastoma there are a number of novel therapeutic regimens that exhibited promising results. These novel therapeutics include, but are not limited to: Apoptosis-based therapeutics (Tumor necrosis factor alpha related apoptosis inducing ligand, TRAIL), tyrosinkinase-inhibitors, Heat-shock-protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors, polyphenols, novel drug combinations and intracranial application based strategies. This chapter will primarily review and focus on molecular mechanisms of resistance in GBM and rising new therapeutic venues for high-grade gliomas. High-grade gliomas are a group of primary heterogenous tumors of which glioblastoma World Health Organisation, WHO IV (GBM), is the most common one. Once the diagnosis of GBM is made, the average survival time is approximately 12-15 month (Hegi, Diserens et al., 2005). Treatment usually consists of temozolomide (commonly used chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of GBM, TMZ), radiation (either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutics) and surgery (Hegi, Diserens et al., 2005)...
Application of the liposuction techniques and principles in specific body areas and pathologies
(2011)
The buttocks have been a symbol of attraction, sexuality and eroticism since ancient times and therefore, they have an important role in defining the posterior body contour. More and more people are talking about and understand the meaning and the role that buttocks play in modeling and physical beauty. The three dimensional gluteoplasty (3-DGP) is an innovative technique that allows us to change volume, shape and firmness, not only in the buttocks but also in the adjacent regions such as the thighs and trochanters, becoming an ideal tool to answer the frequent reasons of consultation of our patients about this particular area of the body: ...