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When George J. George mistook his white Ford Escort for the moon, he knew his time was up.' When Mr George loses his job teaching English at a private secondary school in Bulawayo, 'his pension payout, after forty years of full-time service, bought him two jam doughnuts and a soft tomato.' When he backs his uninsured white Ford Escort into a brand new Mercedes Benz, the out-of-court settlement sees him giving up his house to the complainant, Beauticious Nyamayakanuna, and becoming her domestic servant. Through the prism of this engaging post-colonial role reversal, and spiced with George's lessons on Shakespeare, John Eppel draws down the curtain on one particular white man in Africa. But before it's time to go, George will delight us with the antics of his literature classes; his various arrests - all timed to coincide with the police chief's need for help with essays on Hamlet and A Grain of Wheat; his keen eye for flora and fauna; and the long trek back through the hundred years of his family's Zimbabwean past, as he returns an abandoned child to her home. Eppel has satirized the racial politics of southern Africa in many of his previous novels. In Absent: The English Teacher he turns his gaze inwards for a generous and richly rewarding parody of the land of his birth.
Characteristically, Africans in any Western country are asked so many different questions about 'Africa,' as Westerners love to refer to the many countries that make up that huge continent, as if Africa were a single nation state. So one begins wondering why it is that Africans, on the other hand, do not refer to individual European countries as 'Europe' simply, then the trends and consequences of stereotyping begin setting in just as one is getting used to being asked if Africa has a president, or if one can say something in African. It is some of these questions that Emmanuel Fru Doh has collected over the years and has attempted answering them in an effort to shed some light on a continent that is in many ways like the rest of the world, when not better, but which so many love to paint as dark, backward, chaotic, and pathetic.
'We cannot imagine life now without a mobile phone' is a frequent comment when Africans are asked about mobile phones. They have become part and parcel of the communication landscape in many urban and rural areas of Africa and the growth of mobile telephony is amazing: from 1 in 50 people being users in 2000 to 1 in 3 in 2008. Such growth is impressive but it does not even begin to tell us about the many ways in which mobile phones are being appropriated by Africans and how they are transforming or are being transformed by society in Africa. This volume ventures into such appropriation and mutual shaping. Rich in theoretical innovation and empirical substantiation, it brings together reflections on developments around the mobile phone by scholars of six African countries (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Mali, Sudan and Tanzania) who explore the economic, social and cultural contexts in which the mobile phone is being adopted, adapted and harnessed by mobile Africa.
A Basket of Kola Nuts
(2009)
Bold, original and stimulating in its inspirational insights, A Basket of Kola Nuts explores Cameroon's cultures as remarkable pivots of moral rectitude and such sickening vicious-circles as bribery and corruption. Ethnically grass-rooted and globalizing rather than alarmingly exotic and exclusive, this poetic diction of form-content aims at revitalizing its material contents to sever it from extinction and revamp cultural values that break the patience of silence to question deviation rather than the concrete interface of cultural identities and differences. Uprightly appealing, this poetry gathers kola seeds that fall apart in crisis to invite readers world-wide to taste its kolaly aroma.
A Legend of the Dead
(2009)
When the admirable Kevin Beckongncho becomes the new Paramount Chief of the much-coveted throne of Nkokonoko Small Monje as well as its new DO, Chieftaincy could finally be said to have been redeemed. But he quickly becomes a marked man, as he runs into fatal collision with an unscrupulous governmental system with which he cannot co-exist. How this great man suddenly dies, and why his people must not mourn for him, is the unresolved mystery with which Asong closes both the book and his trilogy that includes The Crown of Thorns and No Way to Die.
Unter dem Vorzeichen der "Reform" kündigen sich heute fundamentale Veränderungen der Institution Universität an. Die Prinzipien der Hochschulautonomie, der Wissenschaftsfreiheit und einer Bildung, die mehr ist als Ausbildung, werden dabei in nie gekanntem Maße ausgehöhlt. Die Konsequenzen für Universität und Gesellschaft sind noch kaum bedacht und analysiert worden. Was ist aus der modernen Universität geworden, wie sie um 1800 entworfen wurde? Wie behauptet sie ihren Anspruch gegenüber den aktuellen Forderungen nach Effizienz und Exzellenz?
Die Beiträge des Bandes widmen sich diesen Fragen aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven.
Introduction: Reliable predictive and prognostic markers for routine diagnostic purposes are needed for breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We evaluated protein biomarkers in a cohort of 116 participants of the GeparDuo study on anthracycline/taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast cancer to test for associations with pathological complete response (pCR) and disease-free survival (DFS). Particularly, we evaluated if interactions between hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression might lead to a different clinical behavior of HR+/HER2+ coexpressing and HR+/HER2- tumors and whether subgroups of triple negative tumors might be identified by the help of Ki67 labeling index, cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) expression. Methods: Expression analysis was performed using immunohistochemistry and silver-enhanced in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays (TMAs) of pretherapeutic core biopsies. Results: pCR rates were significantly different between the biology-based tumor types (P = 0.044) with HR+/HER2+ and HR-/HER2- tumors having higher pCR rates than HR+/HER2-tumors. Ki67 labeling index, confirmed as significant predictor of pCR in the whole cohort (P = 0.001), identified HR-/HER- (triple negative) carcinomas with a higher chance for a pCR (P = 0.006). Biology-based tumor type (P = 0.046 for HR+/HER2+vs. HR+/HER2-), Ki67 labeling index (P = 0.028), and treatment arm (P = 0.036) were independent predictors of pCR in a multivariate model. DFS was different in the biology-based tumor types (P < 0.0001) with HR+/HER2- and HR+/HER2+ tumors having the best prognosis and HR-/HER2+ tumors showing the worst outcome. Biology-based tumor type was an independent prognostic factor for DFS in multivariate analysis (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that a biology-based breast cancer classification using estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and HER2 bears independent predictive and prognostic potential. The HR+/HER2+ coexpressing carcinomas emerged as a group of tumors with a good response rate to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and a favorable prognosis. HR+/HER2- tumors had a good prognosis irrespective of a pCR, whereas patients with HR-/HER- and HR-/HER+ tumors, especially if they had not achieved a pCR, had an unfavorable prognosis and are in need of additional treatment options. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00793377
We report the case of a 62-year-old man with chronic pancreatitis who presented with increasing abdominal pain. Sonography, magnetic resonance imaging, contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and ultimately catheter angiography demonstrated a pancreatic pseudocyst that had eroded into the splenoportal venous confluence, mimicking an arterial aneurysm. The diagnostic was confirmed at the time of surgical treatment. This case demonstrates the use of imaging to diagnose complications of pancreatitis, and the difficulty of distinguishing an eroding pseudocyst from an arterial aneurysm.
Dendritic cells are the sentinels between the innate and the adaptive immunity. They are professionals that capture invading pathogens, recognize specific microbial structures and induce naïve T lymphocytes to polarize into a specific T cell subset. To initiate the T cell polarization DCs secrete cytokines which are induced upon Toll-like receptor activation by microbial structures. The recognition of these structures and the discrimination between non-self and self structures by TLRs is fine tuned, but under defined circumstances deregulation of immune responses appears. Consequently, this can result in immune disorders such as autoimmunity, chronic inflammatory diseases or cancer. In this thesis the investigations are focused on the regulation of the IL-12 family members IL-12p70 and IL-23 in DCs. The objective was to investigate three different endogenous and exogenous factors that regulate IL-12p70 or IL-23. In the first part Selenium, an essential trace element and important factor in several metabolic pathways including the cellular redox status and reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependent signaling was applied as supplement in immature Langerhans cell culture. Because Selenium also plays a role in the immune system the TLR-induced IL-23 production of the DCs upon Selenium treatment was analyzed. In the immature Langerhans cell line XS-52 the strongest inducer of IL-23 was TLR4 ligand LPS. Furthermore increased levels of TLR4-induced IL-23 in cells treated with Selenium were detected in a concentration dependent manner. Whereas the IL-23 subunit p40 was upregulated upon Selenium treatment the second subunit p19 was completely unaffected. This effect was detected on mRNA and protein level. In addition, as expected, IFN-gamma inhibited the TLR4-induced IL-23 secretion of both, Selenium treated and untreated cells. In the second part of this thesis p47phox, an organizing protein of the NADPH oxidase was analyzed regarding its potential to regulate IL-12p70 and/or IL-23 secreted by different DC subtypes. Since it was demonstrated that p47phox deficiency is associated with enhanced autoimmunity and chronic inflammation we wanted to prove whether it has a function in addition to that within the NADPH oxidase. We found some hints that p47phox may be interact with proteins of the TLR signaling pathway and thus we hypothesized that p47phox may have a function for the regulation of TLR-mediated cytokine production in DCs. In several experiments with DCs from the spleen of different p47phox deficient mice we detected an increased production of TLR9-induced IL-12p70 compared to wild type cells. In contrast TLR4 stimulation with LPS displayed no significant differences between p47phox deficient and wild type cells. In spleen cells IL-23 was not detected. Confirming the results of this new negative feedback by p47phox on IL-12p70 rats, with a single nucleotide polymorphism in the p47phox gene, were investigated. Interestingly this polymorphism is located in the phosphorylation site of IRAK4, an important kinase in the TLR pathway. In rats with a methionine residue at this position in the p47phox protein enhanced IL-12p70 level were found, compared to the rats with threonine, which can be phosphorylated by IRAK4. All analyzed mice and rats have defects in the NADPH oxidase function due to a non functional p47phox protein which results in a defective ROS production. To determine whether the observed negative feedback mechanism is connected to the lack of ROS production experiments with gp91phox deficient mice, which also have a defective NADPH oxidase function, were performed. In several experiments the enhanced IL-12p70 production in cells from p47phox deficient mice could be confirmed, but no differences between gp91phox deficient and wild type mice have been observed. In further studies was found that the inhibition of the NADPH oxidase function did not alter the negative feedback on TLR9-induced IL-12p70 secretion by p47phox. Interestingly upon treatment with the inhibitor a feedback mechanism in wild type cells also after TLR4 stimulation was observed. Hence, blocking a ROS-dependent TLR4 pathway by the inhibitor uncovered the LPS induced ROS-independent pathway of the TLR4 signaling. These findings strongly approve a NADPH oxidase/ROS-independent function of p47phox in DCs. Because splenic DCs do not secrete IL-23, in vitro differentiated DCs from the bone marrow were investigated regarding the negative feedback mechanism. In DCs from p47phox deficient mice, differentiated with GM-CSF, the upregulation of IL-12p70 was confirmed, whereas Flt3-L cultured DCs did not display the negative feedback. In contrast to IL-12p70 no difference for the IL-23 production between wild type and p47phox deficient cells has been detected. Thus, we concluded that IL-23 production is not regulated by p47phox. IL-12p70 is the major cytokine in the Th1 polarization whereas IL-23 is important for the maintenance and survival of Th17 cells. To prove whether the regulation of IL-12p70 influences the T cell response immunization experiments closely resembling the classical DTH-like protocols were performed. Groups of p47phox deficient and wild type mice received either PBS, OVA alone or mixed with TLR9 ligand CpG2216 in IFA s.c. to activate and polarize naïve T cells towards Th1 or Th17 cells. After ten days isolated lymph node cells were incubated in an ELISA spot assay with or without OVA and the frequency of IFN-gamma and IL-17 producing T cells was quantified. In vitro recall of OVA immunization of wild type and p47phox deficient mice resulted in an increased IFN-gamma and IL-17 frequency in the p47phox deficient cells. The combination with CpG2216 as adjuvant and inducer of the 3rd signal enhanced the frequency of IFN-gamma and IL-17 producing T cells in wild type mice significantly. However, in p47phox deficient cells the IFN-gamma and IL-17 response, being already detectable without in vitro OVA re-stimulation, was strongly augmented upon OVA restimulation. These findings confirmed our in vitro data for IL-12p70. Hence, the data supports our hypothesis that the p47phox dependent regulation of IL-12p70 and the consequences for the T cell response is an important mechanism to prevent uncontrolled immune responses. In the last part of this thesis the immunomodulatory property of vitamin D3 on the IL-12p70 production of DCs was examined. Since it was shown that VD3 influences the differentiation and maturation of monocytes and DCs, splenic DCs from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were investigated regarding their IL-12p70 production after VD3 treatment. Spleen cells, stimulated with LPS or CpG2216, exhibited a decreased IL-12p70 production when treated with VD3 before stimulation phase. In contrast treatment with VD3 only during TLR stimulation had no influence on the IL-12p70 production. Since it was demonstrated that VD3 stimulates the expression of p47phox mRNA cells from p47phox deficient mice were also treated with VD3. In initial experiments only a slight inhibition of IL-12p70 has been detected in p47phox deficient cells compared to the wild type. In summary the thesis displays three different possibilities to influence the TLR-induced cytokine secretion of DCs, although with different intensities and specificities.
Zusammenfassung der 4-Zeilen vs. 16-Zeilen MDCT Untersuchung der Bypässe Der Zweck dieser Studie war es die Bildqualität von aortokoronaren Bypassdarstellungen in 4- und 16-Zeilen Multidetektor-CT mit verschiedenen Bildreformationen zu untersuchen. Materialien und Methoden: 116 Patienten unterzogen sich einer CTUntersuchung nach einer Bypassoperation. Gruppe A (n=58) wurde mit einem 4-Zeiler untersucht; Gruppe B (n=58) wurde mit einem 16-Zeiler untersucht. Verschiedene Bypasstypen wie die LITA zur LAD und venöse Gefäße zur RCA und zur RCX wurden mit in die Studie eingeschlossen. Eine Fünf-Punkte-Lickert-Skala wurde zur Beurteilung der Bildqualität benutzt. Jeder Bypass wurde mitverschiedenen Bildreformationen betrachtet: MIP thin, MPR, VRT. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde auf die Darstellbarkeit der distalen Anastomose gelegt. Die Korrelation zwischen den Untersuchern wurde festgestellt. Resultate: Von 289 untersuchten Bypassgefäßen wurden 279 (96,54%) als funktionsfähig und 10 (3,46%) als nicht funktionsfähig klassifiziert. Bis auf die distalen Anastomosen zeigte der 16-Zeiler signifikant bessere Resultate in allen Segmenten der Bypasses. Vergleiche der Reformationen innerhalb der Gruppen A und B zeigten das mit der MIP thin (p<0,05) und der VRT (p<0,05) bessere Bildqualitäten möglich sind als im Vergleich mit MPR. Schlussfolgerung: Signifikant bessere Darstellbarkeit aller Bypasstypen ist mit dem 16-Zeiler im Vergleich zum 4-Zeiler möglich. Bei der distalen Anastomose scheint kein Unterschied bei der Darstellbarkeit zwischen den beiden 4- bzw. 16- Zeiler Technologien zu bestehen. Zusammenfassung der 4-Zeilen vs. 16-Zeilen MDCT proximale Aortenkonnektoren Untersuchung Der Zweck dieser Studie war es die Bildqualität der proximalen Anastomose von aortokoronaren Bypässen zu untersuchen die mit Hilfe von Nitinolkonnektoren an der Aorta befestigt wurden. Materialien und Methoden: 33 Patienten wurden sofort nach der Bypassoperation mit dem CT untersucht. Die selben Patienten wurden am fünften postoperativen Tag (4Zeilen CT/Gruppe A) und ein Jahr später nochmals (16-Zeiler CT/Gruppe B) untersucht. 23 ACVB auf RCX Bypässe und 27 ACVB auf RCA Bypässe wurden in die Studie eingeschlossen. Jede Anastomose wurde mit verschiedenen Reformationen (MIP,MPR und VRT) ausgewertet. Die Korrelation zwischen den Untersuchern wurde festgestellt. Resultate: Fünf Tage nach der Operation wurden 48 von 50 Bypässe als durchgängig und funktionsfähig klassifiziert. Ein Jahr später sind es noch 42 von 50 Bypässe. In beiden Gruppen konnte der Aortenkonnektor in guter Qualität dargestellt werden: 1.82±1.10 (Gruppe A) und 1.93±1.22 (Gruppe B) für ACVB auf RCA Bypässe, die selben Ergebnisse für ACVB auf RCX Bypässe (MPR). Die Bildqualität auf der Aortenkonnektorseite zeigte keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen jeglichen Reformationen beider Gruppen). Innerhalb der Gruppen zeigte die MPR eine bessere Darstellbarkeit als die MIP und VRT (P>0.05). Schlussfolgerung: In der Anwesenheit von metallischen Implantaten, hier im Falle der Nitinolkonnektoren, bietet das CT vertrauenwürdige Daten zur Untersuchung der proximalen Anastomose. Das 16-Zeilen CT bringt keine signifikante Verbesserung der Bildqualität. MPR zeigte die beste Darstellbarkeit innerhalb beider Gruppen.