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Hier möchte ich die Nähe beider Dichter hervorheben die in ihrem gemeinsamen Versuch liegt, jenen Mangel ("mancanza"), ihr immer unbefriedigtes Streben nach dem Absoluten oder höheren Zusammenhang (SW II, 562 ff.), in einer neuen poetischen Sprache darzustellen, die die Liebeserfahrung - eins zu sein mit dem Ganzen - wieder denkbar machen würde, um den Modernen die konkrete, fühlbare Gewissheit jener Erfahrung zurückzuerstatten, und mit ihr das Bewusstsein der Abwesenheit ihres Schicksals. Dazu muss sich ihre Dichtung immer an einer labilen und paradoxen Grenze entlang bewegen, die bei Leopardi Natur und Wahrheit, bei Hölderlin Ursprung und Schicksal trennt, in deren chiastischer Entgegensetzung sich ihre Substanz auflöst. Substanz, die bei Ersterem ein solides Nichts ("solido nulla") darstellt, ein Oxymoron, eine den natürlichen Trug reflektierende Figur, und bei Letzterem die Metapher selbst, den materiellen Durchgangsort zwischen dem Erscheinen und dem Auflösen der Dinge - von 'Auflösung' (der Dissonanzen) spricht Hölderlin in der Vorrede zur letzten Fassung des 'Hyperion', aber auch in seiner theoretischen Schrift 'Das Werden im Vergehen' (SW II, 446ff.).
Proportional determiner quantifiers in German allow interpretations that violate the conservativity universal of Keenan and Stavi (1986). I argue for an analysis that distinguishes between surface syntax and the logical form of sentences. I show that in surface syntax, German non-conservative quantifiers are determiners that form a constituent with a noun phrase and share case and agreement properties with the noun phrase. But I propose that at logical form the non-conservative determiners undergo an adverbialization movement and are interpreted by a mechanism that generalizes focus-a ected quantification of Herburger (2000). This result refines the understanding of conservativity as a constraint on interpretation.
BACKGROUND: Transient episodes of ischemia in a remote organ or tissue (remote ischemic preconditioning, RIPC) can attenuate myocardial injury. Myocardial damage is associated with tissue remodeling and the matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2/9) are crucially involved in these events. Here we investigated the effects of RIPC on the activities of heart tissue MMP-2/9 and their correlation with serum concentrations of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), a marker for myocardial damage.
METHODS: In cardiosurgical patients with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) RIPC was induced by four 5 minute cycles of upper limb ischemia/reperfusion. Cardiac tissue was obtained before as well as after CPB and serum cTnT concentrations were measured. Tissue derived from control patients (N = 17) with high cTnT concentrations (≥0.32 ng/ml) and RIPC patients (N = 18) with low cTnT (≤0.32 ng/ml) was subjected to gelatin zymography to quantify MMP-2/9 activities.
RESULTS: In cardiac biopsies obtained before CPB, activities of MMP-2/9 were attenuated in the RIPC group (MMP-2: Control, 1.13 ± 0.13 a.u.; RIPC, 0.71 ± 0.12 a.u.; P < 0.05. MMP-9: Control, 1.50 ± 0.16 a.u.; RIPC, 0.87 ± 0.14 a.u.; P < 0.01), while activities of the pro-MMPs were not altered (P > 0.05). In cardiac biopsies taken after CPB activities of pro- and active MMP-2/9 were not different between the groups (P > 0.05). Spearman's rank tests showed that MMP-2/9 activities in cardiac tissue obtained before CPB were positively correlated with postoperative cTnT serum levels (MMP-2, P = 0.016; MMP-9, P = 0.015).
CONCLUSIONS: Activities of MMP-2/9 in cardiac tissue obtained before CPB are attenuated by RIPC and are positively correlated with serum concentrations of cTnT. MMPs may represent potential targets for RIPC mediated cardioprotection.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00877305.
How special are they? - Targeting systemic risk by regulating shadow banking : (October 5, 2014)
(2014)
This essay argues that at least some of the financial stability concerns associated with shadow banking can be addressed by an approach to financial regulation that imports its functional foundations more vigorously into the interpretation and implementation of existing rules. It shows that the general policy goals of prudential banking regulation remain constant over time despite dramatic transformations in the financial and technological landscape. Moreover, these overarching policy goals also legitimize intervention in the shadow banking sector. On these grounds, this essay encourages a more normative construction of available rules that potentially limits both the scope for regulatory arbitrage and the need for ever more rapid updates and a constant increase in the complexity of the regulatory framework. By tying the regulatory treatment of financial innovation closely to existing prudential rules and their underlying policy rationales, the proposed approach potentially ends the socially wasteful race between hare and tortoise that signifies the relation between regulators and a highly dynamic industry. In doing so it does not generally hamper market participants’ efficient discoveries where disintermediation proves socially beneficial. Instead, it only weeds-out rent-seeking circumventions of existing rules and standards.
Rezension zu Serap Devran: Kommunikation, Sprache und soziales Milieu in den Dramen Heimarbeit und Mensch Meier von F. X. Kroetz. Eine soziolinguistische und literaturwissenschaftliche Arbeit. Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache – amades, 2013
Metalepsa je u naratologiji definirana kao postupak prekoračenja granice između fikcije i stvarnosti, književnog i izvanknjiževnog (Genette 1972, 2004). Vodeći se tom definicijom što je uključuje K. Bagić (2012.) u smislu figure koja iziskuje novo promišljanje statusa granice u narativnom tekstu, u članku će se analizirati metalepsa unutar autoironijskog postupka poigravanja funkcijama književnog teksta u autobiografskoj humoresci "Priča o bezmesnom ručku" (Pripovijetke, 2009.) Bratoljuba Klaića. Poigravanje metanarativnim komentarima tzv. kanonske hrvatske književnosti prisutno je u drugoj humoresci iz iste zbirke, pod naslovom „Baba Lizino janješceˮ. Cilj rada je prikazati stilske i naratološke osobitosti Klaićeva proznog stvaralaštva, i to s naglaskom na postupcima kojima autor konstruira specifičan humoristični učinak utemeljen na obratu i odmaku od uspostavljenih unutartekstualnih i izvantekstualnih odnosa. Uključivanje metalepse, potkopavanje granice između fikcije i stvarnosti, književnog i neknjiževnog, metanarativnost, autoreferencijalnost, kao i samo ironiziranje funkcija književnosti te društva u kojemu ona nastaje i unutar kojega ostvaruje recepciju, ukazuju na to da se Klaićev izraz, unatoč prividnoj lakoći i jednostavnosti, mjestimice približava poetičkim odrednicama postmoderne. Istraživanje njegovih pripovjednih tekstova stoga može dati zanimljive rezultate i u ključu suvremenih spoznaja teorije pripovijedanja kad su u pitanju postupci ostvarivanja humora, pa čak i šire – kada je u pitanju tekstualno konstruiranje identiteta subjekta unutar autobiografskog diskursa.