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Institute
- Medizin (207) (remove)
Background: Although literature provides support for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as an efficacious intervention for social phobia, more research is needed to improve treatments for children. Methods: Forty four Caucasian children (ages 8-14) meeting diagnostic criteria of social phobia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; APA, 1994) were randomly allocated to either a newly developed CBT program focusing on cognition according to the model of Clark and Wells (n = 21) or a wait-list control group (n = 23). The primary outcome measure was clinical improvement. Secondary outcomes included improvements in anxiety coping, dysfunctional cognitions, interaction frequency and comorbid symptoms. Outcome measures included child report and clinican completed measures as well as a diagnostic interview. Results: Significant differences between treatment participants (4 dropouts) and controls (2 dropouts) were observed at post test on the German version of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children. Furthermore, in the treatment group, significantly more children were free of diagnosis than in wait-list group at post-test. Additional child completed and clinician completed measures support the results. Discussion: The study is a first step towards investigating whether CBT focusing on cognition is efficacious in treating children with social phobia. Future research will need to compare this treatment to an active treatment group. There remain the questions of whether the effect of the treatment is specific to the disorder and whether the underlying theoretical model is adequate. Conclusion: Preliminary support is provided for the efficacy of the cognitive behavioral treatment focusing on cognition in socially phobic children. Active comparators should be established with other evidence-based CBT programs for anxiety disorders, which differ significantly in their dosage and type of cognitive interventions from those of the manual under evaluation (e.g. Coping Cat).
Background: Although being considered as a rarely observed HIV-1 protease mutation in clinical isolates, the L76V-prevalence increased 1998-2008 in some European countries most likely due to the approval of Lopinavir, Amprenavir and Darunavir which can select L76V. Beside an enhancement of resistance, L76V is also discussed to confer hypersusceptibility to the drugs Atazanavir and Saquinavir which might enable new treatment strategies by trying to take advantage of particular mutations. Results: Based on a cohort of 47 L76V-positive patients, we examined if there might exist a clinical advantage for L76V-positive patients concerning long-term success of PI-containing regimens in patients with limited therapy options. Genotypic- and phenotypic HIV-resistance tests from 47 mostly multi-resistant, L76V-positive patients throughout Germany were accomplished retrospectively 1999-2009. Five genotype-based drug-susceptibility predictions received from online interpretation-tools for Atazanavir, Saquinavir, Amprenavir and Lopinavir, were compared to phenotype-based predictions that were determined by using a recombinant virus assay along with a Virtual Phenotype™(Virco). The clinical outcome of the L76V-adapted follow-up therapy was determined by monitoring viral load for 96 weeks. Conclusions: In this analysis, the mostly used interpretation systems overestimated the L76V-mutation concerning Atazanavir- and SQV resistance. In fact, a clear benefit in drug susceptibility for these drugs was observed in phenotype analysis after establishment of L76V. More importantly, long-term therapy success was significantly higher in patients receiving Atazanavir and/or Saquinavir plus one L76V-selecting drug compared to patients without L76V-selecting agents (p = 0.002). In case of L76V-occurrence ATV and/or SQV may represent encouraging options for patients in deep salvage situations.
Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) of complex infected wounds has recently gained popularity among various surgical specialties. The system is based on the application of negative pressure by controlled suction to the wound surface. The effectiveness of the VAC System on microcirculation and the promotion of granulation tissue proliferation are proved. In our case report we illustrate a scenario were a patient developed severe bleeding from the ascending aorta by penetration of wire fragments in the vessel. We conclude that all free particles in the sternum have to be removed completely before negative pressure is used.
Die Geburt eines Kindes gilt als eines der „major life events“ im Leben eines Menschen. Die Zeit um die Geburt und insbesondere das Wochenbett ist dadurch eine dramatische Umbruchzeit im Leben der Mutter. Etliche Arbeiten konnten belegen, dass diese Zeit, obgleich im soziokulturellen Kontext durchweg positiv besetzt, eine Phase erhöhter psychischer Vulnerabilität im Leben von Frauen ist. Diese Vulnerabilität führt zu einer erhöhten Inzidenz mehrerer psychischer Erkrankungen im Wochenbett. Eine herausragende Rolle nimmt unter diesen die postpartale Depression, umgangssprachlich auch „Wochenbettdepression“ genannt, ein. Mehrere Arbeiten haben ergeben, dass die Prävalenz einer postpartalen Depression um 10% aller Mütter im Wochenbett zu verorten ist. Bezüglich der Ursachen und der Pathogenese der postpartalen Depression gibt es mehrere Hypothesen. So wurden soziodemographische genauso wie neurobiologische Ursachen erforscht. Insgesamt besteht aber immer noch Bedarf an einem umfassenden, integrativen Konzept der Ätiopathogenese postpartaler Depression, dass verschiedene Faktoren zusammen fasst und gewichtet. Insbesondere fehlen bislang Untersuchungen zur Rolle der Persönlichkeit der Mutter bezüglich postpartaler psychischer Vulnerabilität und in der Entstehung postpartaler Depression. Um Erkenntnisse zur Persönlichkeitsstruktur von Müttern im Wochenbett zu gewinnen und den Einfluss von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen auf die Entstehung einer postpartalen Depression zu erkennen, wurde dieser Arbeit das „fünf-Faktoren-Modell“ als allgemein etabliertes dimensionales Persönlichkeitsmodell zugrunde gelegt. Insgesamt wurden N = 130 Mütter im Wochenbett über einen Zeitraum von einem Tag post partum bis sechs Wochen post partum untersucht. Die Persönlichkeitsanalyse nach dem „fünf-Faktoren-Modell“ erfolgte dabei mittels des Persönlichkeitstest NEO-FFI. Depressivität wurde mittels den Depressivitätstest BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) und EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) gemessen und in klinischen Interviews bestätigt. Daneben wurden die gynäkologisch-geburtshilfliche und die psychosomatische Anamnese der Mütter erhoben und ausgewertet. Insgesamt fand sich bei N = 16 der insgesamt N = 130 untersuchten Müttern eine postpartale Depression. Dies entspricht einem Anteil von 12,3%. Überraschender Weise zeigte sich, dass die untersuchten Mütter in ihrer Gesamtheit bezüglich der Ausprägung der Faktoren des verwendeten Persönlichkeitstests signifikant von der allgemeinen Normierungsstichprobe abweichen. Die Abweichung findet sich in der getrennten Auswertung von postpartal depressiven und gesunden Müttern vor allem in letzterer Gruppe; postpartal depressive Mütter zeigten keine signifikante Abweichung zur Normstichprobe. Im Vergleich beider Gruppen untereinander zeigten sich Unterschiede in der Ausprägung der Persönlichkeitsfaktoren Neurotizismus und Extraversion. Mütter mit postpartaler Depression wiesen im Mittel mehr Neurotizismus und weniger Extraversion auf. Gesteigerter Neurotizismus und verminderte Extraversion sind mehrfach als Vulnerabilitätsfaktor für psychische Erkrankungen, auch affektive Erkrankungen, beschrieben worden. Darüber hinaus zeigten sich auch signifikante Korrelationen beider Faktoren mit der Ausprägung depressiver Symptomatik in den Depressivitätstests BDI und EPDS. Neurotizismus war mit den Punktescores dieser Tests positiv, Extraversion hingegen negativ korreliert. Eine wesentliche Beeinflussung durch die soziale oder gynäkologisch-geburtshilfliche Anamnese ließ sich nicht erkennen. In der Zusammenschau der Ergebnisse stellt sich zunächst die Frage nach der Stabilität der NEO- Faktoren bzw. deren Beeinflussbarkeit durch major life events. Für den praktischen Gebrauch im Wochenbett und die weitere Erforschung des Einflusses von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen auf die Entstehung postpartaler Depression ist zunächst die Normierung des NEO-Fünf-Faktoren-Inventars für Mütter im Wochenbett zu fordern. Die gefundenen Abweichungen in der Ausprägung von Neurotizismus und Extraversion bei postpartaler Depression sowie deren Korrelation mit den Depressivitätstests (BDI und EPDS) zeigen eine –wenn auch unspezifische- Vulnerabilität für postpartale Depression an. Folgende Untersuchungen sollten, auch unter Einbeziehung anderer dimensionaler Persönlichkeitsmodelle, darstellen, in wie weit bestimmte, spezifische Persönlichkeitsmerkmale als prädisponierend für postpartale Depression angesehen werden können.
Background: Many cancer patients seek homeopathy as a complementary therapy. It has rarely been studied systematically, whether homeopathic care is of benefit for cancer patients. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study with cancer patients in two differently treated cohorts: one cohort with patients under complementary homeopathic treatment (HG; n=259), and one cohort with conventionally treated cancer patients (CG; n=380). For a direct comparison, matched pairs with patients of the same tumour entity and comparable prognosis were to be formed. Main outcome parameter: change of quality of life (FACT-G, FACIT-Sp) after 3 months. Secondary outcome parameters: change of quality of life (FACT-G, FACIT-Sp) after a year, as well as impairment by fatigue (MFI) and by anxiety and depression (HADS). Results: HG: FACT-G, or FACIT-Sp, respectively improved statistically significantly in the first three months, from 75.6 (SD 14.6) to 81.1 (SD 16.9), or from 32.1 (SD 8.2) to 34.9 (SD 8.32), respectively. After 12 months, a further increase to 84.1 (SD 15.5) or 35.2 (SD 8.6) was found. Fatigue (MFI) decreased; anxiety and depression (HADS) did not change. CG: FACT-G remained constant in the first three months: 75.3 (SD 17.3) at t0, and 76.6 (SD 16.6) at t1. After 12 months, there was a slight increase to 78.9 (SD 18.1). FACIT-Sp scores improved significantly from t0 (31.0 - SD 8.9) to t1 (32.1 - SD 8.9) and declined again after a year (31.6 - SD 9.4). For fatigue, anxiety, and depression, no relevant changes were found. 120 patients of HG and 206 patients of CG met our criteria for matched-pairs selection. Due to large differences between the two patient populations, however, only 11 matched pairs could be formed. This is not sufficient for a comparative study. Conclusion: In our prospective study, we observed an improvement of quality of life as well as a tendency of fatigue symptoms to decrease in cancer patients under complementary homeopathic treatment. It would take considerably larger samples to find matched pairs suitable for comparison in order to establish a definite causal relation between these effects and homeopathic treatment.
HDL, through sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), exerts direct cardioprotective effects on ischemic myocardium. It remains unclear whether other HDL-associated sphingophospholipids have similar effects. We therefore examined if HDL-associated sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) reduces infarct size in a mouse model of transient myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Intravenously administered SPC dose-dependently reduced infarct size after 30 minutes of myocardial ischemia and 24 hours reperfusion compared to controls. Infarct size was also reduced by postischemic, therapeutical administration of SPC. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced polymorphonuclear neutrophil recruitment to the infarcted area after SPC treatment, and apoptosis was attenuated as measured by TUNEL. In vitro, SPC inhibited leukocyte adhesion to TNFα-activated endothelial cells and protected rat neonatal cardiomyocytes from apoptosis. S1P3 was identified as the lysophospholipid receptor mediating the cardioprotection by SPC, since its effect was completely absent in S1P3-deficient mice. We conclude that HDL-associated SPC directly protects against myocardial reperfusion injury in vivo via the S1P3 receptor.
Forgotten features of head zones and their relation to diagnostically relevant acupuncture points
(2011)
In the 1890s Sir Henry Head discovered certain areas of the skin that develop tenderness (allodynia) in the course of visceral disease. These areas were later termed ‘Head zones’. In addition, he also emphasized the existence of specific points within these zones, that he called ‘maximum points’, a finding that seems to be almost forgotten today. We hypothesized that two important groups of acupuncture points, the diagnostically relevant Mu and Shu points, spatially and functionally coincide with these maximum points to a large extent. A comparison of Head's papers with the Huang Di Neijing (Yellow Thearch's Inner Classic) and the Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion), two of the oldest still extant Chinese sources on acupuncture, revealed astonishing parallels between the two concepts regarding both point locations and functional aspects. These findings suggest that the Chinese discovery of viscerocutaneous reflexes preceded the discovery in the West by more than 2000 years. Furthermore, the fact that Chinese medicine uses Mu and Shu points not only diagnostically but also therapeutically may give us new insights into the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture.