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The interaction of Eph receptor tyrosine kinases with their transmembrane ligands; the ephrins, is important for the regulation of cell-cell communication. Ephrin-Eph signaling is probably best known for the discrimination of arterial and venous territories by repulsion of venous endothelial cells away from those with an arterial fate. Ultimately, cell repulsion is mediated by initiating the collapse of the actin cytoskeleton in membrane protrusions. Here, we investigated the role of the Ena/VASP family of actin binding proteins in endothelial cell repulsion initiated by ephrin ligands. Human endothelial cells dynamically extended sheet-like lamellipodia over ephrin-B2 coated surfaces. While lamellipodia of control siRNA transfected cells rapidly collapsed, resulting in a pronounced cell repulsion from the ephrin-B2 surfaces, the knockdown of Ena/VASP proteins impaired the cytoskeletal collapse of membrane protrusions and the cells no longer avoided the repulsive surfaces. Mechanistically, ephrin-B2 stimulation elicited the EphB-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of VASP, which abrogated its interaction with the focal adhesion protein Zyxin. Nck2 was identified as a novel VASP binding protein, which only interacted with the tyrosine phosphorylated VASP protein. Nck links Eph-receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Therefore, we hypothesize that Nck-Ena/VASP complex formation is required for actin reorganization and/or Eph receptor internalization downstream of ephrin-Eph interaction in endothelial cells, with implications for endothelial navigation and pathfinding.
Unpredictable disease trajectories make early clarification of end-of-life (EoL) care preferences in older patients with multimorbidity advisable. This mixed methods systematic review synthesizes studies and assesses such preferences. Two independent reviewers screened title/abstracts/full texts in seven databases, extracted data and used the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool to assess risk of bias (RoB). We synthesized findings from 22 studies (3243 patients) narratively and, where possible, quantitatively. Nineteen studies assessed willingness to receive life-sustaining treatments (LSTs), six, the preferred place of care, and eight, preferences regarding shared decision-making processes. When unspecified, 21% of patients in four studies preferred any LST option. In three studies, fewer patients chose LST when faced with death and deteriorating health, and more when treatment promised life extension. In 13 studies, 67% and 48% of patients respectively were willing to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation and mechanical ventilation, but willingness decreased with deteriorating health. Further, 52% of patients from three studies wished to die at home. Seven studies showed that unless incapacitated, most patients prefer to decide on their EoL care themselves. High non-response rates meant RoB was high in most studies. Knowledge of EoL care preferences of older patients with multimorbidity increases the chance such care will be provided.
Introduction End-of-life care is an essential task performed by most healthcare providers and often involves decision-making about how and where patients want to receive care. To provide decision support to healthcare professionals and patients in this difficult situation, we will systematically review a knowledge cluster of the end-of-life care preferences of older patients with multimorbidity that we previously identified using an evidence map.
Methods and analysis We will systematically search for studies reporting end-of-life care preferences of older patients (mean age ≥60) with multimorbidity (≥2 chronic conditions) in MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Social Sciences Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index Expanded, PSYNDEX and The Cochrane Library from inception to September 2019. We will include all primary studies that use quantitative, qualitative and mixed methodologies, irrespective of publication date and language.
Two independent reviewers will assess eligibility, extract data and describe evidence in terms of study/population characteristics, preference assessment method and end-of-life care elements that matter to patients (eg, life-sustaining treatments). Risk of bias/applicability of results will be independently assessed by two reviewers using the Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool. Using a convergent integrated approach on qualitative/quantitative studies, we will synthesise information narratively and, wherever possible, quantitatively.
Ethics and dissemination Due to the nature of the proposed systematic review, ethics approval is not required. Results from our research will be disseminated at relevant (inter-)national conferences and via publication in peer-reviewed journals. Synthesising evidence on end-of-life care preferences of older patients with multimorbidity will improve shared decision-making and satisfaction in this final period of life.
Background: Austria has recently been embroiled in the complex debate on the legalization of measures to end life prematurely. Empirical data on end-of-life decisions made by Austrian physicians barely exists. This study is the first in Austria aimed at finding out how physicians generally approach and make end-of-life therapy decisions.
Methods: The European end-of-life decisions (EURELD) questionnaire, translated and adapted by Schildmann et al., was used to conduct this cross-sectional postal survey. Questions on palliative care training, legal issues, and use of and satisfaction with palliative care were added. All Austrian specialists in hematology and oncology, a representative sample of doctors specialized in internal medicine, and a sample of general practitioners, were invited to participate in this anonymous postal survey.
Results: Five hundred forty-eight questionnaires (response rate: 10.4%) were evaluated. 88.3% of participants had treated a patient who had died in the previous 12 months. 23% of respondents had an additional qualification in palliative medicine. The cause of death in 53.1% of patients was cancer, and 44.8% died at home. In 86.3% of cases, pain relief and / or symptom relief had been intensified. Further treatment had been withheld by 60.0%, and an existing treatment discontinued by 49.1% of respondents. In 5 cases, the respondents had prescribed, provided or administered a drug which had resulted in death. 51.3% of physicians said they would never carry out physician-assisted suicide (PAS), while 30.3% could imagine doing so under certain conditions. 38.5% of respondents supported the current prohibition of PAS, 23.9% opposed it, and 33.2% were undecided. 52.4% of physicians felt the legal situation with respect to measures to end life prematurely was ambiguous. An additional qualification in palliative medicine had no influence on measures taken, or attitudes towards PAS.
Conclusions: The majority of doctors perform symptom control in terminally ill patients. PAS is frequently requested but rarely carried out. Attending physicians felt the legal situation was ambiguous. Physicians should therefore receive training in current legislation relating to end-of-life choices and medical decisions. The data collected in this survey will help political decision-makers provide the necessary legal framework for end-of-life medical care.
Morbus Parkinson ist die zweithäufigste neurodegenerativen Erkrankung, die durch Untergang der dopaminergen Neuronen im Mesenzephalon zu einer Störung des extrapyramidalen motorischen Systems führt. Daraus resultierende Bewegungsstörungen, zu denen Rigor, Tremor, Hypokinese und posturale Instabilität gehören, werden von nichtmotorischen Symptomen wie autonome Dysregulation, veränderte sensorische Wahrnehmung, sowie kognitive und psychische Störungen begleitet.
Mehrere Studien berichten über erhöhte Schmerzprävalenz bei Parkinson Patienten. Die genaue Pathogenese der gestörten Schmerzwahrnehmung bleibt unklar. Zusätzlich zu den zentralen Mechanismen entstehen die Schmerzen bei Morbus Parkinson wahrscheinlich durch eine Schädigung der peripheren somatosensorischen und autonomen Neuronen, die sich in sensorischen Defiziten, sowie in erhöhter Schmerzempfindlichkeit manifestieren. Als Korrelat dazu wurden abnormale somatosensorisch evozierte Potenziale, pathologische Ergebnisse in der quantitativen sensorischen Testung und eine Abnahme der Nervenfaserdichte beschrieben.
Ein Schwerpunkt unserer Untersuchungen lag auf der Erforschung von potentiellen Veränderungen von Lipidsignalmolekülen. Eine Reihe von Studien zeigen eine Schmerzlinderung durch Cannabis-Einnahme, sowie eine Tendenz zur Schmerzentwicklung bei Parkinson Patienten mit dem bekannten FAAHPolymorphismus. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass eine Störung im Endocannabinoid-System höchstwahrscheinlich zu erhöhter Schmerzprävalenz bei Morbus Parkinson beiträgt. Eine weitere wichtige Lipid-Gruppe sind Glycosylceramide. Ihr Abbau kann durch heterozygote Mutationen des lipidabbauenden Enzyms Glukocerebrosidase 1 (GBA1) gestört sein. GBA1 Mutationen sind mit der schnell progredienten sporadischen Verlaufsform der Parkinson-Krankheit assoziiert.
Im Rahmen der Studie wurden zwei Kohorten von Parkinson Patienten analysiert. Die 128 Patienten aus Israel wurden im ersten Teil mit 224 jungen gesunden deutschen Probanden verglichen. Im zweiten Teil wurden 50 deutschen Patienten und 50 gesunde altersgleiche Probanden untersucht. Die Schmerzevaluation erfolgte anhand der "Brief Pain Inventory“ und "Neuro Detect“ Fragebögen. Bei allen Probanden wurde quantitative sensorische Testung durchgeführt und die Plasmakonzentrationen der Lipidsignalmoleküle mittels quantitativer HPLC-Tandem-Massenspektrometrie analysiert.
Nach Auswertung der Schmerzevaluation konnte eine erhöhte Schmerzprävalenz bei Parkinson Patienten festgestellt werden. Die Prävalenz betrug 66% im ersten Teil der Studie und 74% in der deutschen Kohorte, im Vergleich zu 40% bei den altersgleichen gesunden Probanden. Ergebnisse der quantitativen sensorischen Testung zeigen einen Verlust der thermischen Empfindung (erhöhte Schwellen) bei der gleichzeitigen mechanischen Überempfindlichkeit (erniedrigte Schwellen). In der multivariaten LipidAnalyse konnten erniedrigte Konzentrationen von Anandamid und Lysophosphatidsäure 20:4 und eine Erhöhung der Glucosylceramide nachgewiesen werden. Diese Veränderungen waren bei Parkinson Patienten mit Schmerzen stärker ausgeprägt. Außerdem wurde eine lineare Korrelation zwischen Glucosylceramiden (GlcCer 18:1, GlcCer 24:1) und der Schmerzintensität, sowie sensorischem Defizit festgestellt.
Nach sorgfältiger Auswertung der Studienergebnisse kommen wir zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass eine Veränderung der Endocannabinoide und der Glucosylceramide zur Pathogenese der Schmerzen und der sensorischen Neuropathie bei Morbus Parkinson beitragen. Die Erkenntnisse könnten zukünftig zur Diagnosestellung durch frühzeitige Erkennung prämotorischer sensorischer Symptome beitragen. Darüber hinaus könnten unsere Ergebnisse zur Therapieoptimierung durch Wiederherstellung der Lipid-Homeostases beitragen.
Introduction: Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are central lipid mediators of the endocannabinoid system. They are highly relevant due to their involvement in a wide variety of inflammatory, metabolic or malign diseases. Further elucidation of their modes of action and use as biomarkers in an easily accessible matrix, like blood, is restricted by their susceptibility to deviations during blood sampling and physiological co-dependences, which results in high variability of reported concentrations in low ng/mL ranges.
Objectives: The objective of this review is the identification of critical parameters during the pre-analytical phase and proposal of minimum requirements for reliable determination of endocannabinoids (ECs) in blood samples.
Methods: Reported physiological processes influencing the EC concentrations were put into context with published pre-analytical research and stability data from bioanalytical method validation.
Results: The cause for variability in EC concentrations is versatile. In part, they are caused by inter-individual factors like sex, metabolic status and/or diurnal changes. Nevertheless, enzymatic activity in freshly drawn blood samples is the main reason for changing concentrations of AEA and 2-AG, besides additional non-enzymatic isomerization of the latter.
Conclusion: Blood samples for EC analyses require immediate processing at low temperatures (>0 °C) to maintain sample integrity. Standardization of the respective blood tube or anti-coagulant, sampling time point, applied centrifugal force and complete processing time can further decrease variability caused by sample handling. Nevertheless, extensive characterization of study participants is needed to reduce distortion of clinical data caused by co-variables and facilitate research on the endocannabinoid system.
Perception, particularly in the visual domain, is drastically influenced by rhythmic changes in ambient lighting conditions. Anticipation of daylight changes by the circadian system is critical for survival. However, the neural bases of time-of-day-dependent modulation in human perception are not yet understood. We used fMRI to study brain dynamics during resting-state and close-to-threshold visual perception repeatedly at six times of the day. Here we report that resting-state signal variance drops endogenously at times coinciding with dawn and dusk, notably in sensory cortices only. In parallel, perception-related signal variance in visual cortices decreases and correlates negatively with detection performance, identifying an anticipatory mechanism that compensates for the deteriorated visual signal quality at dawn and dusk. Generally, our findings imply that decreases in spontaneous neural activity improve close-to-threshold perception.
Sepsis is a serious clinical condition which can cause life-threatening organ dysfunction, and has limited therapeutic options. The paradigm of limiting excessive inflammation and promoting anti-inflammatory responses is a simplified concept. Yet, the absence of intrinsic anti-inflammatory signaling at the early stage of an infection can lead to an exaggerated activation of immune cells, including monocytes and macrophages. There is emerging evidence that endogenous molecules control those mechanisms. Here we aimed to identify and describe the dynamic changes in monocyte and macrophage subsets and lung damage in CL57BL/6N mice undergoing blunt chest trauma with subsequent cecal ligation and puncture. We showed that early an increase in systemic and activated Ly6C+CD11b+CD45+Ly6G− monocytes was paralleled by their increased emigration into lungs. The ratio of pro-inflammatory Ly6ChighCD11b+CD45+Ly6G− to patrolling Ly6ClowCD11b+CD45+Ly6G− monocytes significantly increased in blood, lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) suggesting an early transition to inflammatory phenotypes during early sepsis development. Similar to monocytes, the level of pro-inflammatory Ly6ChighCD45+F4/80+ macrophages increased in lungs and BALF, while tissue repairing Ly6ClowCD45+F4/80+ macrophages declined in BALF. Levels of inflammatory mediators TNF-α and MCP-1 in blood and RAGE in lungs and BALF were elevated, and besides their boosting of inflammation via the recruitment of cells, they may promote monocyte and macrophage polarization, respectively, toward the pro-inflammatory phenotype. Neutralization of uteroglobin increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, activation of inflammatory phenotypes and their recruitment to lungs; concurrent with increased pulmonary damage in septic mice. In in vitro experiments, the influence of uteroglobin on monocyte functions including migratory behavior, TGF-β1 expression, cytotoxicity and viability were proven. These results highlight an important role of endogenous uteroglobin as intrinsic anti-inflammatory signal upon sepsis-induced early lung injury, which modules the early monocyte/macrophages driven inflammation.
Endokrin inaktives Hypophysenadenom und sekundäre Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz : ein Fallbericht
(2021)
Das Hypophysenadenom als Ursache einer sekundären Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz, nur mit isoliertem ACTH-Defizit, ist außergewöhnlich. Ein ACTH-Mangel tritt in der Regel nicht isoliert, sondern zusammen mit dem Ausfall anderer Hypophysenfunktionen auf. Besonders bei Patienten mit Kinderwunsch sollte den Erkrankungen der Hypophyse und der Nebennieren große Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Effizienz der Ambulanten Endokrinologie an der Universität Frankfurt mit Hilfe statistischer Methoden zu untersuchen. Die Basis hierfür bildeten die Karteikarten von 449 Kassenpatienten, die im Jahr 2000 die Ambulanz aufsuchten!. Dank dieser großen Zahl von Fällen konnten die meisten Aussagen, die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gemacht wurden, statistisch signifikant belegt werden. Dies geschah mit Hilfe sogenannter statistischer Tests, mit denen es möglich ist, eine Hypothese gegen eine Alternativaussage auf ihre Gültigkeit zu testen. Zentrale Kernaussagen der Arbeit sind die folgenden: o Der Aufwand, der beispielsweise bei den Laboruntersuchungen investiert wird, ist in der Ambulanten Endokrinologie zwar hoch; er ist aber immer noch geringer als der Aufwand, der von niedergelassenen Ärzten getrieben wird, bis die richtige Diagnose feststeht. Der Grund hierfür liegt vor allem in der Anzahl der Ärzte, die vor der Ambulanz aufgesucht werden. o Der Aufwand bei anderen Untersuchungen, wie zum Beispiel Röntgenaufnahmen, Sonographie- oder Szintigraphieuntersuchungen ist in der endokrinologischen Ambulanz deutlich geringer als außerhalb. o Mitglieder der Ersatzkassen sind als Patienten in der Ambulanten Endokrinologie eindeutig überrepräsentiert, Mitglieder der AOK eindeutig unterrepräsentiert. Trotzdem bilden die AOK-Mitglieder die größte Gruppe unter den Kassenpatienten in der Ambulanz. o Die durchschnittliche Dauer bis zur Diagnose beträgt in der Ambulanten Endokrinologie 5 Tage. Ein Arztbrief wird im Mittel jedoch erst 76 Tage nach der Erstaufnahme verfaßt. Diese relativ lange Zeit ist aber immer noch kürzer als die Zeitspanne vom ersten Aufsuchen eines Arztes bis zur richtigen, als Arztbrief festgehaltenen Diagnose. Diese beträgt nämlich 110 Tage. o Obwohl man vermuten könnte, daß die Diagnosezuverlässigkeit von Hausärzten, Fachärzten und der Uniklinik unterschiedlich ist, konnte ein solcher Unterschied nicht in statistisch signifikanter Weise nachgewiesen werden. Der Anteil der Fälle, bei denen die Diagnose geändert werden mußte, betrug bei Hausärzten etwa 15%, bei Fachärzten 18% und bei anderen Abteilungen der Frankfurter Universitätsklinik 9%. Die letzte Zahl ist zwar deutlich kleiner als die anderen beiden; da aber nur 56 Karteikarten von Patienten vorlagen, die aus der Uniklinik heraus überwiesen wurden, ist hier keine sichere Aussage möglich. o Bei der Weiterversorgung der Patienten nach dem Aufsuchen der Ambulanten Endokrinologie ist in mindestens 85% der Fälle der Hausarzt involviert. In 43% aller Fälle übernimmt der Hausarzt die Weiterversorgung sogar alleine; die Ambulanz wird nicht mehr hinzugezogen. Selbst bei den verbleibenden 15% der Patienten ist davon auszugehen, daß sie sich mittelfristig wieder in die Behandlung des überweisenden Arztes begeben - auch wenn sie sich beispielsweise einer Operation unterziehen müssen. Nur 4 % der Patienten befinden sich seit mehr als 5 Jahren in der Obhut der Ambulanz. Die Befürchtung einiger Hausärzte, sie könnten die Patienten im Falle einer Überweisung an die Ambulante Endokrinologie verlieren, konnte mit all diesen Fakten eindeutig widerlegt werden. Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, daß die Effizienz der Ambulanten Endokrinologie bereits sehr hoch ist: o Eine eindeutige Diagnose ist gegeben. o Die Patienten der Ambulanten Endokrinologie erhalten eine lege artis Behandlung, insbesondere eine individuelle medikamentöse Einstellung. o Für die Krankenkassen bedeutet dies langfristig gesehen eine kostengünstige Versorgung. Neben den statistischen Ergebnissen gestattete es die Arbeit auch, Empfehlungen für eine weitere Effizienzsteigerung der Ambulanz zu machen. In diesem Zusammenhang sind die folgenden Vorschläge zu nennen: oDer Arztbrief sollte früher erstellt werden; unter anderem, um die Kommunikation mit dem Hausarzt, auf dessen Überweisung der Patient angewiesen ist, zu verbessern. o Bei den Karteikarten sollten einige zusätzliche Felder definiert werden, die in standardisierter Weise vom behandelnden Arzt auszufüllen sind. Dies gestattet es, in Zukunft ähnliche Statistiken wie die in dieser Arbeit präsentierten leichter und noch präziser auszuarbeiten. o Generell sollte die Flächendeckung der Endokrinologischen Ambulanzen verbessert werden. Auch die Öffnungszeiten könnten den Bedürfnissen berufstätiger Patienten folgend ausgeweitet werden. All dies ist zwar mit einem hohen finanziellen und personellen Aufwand verbunden; volkswirtschaftlich gesehen dürfte aber durch die präzisere Diagnostik und die bessere medikamentöse Einstellung ein gewisser Kompensationseffekt eintreten. Durch die höhere Patientenanzahl wäre eine bessere Kostendeckung gegeben. Beispielsweise wäre die Auslastung der apparativen Einrichtungen bei einer Ganztagssprechstunde deutlich höher.
Background: From a global viewpoint, endometrial cancer belongs to the most common female cancers. Despite the heavy burden of diseases and numerous unanswered questions, no detailed pictures of the global structure of endometrial cancer research are available so far. Therefore, this malignancy was reviewed using the New Quality and Quantity Indices in Science (NewQIS) protocol.
Methods: Using NewQIS, we identified endometrial carcinoma related research published in the Web of Science from 1900–2015 (P1) and from 2016–2020 (P2). Item analysis was performed with regard to research activity. Also, semi-qualitative aspects and socio-economic benchmarks were visualized using density equalizing mapping.
Results: In total, 9,141 from 1900–2015 and 4,593 from 2016–2020 endometrial cancer related studies were identified with the USA having the largest numbers of publications, citations, institutions, as well as the highest country-specific h-Index concerning endometrial cancer research in both periods. In contrast to other fields of cancer research, the two East Asian countries Japan and China followed concerning total research activities until 2015. From 2016 until 2020, China was found in short distance to the USA and was ranked second. In the socio-economic analysis, European countries were in prominent positions. Greece published 579.83 endometrial carcinoma-related articles per billion US-$ GDP, Finland (527.29), Sweden (494.65), Israel (493.75), and Norway (367.85) followed in the ranking. Density equalizing mapping visualized that large parts of Africa, Asia and South America with a high burden of disease played almost no visible role in the endometrial cancer research activities.
Conclusions: Endometrial cancer research activity is continuously increasing from a global viewpoint. However, the majority of original articles is published by authors based in high-income countries. Together with the finding that the research field of public health does only play a minimal role, our study points to the necessity that global health aspects should be introduced to endometrial cancer research.
Unter Endometriose versteht man das Auftreten von endometrialen Zellen und Zellverbänden außerhalb des Cavum uteri, welche dem hormonellen Zyklus unterliegen und zu rezidivierenden Beschwerden führen können. Die Inzidenz wird je nach Quelle mit 2–15 % der Frauen im reproduktionsfähigen Alter angegeben. Schmerzen und Fertilitätseinschränkung sind die führenden Symptome. Unter Kinderwunschpatientinnen liegt die Inzidenz bei 20–48 %.
Endometriosis and its global research architecture : an in-depth density-equalizing mapping analysis
(2016)
Background: Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological diseases. It is still a chameleon in many aspects and urges intense research activities in the fields of diagnosis, therapy and prevention. Despite the need to foster research in this area, no in-depth analysis of the global architecture of endometriosis research exists yet.
Methods: We here used the NewQIS platform to conduct a density equalizing mapping study, using the Web of Science as database with endometriosis related entries between 1900 and 2009. Density equalizing maps of global endometriosis research encompassing country-specific publication activities, and semi-qualitative indices such as country specific citations, citation rates, h-Indices were created.
Results: In total, 11,056 entries related to endometriosis were found. The USA was leading the field with 3705 publications followed by the United Kingdom (952) and Japan (846). Concerning overall citations and country-specific h-Indices, the USA again was the leading nation with 74,592 citations and a modified h-Index of 103, followed by the UK with 15,175 citations (h-Index 57). Regarding the citation rate, Sweden and Belgium were at top positions with rates of 22.46 and 22.26, respectively. Concerning collaborative studies, there was a steep increase in numbers present; analysis of the chronological evolution indicated a strong increase in international collaborations in the past 10 years.
Conclusions: This study is the first analysis that illustrates the global endometriosis research architecture. It shows that endometriosis research is constantly gaining importance but also underlines the need for further efforts and investments to foster research and ultimately improve endometriosis management on a global scale.
Operatively altered anatomy such as Billroth II gastroenterostomy represents a challenge in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and might require dedicated instruments. In this article, the authors demonstrate the technique of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and sphincterotomy in a patient with Billroth's operation-II. Sphincterotomy is performed with a specially designed Billroth papillotome to enable papillotomy in the direction of the papillary roof. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Operatively altered anatomy might provide a challenge for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. However, with the support of the balloon-assisted enteroscopy technique the access route to the biliary system even in long-limb Roux-Y anastomosis is feasible in most cases.
In this video case report, an 81-year-old woman was symptomatic for stone obstruction of the common bile duct (CBD). Complete gastrectomy had been performed in this patient for stomach cancer many years earlier. Balloon-assisted enteroscopy was used for retrograde access of the duodenum via a Roux-Y anastomosis. There was major difficulty in intubating the CBD via the native papilla in this case because access was prevented by the tangential approach of the enteroscope. After performing an incomplete papillectomy, the insertion of a guidewire into the CBD was feasible and the bile duct stone was removed. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Small bowel varices may be found in less than 5% of patients with suspected small bowel bleeding. These varices are associated with portal hypertension or thrombosis of mesenteric venous vessels and with altered abdominal vascular anatomy with or without prior small bowel surgery. In bleeding small bowel varices, therapeutic options include endoscopic injection of tissue adhesives, endovascular approaches such as balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous or percutaneous obliteration and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, and surgical resection. This is a case report of a 53-year-old patient with ethylic liver cirrhosis who presented with severe, life-threatening hematochezia due to small bowel varices. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Damaged mitochondria are selectively eliminated by mitophagy. Parkin and PINK1, gene products mutated in familial Parkinson’s disease, play essential roles in mitophagy through ubiquitination of mitochondria. Cargo ubiquitination by E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin is important to trigger selective autophagy. Although autophagy receptors recruit LC3-labeled autophagic membranes onto damaged mitochondria, how other essential autophagy units such as ATG9A-integrated vesicles are recruited remains unclear. Here, using mammalian cultured cells, we demonstrate that RABGEF1, the upstream factor of the endosomal Rab GTPase cascade, is recruited to damaged mitochondria via ubiquitin binding downstream of Parkin. RABGEF1 directs the downstream Rab proteins, RAB5 and RAB7A, to damaged mitochondria, whose associations are further regulated by mitochondrial Rab-GAPs. Furthermore, depletion of RAB7A inhibited ATG9A vesicle assembly and subsequent encapsulation of the mitochondria by autophagic membranes. These results strongly suggest that endosomal Rab cycles on damaged mitochondria are a crucial regulator of mitophagy through assembling ATG9A vesicles.
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is frequently reported to phosphorylate Ser1177 of the endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS), and therefore, is linked with a relaxing effect. However, previous studies failed to consistently demonstrate a major role for AMPK on eNOS-dependent relaxation. As AMPK also phosphorylates eNOS on the inhibitory Thr495 site, this study aimed to determine the role of AMPKα1 and α2 subunits in the regulation of NO-mediated vascular relaxation. Vascular reactivity to phenylephrine and acetylcholine was assessed in aortic and carotid artery segments from mice with global (AMPKα−/−) or endothelial-specific deletion (AMPKαΔEC) of the AMPKα subunits. In control and AMPKα1-depleted human umbilical vein endothelial cells, eNOS phosphorylation on Ser1177 and Thr495 was assessed after AMPK activation with thiopental or ionomycin. Global deletion of the AMPKα1 or α2 subunit in mice did not affect vascular reactivity. The endothelial-specific deletion of the AMPKα1 subunit attenuated phenylephrine-mediated contraction in an eNOS- and endothelium-dependent manner. In in vitro studies, activation of AMPK did not alter the phosphorylation of eNOS on Ser1177, but increased its phosphorylation on Thr495. Depletion of AMPKα1 in cultured human endothelial cells decreased Thr495 phosphorylation without affecting Ser1177 phosphorylation. The results of this study indicate that AMPKα1 targets the inhibitory phosphorylation Thr495 site in the calmodulin-binding domain of eNOS to attenuate basal NO production and phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction.
Atherosclerosis and its sequelae, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, are the leading cause of death worldwide. Vascular endothelial cells (EC) play a critical role in vascular homeostasis and disease. Atherosclerosis as well as its independent risk factors including diabetes, obesity, and aging, are hallmarked by endothelial activation and dysfunction. Metabolic pathways have emerged as key regulators of many EC functions, including angiogenesis, inflammation, and barrier function, processes which are deregulated during atherogenesis. In this review, we highlight the role of glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism in EC functions during physiological and pathological states, specifically atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity and aging.
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is treated by surgical resection followed by radiochemotherapy. Bevacizumab is commonly deployed for anti‐angiogenic therapy of recurrent GBM; however, innate immune cells have been identified as instigators of resistance to bevacizumab treatment. We identified angiopoietin‐2 (Ang‐2) as a potential target in both naive and bevacizumab‐treated glioblastoma. Ang‐2 expression was absent in normal human brain endothelium, while the highest Ang‐2 levels were observed in bevacizumab‐treated GBM. In a murine GBM model, VEGF blockade resulted in endothelial upregulation of Ang‐2, whereas the combined inhibition of VEGF and Ang‐2 leads to extended survival, decreased vascular permeability, depletion of tumor‐associated macrophages, improved pericyte coverage, and increased numbers of intratumoral T lymphocytes. CD206+ (M2‐like) macrophages were identified as potential novel targets following anti‐angiogenic therapy. Our findings imply a novel role for endothelial cells in therapy resistance and identify endothelial cell/myeloid cell crosstalk mediated by Ang‐2 as a potential resistance mechanism. Therefore, combining VEGF blockade with inhibition of Ang‐2 may potentially overcome resistance to bevacizumab therapy.
Vascular guidance is critical in developmental vasculogenesis and pathological angiogenesis. Brain tumors are strongly vascularized, and antiangiogenic therapy was anticipated to exhibit a strong anti-tumor effect in this tumor type. However, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) specific inhibition had no significant impact in clinical practice of gliomas. More research is needed to understand the failure of this therapeutic approach. EphrinB2 has been found to directly interact with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and regulate its activity. Here we analyzed the expression of ephrinB2 and EphB4 in human glioma, we observed vascular localization of ephrinB2 in physiology and pathology and found a significant survival reduction in patients with elevated ephrinB2 tumor expression. Induced endothelial specific depletion of ephrinB2 in the adult mouse (efnb2i∆EC) had no effect on the quiescent vascular system of the brain. However, we found glioma growth and perfusion altered in efnb2i∆EC animals similar to the effects observed with antiangiogenic therapy. No additional anti-tumor effect was observed in efnb2i∆EC animals treated with antiangiogenic therapy. Our data indicate that ephrinB2 and VEGFR2 converge on the same pathway and intervention with either molecule results in a reduction in angiogenesis.
In patients with von Willebrand disease (vWD) the interest in age-related comorbidities has grown, because the life expectancy of these patients has increased. The research question of this study was whether patients with vWD show a different endothelial function compared to the general population. A total of 37 patients with type 1 (n = 23), type 2 (n = 10) and type 3 (n = 4) vWD, 14 controls and 38 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) were included in this study. Five markers of endothelial dysfunction (MOED) were determined. Moreover, the endothelial function was examined using the Itamar Endo-PAT. The reactive hyperemia index (RHI) was calculated from the results. The markers soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (p = 0.171), P-Selectin (p = 0.512), interleukin-6 (p = 0.734) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (p = 0.761) showed higher levels in patients with vWD, but were not significantly different compared to the control group. RHI was impaired in CAD-patients (1.855), whereas vWD patients had mean results of 1.870 and controls 2.112 (p = 0.367). In this study, the endothelial function measurements of patients with von Willebrand disease were not significantly different compared to healthy controls.
Highlights
• Endothelial ageing contributes significantly to atherosclerosis.
• Non-coding RNAs are gaining interest as regulators of vascular biology.
• Several microRNAs regulate endothelial cell ageing.
• Multiple lncRNAs play a role in endothelial cell ageing.
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and numerous other cardiovascular diseases develop in an age-dependent manner. The endothelial cells that line the vessel walls play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Non-coding RNA like microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs are known to play an important role in endothelial function and are implicated in the disease progression. Here, we summarize several microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs that are known to have an altered expression with endothelial aging and discuss their role in endothelial cell function and senescence. These processes contribute to aging-induced atherosclerosis development and by targeting the non-coding RNAs controlling endothelial cell function and senescence, atherosclerosis can potentially be attenuated.
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition in cardiovascular disease : JACC state-of-the-art review
(2019)
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a process whereby an endothelial cell undergoes a series of molecular events that lead to a change in phenotype toward a mesenchymal cell (e.g., myofibroblast, smooth muscle cell). EndMT plays a fundamental role during development, and mounting evidence indicates that EndMT is involved in adult cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, valvular disease, and fibroelastosis. Therefore, the targeting of EndMT may hold therapeutic promise for treating CVD. However, the field faces a number of challenges, including the lack of a precise functional and molecular definition, a lack of understanding of the causative pathological role of EndMT in CVDs (versus being a “bystander-phenomenon”), and a lack of robust human data corroborating the extent and causality of EndMT in adult CVDs. Here, we review this emerging but exciting field, and propose a framework for its systematic advancement at the molecular and translational levels.
Endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling is necessary for angiogenesis of the central nervous system and blood–brain barrier (BBB) differentiation, but its relevance for glioma vascularization is unknown. In this study, we show that doxycycline-dependent Wnt1 expression in subcutaneous and intracranial mouse glioma models induced endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling and led to diminished tumor growth, reduced vascular density, and normalized vessels with increased mural cell attachment. These findings were corroborated in GL261 glioma cells intracranially transplanted in mice expressing dominant-active β-catenin specifically in the endothelium. Enforced endothelial β-catenin signaling restored BBB characteristics, whereas inhibition by Dkk1 (Dickkopf-1) had opposing effects. By overactivating the Wnt pathway, we induced the Wnt/β-catenin–Dll4/Notch signaling cascade in tumor endothelia, blocking an angiogenic and favoring a quiescent vascular phenotype, indicated by induction of stalk cell genes. We show that β-catenin transcriptional activity directly regulated endothelial expression of platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B), leading to mural cell recruitment thereby contributing to vascular quiescence and barrier function. We propose that reinforced Wnt/β-catenin signaling leads to inhibition of angiogenesis with normalized and less permeable vessels, which might prove to be a valuable therapeutic target for antiangiogenic and edema glioma therapy.
Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is thought to be mediated primarily by the NO/cGMP signaling pathway whereas cAMP-elevating vasodilators are considered to act independent of the endothelial cell layer. However, recent functional data suggest that cAMP-elevating vasodilators such as β-receptor agonists, adenosine or forskolin may also be endothelium-dependent. Here we used functional and biochemical assays to analyze endothelium-dependent, cGMP- and cAMP-mediated signaling in rat aorta. Acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) induced a concentration-dependent relaxation of phenylephrine-precontracted aorta. This response was reflected by the phosphorylation of the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), a validated substrate of cGMP- and cAMP-dependent protein kinases (cGK, cAK), on Ser157 and Ser239. As expected, the effects of acetylcholine were endothelium-dependent. However, relaxation induced by the β-receptor agonist isoproterenol was also almost completely impaired after endothelial denudation. At the biochemical level, acetylcholine- and isoproterenol-evoked cGK and cAK activation, respectively, as measured by VASP Ser239 and Ser157 phosphorylation, was strongly diminished. Furthermore, the effects of isoproterenol were repressed by eNOS inhibition when endothelium was present. We also observed that the relaxing and biochemical effects of forskolin were at least partially endothelium-dependent. We conclude that cAMP-elevating vasodilators, i.e. isoproterenol and to a lesser extent also forskolin, induce vasodilation and concomitant cyclic nucleotide protein kinase activation in the vessel wall in an endothelium-dependent way.
Ziel der Untersuchungen ist die Klärung der Frage, ob die Inhalation von LPS eine lokale und systemische Inflammation induziert und wenn dies der Fall ist, wie diese Inflammation nachgewiesen werden kann. Insbesondere soll dabei – im Hinblick auf die Ausführungen in der Einleitung – die Frage beantwortet werden, ob eine LPS-Inhalation zu einer signifikant erhöhten NO-Konzentration in der Ausatemluft führt und deren Messung im klinischen Bereich als einfache, aber sichere Methode zum Nachweis einer Inflammation verwendet werden kann. Zur Klärung dieser Fragestellungen wurden insgesamt 30 gesunde junge Erwachsene in die Studie eingeschlossen (10 Männer, 20 Frauen, mittleres Alter 27,7 ± 4,20 Jahren) und wurden mittels LPS provoziert, um einen lokalen Entzündungsreiz zu setzen. Die Dosen des inhalierten LPS wurden alle 30 Minuten gesteigert (2,5 Mikrogramm, 10,5 Mikrogramm, 42 Mikrogramm and 45 Mikrogramm LPS) bis zu einer kumulativen Höchstdosis von 100 Mikrogramm. Im Verlauf der Untersuchung während und nach der LPS-Provokation reagierten 1/3 (10 von 30) aller Probanden mit subjektiven Beschwerden. Drei Probanden klagten über Husten und Brustschmerzen, drei über bronchiale Obstruktion und die restlichen vier über ein Schwächegefühl und Schüttelfrost. Es fanden sich zudem signifikant (p<0,05) erhöhte Temperaturwerte (Median 8h = 36,78 °C vs. Median 0h = 36,17 °C). Als weiteres Zeichen der Entzündung zeigten sich im Labor signifikant erhöhte Leukozyten (Median 24h = 6,22/nl (Range 3,97 – 10,60) vs. Median 0h = 4,93/nl (Range 2,91 – 7,72)), neutrophile Granulozyten (Median 24h = 3,75/nl (Range 1,9 – 7,3) vs. Median 0h = 2,6/nl (Range 1,2 – 5,1)) und CRP Werte (Median 24h = 0,8 mg/dl (Range 0,1 – 3,2) vs. Median 0h = 0,1mg/dl (Range 0,1 – 0,5)). Signifikant ist der Anstieg der LBP Konzentration (Median 24h = 13,05 Mikrogramm/ml (Range 4,6 – 30,4) vs. Median 0h = 5,95 Mikrogramm/ml (Range 2,6 – 12,6)). Obwohl es einen Anstieg der Konzentration der eosinophile Granulozyten gab (Median 24 h = 0,15/nl (Range 0,04 – 0,77) vs. Median 0 h = 0,13/nl (Range 0,05 – 0,43), konnte die Signifikanz in diesem Fall nicht nachgewiesen werden. Die NO-Messungen ergaben als Basis einen NO (Median 24 h = 12,2 ppb (Range 5,7 – 29,5) vs. Median 0 h = 11,00 ppb (Range 5,8 - 26,4 ppb). Somit konnte nach Inhalation mit LPS kein signifikanter Anstieg der Konzentration des exhalierten NO festgestellt werden. Zwar bestätigte sich die Annahme, dass aus einem lokalen Entzündungsreiz eine systemische Inflammation resultiert, die durch die verschiedenen Entzündungsparameter eindeutig nachgewiesen werden konnte. Auch der Nachweis des kausalen Zusammenhangs zwischen dieser systemischen Inflammation und der LPS-Provokation konnte geführt werden. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte im Rahmen dieser Studie nicht gezeigt werden, dass die Inflammation auf einfache Weise zu einer Erhöhung der NO-Konzentration führt.
Stroke patients with proximal occlusions of the main stems of cerebral arteries are no optimal candidates for i. v. thrombolysis. For many years interventional stroke treatment could not be established as alternative. This changed with the introduction of stent retrievers and flexible large lumen aspiration catheters. Randomized trials now proved a significant benefit from intervention for a wide spectrum of severely compromised stroke patients in time windows of up to 8 hrs. However, the randomized trials leave open questions concerning proper patient selection. The benefit for patients with larger infarcts with an ASPECTS between 3 and 5 or patients in time windows above 8 hrs is still uncertain. Especially for critical candidates imaging for reliable detection of the ischemic core and surrounding salvageable brain tissue plays an important role. Technically equivalence between new aspiration techniques as alternative to the use of stent-retrievers is not finally proven. Recanalization of tandem occlusions with the necessity of acute stenting demands better materials for plaque coverage and thrombus withhold. Management of cases with occlusions due to intracranial atherosclerosis is also debatable. The positive trial results provide especially new challenges to establish countrywide neurointerventional services. Even in developed countries recruitment and training of interventional radiologists as well as priority transportation of stroke patients is challenging to organize.
This is an abstract presented in the 33rd Iranian congress of radiology (ICR) and the 15th congress of Iranian radiographic science association (IRSA).
Das Prinzip der endovaskulären Therapie von Aneurysmen mit Platinspiralen hat sich seit seiner Einführung durch Guglielmi 1991 immer mehr als alternatives Verfahren zum neurochirurgischen Clipping etabliert. Insbesondere bei Aneurysmen, die durch den neurochirurgischen Zugang nur schwer zu erreichen sind, hat sich diese Therapieoption bewährt. Neben der Lage spielen auch Größe und Form bei der Entscheidung für das Coiling eine wichtige Rolle. Es ist technisch anspruchsvoll, breitbasige oder besonders kleine Aneurysmen durch dieses Verfahren auszuschalten. Angesichts der aktuellen Datenlage ist es nicht immer möglich, eine zweifelsfreie Entscheidung zu treffen, ob und wie betroffene Patienten bestmöglich behandelt werden sollten. Insbesondere Fragen zur Behandlung und zu Komplikationen bei Aneurysmen ≤ 3 mm sind nicht hinreichend beantwortet, da diese nur in wenigen Studien Gegenstand der Analyse sind. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, klinische und bildgebende Ergebnisse von Patienten, die im Institut für Neuroradiologie des Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main durch eine endovaskuläre Intervention behandelt wurden, retrospektiv zu analysieren. Insbesondere wurde ein Schwerpunkt auf die Untersuchung der Komplikationsraten und der Aneurysmarupturen gelegt. Dies dient einer erweiterten Einschätzung von Risiko und Nutzen dieser Therapieoption, um eine bestmögliche Beratung und Behandlung der betroffenen Patienten zu gewährleisten.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden 637 endovaskuläre Interventionen betrachtet, die am Institut für Neuroradiologie des Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität zwischen Februar 1999 und März 2011 durchgeführt wurden. In diesem Untersuchungszeitraum von 12 Jahren konnten 47 Patienten mit einem Aneurysma ≤ 3 mm in die Studie eingeschlossen werden. Es erfolgte eine retrospektive Datenerhebung mit Hilfe von Krankenakten, radiologischen Befunden und Angiographie-Dokumentationsprotokollen. Die Zusammensetzung des Patientenkollektivs war vergleichbar mit der der bisherigen Literatur. Das Durchschnittsalter des Patientenkollektivs betrug 55 Jahre. 85 % der Patienten waren Frauen. Bei der Häufigkeit des Auftretens an bestimmten Gefäßlokalisationen konnte ein geringer Unterschied festgestellt werden. Während bei ähnlichen Studien der Großteil der Aneurysmen an der ACI gefunden wurde, war in der vorliegenden Arbeit die AcomA am häufigsten betroffen, gefolgt von der ACI. In Bezug auf die Fehlschlagraten sind die Ergebnisse heterogen. In der vorliegenden Studie war es bei 17 % der behandelten Patienten nicht möglich, das Einbringen einer Platinspirale erfolgreich abzuschließen. Ein kompletter Aneurysmaverschluss erfolgte bei 55 % der Patienten. Bei 28 % der Fälle blieb nach der Intervention ein minimaler Halsrest bestehen. Die allgemeine Komplikationsrate betrug 12,8 %. Zu einer durch die Intervention ausgelösten Ruptur kam es in zwei Fällen (4,3 %), wobei dieser Anteil im mittleren Bereich der in der aktuellen Literatur beschriebenen Rupturraten von 0 % bis 11,7 % liegt. Für die Beurteilung des Therapieerfolgs spielt die Verfügbarkeit von Nachkontrollen eine wichtige Rolle. In der vorliegenden Arbeit war es möglich, in 87 % der Fälle Verlaufskontrollen durchzuführen, was Ergebnissen der Literatur entspricht. Die Wiederbehandlungsrate war mit 4,3 % vergleichsweise niedrig. Die Bildung eines Rezidivaneurysmas konnte in einem Fall beobachtet werden. 59 % der Patienten wiesen präoperativ einen Hunt und Hess Grad von 0 bis 2 auf, während es in anderen Arbeiten bis zu 87 % der Patienten waren. Grad 3 lag bei 15 % der Patienten vor, schwer betroffen waren 15 % mit einem Hunt und Hess Grad von 4 und 11 % mit einem von Grad 5. 55,3 % der in der vorliegenden Studie betrachteten Patienten konnten am Ende des Beobachtungszeitraums nach Einschätzung mittels mRS ihren Alltag ohne fremde Hilfe bewältigen (Stadien 0, 1 und 2). 34,0 % der Patienten benötigten fremde Hilfe und 10,9 % verstarben an den Folgen der SAB. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte in anderen Arbeiten ein mRS-Grad von 0-2 in mehr als 75 % gefunden werden. Dies bestärkt die Annahmen, dass ein primär niedriger Hunt und Hess Grad mit einem besseren und ein hoher Hunt und Hess Grad mit einem schlechteren klinischen Verlauf assoziiert sein könnte.
Durch die geringe Größe der Stichprobe und die retrospektive Datenanalyse der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es nicht möglich, zuverlässige allgemein gültige Behandlungsempfehlungen abzuleiten. Hier wurde das eigene Patientenkollektiv detailliert analysiert und die Ergebnisse wurden mit ähnlichen Publikationen verglichen. Weitere prospektiv geplante Studien sind sinnvoll.
Aus der zusammenfassenden Betrachtung der Ergebnisse lässt sich schließen, dass mit den momentan verfügbaren Mitteln bei ausreichender Erfahrung des behandelnden Neuroradiologen eine relativ sichere endovaskuläre Behandlung von sehr kleinen Aneurysmen möglich ist. Neben der Erfahrenheit des interventionellen Neuroradiologen kann die Weiterentwicklung der eingesetzten Materialien wie Coils, Stents, Ballons und Mikrokatheter zur Minimierung des Komplikationsrisikos beitragen.
Management of decompensated cirrhosis is currently geared towards the treatment of complications once they occur. To date there is no established disease-modifying therapy aimed at halting progression of the disease and preventing the development of complications in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. The design of clinical trials to investigate new therapies for patients with decompensated cirrhosis is complex. The population of patients with decompensated cirrhosis is heterogeneous (i.e., different etiologies, comorbidities and disease severity), leading to the inclusion of diverse populations in clinical trials. In addition, primary endpoints selected for trials that include patients with decompensated cirrhosis are not homogeneous and at times may not be appropriate. This leads to difficulties in comparing results obtained from different trials. Against this background, the LiverHope Consortium organized a meeting of experts, the goal of which was to develop recommendations for the design of clinical trials and to define appropriate endpoints, both for trials aimed at modifying the natural history and preventing progression of decompensated cirrhosis, as well as for trials aimed at managing the individual complications of cirrhosis.
Despite multimodal regimens and diverse treatment options alleviating disease symptoms, morbidity and mortality associated with advanced ischemic heart failure remain high. Recently, technological innovation has led to the development of regenerative therapeutic interventions aimed at halting or reversing the vicious cycle of heart failure progression. Driven by the unmet patient need and fueled by encouraging experimental studies, stem cell-based clinical trials have been launched over the past decade. Collectively, these trials have enrolled several thousand patients and demonstrated the clinical feasibility and safety of cell-based interventions. However, the totality of evidence supporting their efficacy in ischemic heart failure remains limited. Experience from the early randomized stem cell clinical trials underscores the key points in trial design ranging from adequate hypothesis formulation to selection of the optimal patient population, cell type and delivery route. Importantly, to translate the unprecedented promise of regenerative biotherapies into clinical benefit, it is crucial to ensure the appropriate choice of endpoints along the regulatory path. Accordingly, we here provide considerations relevant to the choice of endpoints for regenerative clinical trials in the ischemic heart failure setting.
Electrocardiograms (ECG) record the heart activity and are the most common and reliable method to detect cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation (AFib). Lately, many commercially available devices such as smartwatches are offering ECG monitoring. Therefore, there is increasing demand for designing deep learning models with the perspective to be physically implemented on these small portable devices with limited energy supply. In this paper, a workflow for the design of small, energy-efficient recurrent convolutional neural network (RCNN) architecture for AFib detection is proposed. However, the approach can be well generalized to every type of long time series. In contrast to previous studies, that demand thousands of additional network neurons and millions of extra model parameters, the logical steps for the generation of a CNN with only 114 trainable parameters are described. The model consists of a small segmented CNN in combination with an optimal energy classifier. The architectural decisions are made by using the energy consumption as a metric in an equally important way as the accuracy. The optimization steps are focused on the software which can be embedded afterwards on a physical chip. Finally, a comparison with some previous relevant studies suggests that the widely used huge CNNs for similar tasks are mostly redundant and unessentially computationally expensive.
Electrocardiograms (ECG) record the heart activity and are the most common and reliable method to detect cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation (AFib). Lately, many commercially available devices such as smartwatches are offering ECG monitoring. Therefore, there is increasing demand for designing deep learning models with the perspective to be physically implemented on these small portable devices with limited energy supply. In this paper, a workflow for the design of small, energy-efficient recurrent convolutional neural network (RCNN) architecture for AFib detection is proposed. However, the approach can be well generalized to every type of long time series. In contrast to previous studies, that demand thousands of additional network neurons and millions of extra model parameters, the logical steps for the generation of a CNN with only 114 trainable parameters are described. The model consists of a small segmented CNN in combination with an optimal energy classifier. The architectural decisions are made by using the energy consumption as a metric in an equally important way as the accuracy. The optimisation steps are focused on the software which can be embedded afterwards on a physical chip. Finally, a comparison with some previous relevant studies suggests that the widely used huge CNNs for similar tasks are mostly redundant and unessentially computationally expensive.
Objectives: The aim of our study was to find out how much energy is applicable in second-generation dual source high-pitch computed tomography (CT) in imaging of the abdomen.
Materials and methods: We examined an upper abdominal phantom using a Somatom Definition Flash CT-Scanner (Siemens, Forchheim, Germany). The study protocol consisted of a scan-series at 100 kV and 120 kV. In each scan series we started with a pitch of 3.2 and reduced it in steps of 0.2, until a pitch of 1.6 was reached. The current was adjusted to the maximum the scanner could achieve. Energy values, image noise, image quality, and radiation exposure were evaluated.
Results: For a pitch of 3.2 the maximum applicable current was 142 mAs at 120 kV and in 100 kV the maximum applicable current was 114 mAs. For conventional abdominal imaging, current levels of 200 to 260 mAs are generally used. To achieve similar current levels, we had to decrease the pitch to 1.8 at 100 kV - at this pitch we could perform our imaging at 204 mAs. At a pitch of 2.2 in 120 kV we could apply a current of 206 mAs.
Conclusion: We conclude our study by stating that if there is a need for a higher current, we have to reduce the pitch. In a high-pitch dual source CT, we always have to remember where our main focus is, so we can adjust the pitch to the energy we need in the area of the body that has to be imaged, to find answers to the clinical question being raised.
The main goal of the present study was the identification of cellular phenotypes in attention-deficit-/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patient-derived cellular models from carriers of rare copy number variants (CNVs) in the PARK2 locus that have been previously associated with ADHD. Human-derived fibroblasts (HDF) were cultured and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) were reprogrammed and differentiated into dopaminergic neuronal cells (mDANs). A series of assays in baseline condition and in different stress paradigms (nutrient deprivation, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine (CCCP)) focusing on mitochondrial function and energy metabolism (ATP production, basal oxygen consumption rates, reactive oxygen species (ROS) abundance) were performed and changes in mitochondrial network morphology evaluated. We found changes in PARK2 CNV deletion and duplication carriers with ADHD in PARK2 gene and protein expression, ATP production and basal oxygen consumption rates compared to healthy and ADHD wildtype control cell lines, partly differing between HDF and mDANs and to some extent enhanced in stress paradigms. The generation of ROS was not influenced by the genotype. Our preliminary work suggests an energy impairment in HDF and mDAN cells of PARK2 CNV deletion and duplication carriers with ADHD. The energy impairment could be associated with the role of PARK2 dysregulation in mitochondrial dynamics.
Although the human immune response to cancer is naturally potent, it can be severely disrupted as a result of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Infiltrating regulatory T lymphocytes contribute to this immunosuppression by inhibiting proliferation of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes, which are key to an effective anti-cancer immune response. Other important contributory factors are thought to include metabolic stress caused by the local nutrient deprivation common to many solid tumors. Interleukin-33 (IL-33), an alarmin released in reaction to cell damage, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are known to control cell positioning and differentiation of T lymphocytes. In an in vitro model of nutrient deprivation, we investigated the influence of IL-33 and S1P receptor 4 (S1P4) on the differentiation and migration of human CD8+ T lymphocytes. Serum starvation of CD8+ T lymphocytes induced a subset of CD8Low and IL-33 receptor-positive (ST2L+) cells characterized by enhanced expression of the regulatory T cell markers CD38 and CD39. Both S1P1 and S1P4 were transcriptionally regulated after stimulation with IL-33. Moreover, expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 was increased in CD8+ T lymphocytes treated with the selective S1P4 receptor agonist CYM50308. We conclude that nutrient deprivation promotes CD8Low T lymphocytes, contributing to an immunosuppressive microenvironment and a poor anti-cancer immune response by limiting cytotoxic effector functions. Our results suggest that S1P4 signaling modulation may be a promising target for anti-CXCR4 cancer immunotherapy.
Humanized mouse models have become increasingly valuable tools to study human hematopoiesis and infectious diseases. However, human T cell differentiation remains inefficient. We generated mice expressing human interleukin (IL-7), a critical growth and survival factor for T cells, under the control of murine IL-7 regulatory elements. After transfer of human cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, transgenic mice on the NSGW41 background, termed NSGW41hIL7, showed elevated and prolonged human cellularity in the thymus while maintaining physiological ratios of thymocyte subsets. As a consequence, numbers of functional human T cells in the periphery were increased without evidence for pathological lymphoproliferation or aberrant expansion of effector or memory-like T cells. We conclude that the novel NSGW41hIL7 strain represents an optimized mouse model for humanization to better understand human T cell differentiation in vivo and to generate a human immune system with a better approximation of human lymphocyte ratios.
umanized mouse models have become increasingly valuable tools to study human hematopoiesis and infectious diseases. However, human T-cell differentiation remains inefficient. We generated mice expressing human interleukin-7 (IL-7), a critical growth and survival factor for T cells, under the control of murine IL-7 regulatory elements. After transfer of human cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, transgenic mice on the NSGW41 background, termed NSGW41hIL7, showed elevated and prolonged human cellularity in the thymus while maintaining physiological ratios of thymocyte subsets. As a consequence, numbers of functional human T cells in the periphery were increased without evidence for pathological lymphoproliferation or aberrant expansion of effector or memory-like T cells. We conclude that the novel NSGW41hIL7 strain represents an optimized mouse model for humanization to better understand human T-cell differentiation in vivo and to generate a human immune system with a better approximation of human lymphocyte ratios.
Throughout the entire life, new neurons of the granule cell type (GCs) are continu-ously generated in the mammalian hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). As a part of the limbic system, the hippocampus is concerned with spatial and declarative memory for-mation. Increasing evidence exists, that adult born granule cells (ABGCs) play an im-portant role in this process. An especially critical period, when these ABGCs are 4-6 weeks old, has come into the focus of research. It is during this specific time-span that the ABGCs express enhanced excitability and synaptic plasticity as well as a lowered threshold for the induction of long term potentiation (LTP), a mechanism associated to learning and memory formation.
This study investigates the time course and dynamics of synaptic integration in ABGCs and mature GCs together with which differences exist between them at various cell ages. Furthermore, spine plasticity following high frequency stimulation (HFS) is analysed focusing on a critical phase of enhanced excitability in 4-5 week old ABGCs.
In this thesis, two approaches at studying the synaptic integration and structural plas-ticity of ABGCs in rats were investigated. This work was performed on fixed brain ma-terial that was provided by two laboratories that performed the in vivo labelling, stimu-lation procedures and brain fixation. In the first project, 6, 12 and 35 weeks old XdU-labelled ABGCs were studied. Adult rats were exposed to an enriched environment and received unilateral intrahippocampal delta burst stimulation (DBS) and LTP induction. The ABGCs and a control population of mature GCs were immunohistologically ana-lysed for Egr1 (early growth response 1) expression. Egr1 is an immediate early gene (IEG), expressed after LTP induction and marks neuronal excitation.
It was found, that unilateral stimulation of the perforant path of the hippocampus re-sults in an increase of Egr1 expression in ABGCs of both hemispheres. It could be shown that the enhanced expression intensity of Egr1 in ABGCs is not a usual state of young GCs but a reaction to DBS. ABGCs from unstimulated control animals and mature GCs expressed lower levels of Egr1. Interestingly, the stimulation induced a similar degree of Egr1 expression intensity in all ABGC age groups. Furthermore, it was found that young ABGC from the infrapyramidal dentate gyrus (DG) express a higher excita-bility than those from the suprapyramidal DG.
In the second project, fixed brain sections were analysed. They stemmed from rat brains containing 28 and 35 day old ABGC that had been transfected with intrahippo-campal RV-GFP (retroviral-green fluorescent protein) injections and had received uni-lateral high frequency stimulation of the medial perforant path in vivo. Nuclear Egr1 expression intensity was analysed in a cell specific manner. Dendritic spine size was measured in the inner-, middle- and outer molecular layer (IML, MML, OML). It was found that in ABGC, stimulation induced Egr1 expression increase is lower than in ma-ture GC. Following HFS, a significant homosynaptic spine enlargement was observed in the MML indicating homosynaptic LTP, while heterosynaptic spine shrinkage was found in the adjacent IML and OML. The latter corresponds to heterosynaptic long term depression (LTD). Homosynaptic plasticity describes an input-specific potentiation of synapses that received direct activation. The weakening of synapses not stimulated dur-ing homosynaptic potentiation is oppositely coined heterosynaptic plasticity1.
A positive correlation between an increase in nuclear Egr1 expression intensity and spine enlargement due to homosynaptic plasticity induced by HFS could be shown. Concomitant heterosynaptic plasticity, as indicated by spine shrinkage was observed. Spine shrinkage in the IML and OML showed a negative correlation to a decrease in Egr1 intensity.
Taken together, the results provide detailed information on the gradual integration of ABGC with ongoing maturation. Cell specific proof for homo- and heterosynaptic plas-ticity following HFS was found in the critical period of synaptic integration of ABGCs.
Gene trapping is used to introduce insertional mutations into genes of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). It is performed with gene trap vectors that simultaneously mutate and report the expression of the endogenous gene at the site of insertion and provide a DNA tag for rapid identification of the disrupted gene. Gene traps have been employed worldwide to assemble libraries of mouse ESC lines harboring mutations in single genes, which can be used to make mutant mice. However, most of the employed gene trap vectors require gene expression for reporting a gene trap event and therefore genes that are poorly expressed may be under-represented in the existing libraries. To address this problem, we have developed a novel class of gene trap vectors that can induce gene expression at insertion sites, thereby bypassing the problem of intrinsic poor expression. We show here that the insertion of the osteopontin enhancer into several conventional gene trap vectors significantly increases the gene trapping efficiency in high-throughput screens and facilitates the recovery of poorly expressed genes.
Seroconversion rates following influenza vaccination in patients with hematologic malignancies after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are known to be lower compared to healthy adults. The aim of our diagnostic study was to determine the rate of seroconversion after 1 or 2 doses of a novel split virion, inactivated, AS03-adjuvanted pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine (A/California/7/2009) in HSCT recipients (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01017172). Blood samples were taken before and 21 days after a first dose and 21 days after a second dose of the vaccine. Antibody (AB) titers were determined by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Seroconversion was defined by either an AB titer of ≤1:10 before and ≥1:40 after or ≥1:10 before and ≥4-fold increase in AB titer 21 days after vaccination. Seventeen patients (14 allogeneic, 3 autologous HSCT) received 1 dose and 11 of these patients 2 doses of the vaccine. The rate of seroconversion was 41.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 18.4-67.1) after the first and 81.8% (95% CI 48.2-97.7) after the second dose. Patients who failed to seroconvert after 1 dose of the vaccine were more likely to receive any immunosuppressive agent (P = .003), but time elapsed after or type of HSCT, age, sex, or chronic graft-versus-host disease was not different when compared to patients with seroconversion. In patients with hematologic malignancies after HSCT the rate of seroconversion after a first dose of an adjuvanted H1N1 influenza A vaccine was poor, but increased after a second dose.
Enhanced LTP of population spikes in the dentate gyrus of mice haploinsufficient for neurobeachin
(2020)
Deletion of the autism candidate molecule neurobeachin (Nbea), a large PH-BEACH-domain containing neuronal protein, has been shown to affect synaptic function by interfering with neurotransmitter receptor targeting and dendritic spine formation. Previous analysis of mice lacking one allele of the Nbea gene identified impaired spatial learning and memory in addition to altered autism-related behaviours. However, no functional data from living heterozygous Nbea mice (Nbea+/−) are available to corroborate the behavioural phenotype. Here, we explored the consequences of Nbea haploinsufficiency on excitation/inhibition balance and synaptic plasticity in the intact hippocampal dentate gyrus of Nbea+/− animals in vivo by electrophysiological recordings. Based on field potential recordings, we show that Nbea+/− mice display enhanced LTP of the granule cell population spike, but no differences in basal synaptic transmission, synapse numbers, short-term plasticity, or network inhibition. These data indicate that Nbea haploinsufficiency causes remarkably specific alterations to granule cell excitability in vivo, which may contribute to the behavioural abnormalities in Nbea+/− mice and to related symptoms in patients.
As language rhythm relies partly on general acoustic properties, such as intensity and duration, mastering two languages with distinct rhythmic properties (i.e., stress position) may enhance musical rhythm perception. We investigated whether second language (L2) competence affects musical rhythm aptitude in Turkish early (TELG) and late learners (TLLG) of German in comparison to German monolingual speakers (GMC). To account for inter-individual differences, we measured participants’ short-term and working memory capacity, melodic aptitude, and time they spent listening to music. Both L2 speaker groups perceived rhythmic variations significantly better than monolinguals. No differences were found between early and late learners’ performances. Our findings suggest that mastering two languages with different rhythmic properties enhances musical rhythm perception, providing further evidence of cognitive share between language and music.
The mitochondrial cascade hypothesis of dementia assumes mitochondrial dysfunction leading to reduced energy supply, impaired neuroplasticity, and finally cell death as one major pathomechanism underlying the continuum from brain aging over mild cognitive impairment to initial and advanced late onset Alzheimer's disease. Accordingly, improving mitochondrial function has become an important strategy to treat the early stages of this continuum. The metabolic enhancer piracetam has been proposed as possible prototype for those compounds by increasing impaired mitochondrial function and related aspects like mechanisms of neuroplasticity. We here report that piracetam at therapeutically relevant concentrations improves neuritogenesis in the human cell line SH-SY5Y over conditions mirroring the whole spectrum of age-associated cognitive decline. These effects go parallel with improvement of impaired mitochondrial dynamics shifting back fission and fusion balance to the energetically more favorable fusion site. Impaired fission and fusion balance can also be induced by a reduction of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) function as atractyloside which indicates the mPTP has similar effects on mitochondrial dynamics. These changes are also reduced by piracetam. These findings suggest the mPTP as an important target for the beneficial effects of piracetam on mitochondrial function.
Central nervous hyperarousal is as a key component of current pathophysiological concepts of chronic insomnia disorder. However, there are still open questions regarding its exact nature and the mechanisms linking hyperarousal to sleep disturbance. Here, we aimed at studying waking state hyperarousal in insomnia by the perspective of resting-state vigilance dynamics. The VIGALL (Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig) algorithm has been developed to investigate resting-state vigilance dynamics, and it revealed, for example, enhanced vigilance stability in depressive patients. We hypothesized that patients with insomnia also show a more stable vigilance regulation. Thirty-four unmedicated patients with chronic insomnia and 25 healthy controls participated in a twenty-minute resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) measurement following a night of polysomnography. Insomnia patients showed enhanced EEG vigilance stability as compared to controls. The pattern of vigilance hyperstability differed from that reported previously in depressive patients. Vigilance hyperstability was also present in insomnia patients showing only mildly reduced sleep efficiency. In this subgroup, vigilance hyperstability correlated with measures of disturbed sleep continuity and arousal. Our data indicate that insomnia disorder is characterized by hyperarousal at night as well as during daytime.
Novel therapies for lung cancer are being explored nowadays with local therapies being the tip of the arrow. Intratumoral chemotherapy administration and local microwave ablation have been investigated in several studies. It has been previously proposed that lipiodol has the ability to modify the microenvironment matrix. In our current study we investigated this theory in BALBC mice. In total 160 BALBC mice were divided in eight groups: a) control, b) cisplatin, c) microwave, d) microwave and lipiodol, e) cisplatin and lipiodol, f) microwave and cisplatin, g) lipiodol and h) lipiodol, cisplatin and microwave. Lewis lung carcinoma cell lines (106) were injected into the right back leg of each mouse. After the 8th day, when the tumor volume was about 100mm3 the therapy application was initiated, once per week for four weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed for each tumor when a mouse died or when sacrificed if they were still alive by the end of the experiment (8-Canal multifunctional spool; NORAS MRI products, Gmbh, Germany). Imaging and survival revealed efficient tumor apoptosis for the groups b,c,d,e and f. However; severe toxicity was observed in group h and no follow up was available for this group after the second week of therapy administration. Lipiodol in its current form does assist in a more efficient way the distribution of cisplatin, as the microwave apoptotic effect. Future modification of lipiodol might provide a more efficient method of therapy enhancement. Combination of drug and microwave ablation is possible and has an efficient apoptotic effect.
Background: The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) gene exerts oncogene-like activities and its (over)expression has been linked to several human malignancies. Here, we studied a possible association between EZH2 expression and prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods: EZH2 protein expression in RCC specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray (TMA) containing RCC tumor tissue and corresponding normal tissue samples of 520 patients. For immunohistochemical assessment of EZH2 expression, nuclear staining quantity was evaluated using a semiquantitative score. The effect of EZH2 expression on cancer specific survival (CSS) was assessed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results: During follow-up, 147 patients (28%) had died of their disease, median follow-up of patients still alive was 6.0 years (range 0 - 16.1 years). EZH2 nuclear staining was present in tumor cores of 411 (79%) patients. A multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that high nuclear EZH2 expression was an independent predictor of poor CSS (>25-50% vs. 0%: HR 2.72, p = 0.025) in patients suffering from non-metastatic RCC. Apart from high nuclear EZH2 expression, tumor stage and Fuhrman's grading emerged as significant prognostic markers. In metastatic disease, nuclear EZH2 expression and histopathological subtype were independent predictive parameters of poor CSS (EZH2: 1-5%: HR 2.63, p = 0.043, >5-25%: HR 3.35, p = 0.013, >25%-50%: HR 4.92, p = 0.003, all compared to 0%: HR 0.36, p = 0.025, respectively). Conclusions: This study defines EZH2 as a powerful independent unfavourable prognostic marker of CSS in patients with metastatic and non-metastatic RCC.
Feature selection is a common step in data preprocessing that precedes machine learning to reduce data space and the computational cost of processing or obtaining the data. Filtering out uninformative variables is also important for knowledge discovery. By reducing the data space to only those components that are informative to the class structure, feature selection can simplify models so that they can be more easily interpreted by researchers in the field, reminiscent of explainable artificial intelligence. Knowledge discovery in complex data thus benefits from feature selection that aims to understand feature sets in the thematic context from which the data set originates. However, a single variable selected from a very small number of variables that are technically sufficient for AI training may make little immediate thematic sense, whereas the additional consideration of a variable discarded during feature selection could make scientific discovery very explicit. In this report, we propose an approach to explainable feature selection (XFS) based on a systematic reconsideration of unselected features. The difference between the respective classifications when training the algorithms with the selected features or with the unselected features provides a valid estimate of whether the relevant features in a data set have been selected and uninformative or trivial information was filtered out. It is shown that revisiting originally unselected variables in multivariate data sets allows for the detection of pathologies and errors in the feature selection that occasionally resulted in the failure to identify the most appropriate variables.
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with a strong antitumor ability. In tumor patients, such as multiple myeloma (MM) patients, an elevated number of NK cells after stem cell transplantation (SCT) has been reported to be correlated with a higher overall survival rate. With the aim of improving NK cell use for adoptive cell therapy, we also addressed the cytotoxicity of patient-derived, cytokine-stimulated NK cells against MM cells at specific time points: at diagnosis and before and after autologous stem cell transplantation. Remarkably, after cytokine stimulation, the patients' NK cells did not significantly differ from those of healthy donors. In a small cohort of MM patients, we were able to isolate autologous tumor cells, and we could demonstrate that IL-2/15 stimulated autologous NK cells were able to significantly improve their killing capacity of autologous tumor cells. With the aim to further improve the NK cell killing capacity against MM cells, we investigated the potential use of NK specific check point inhibitors with focus on NKG2A because this inhibitory NK cell receptor was upregulated following ex vivo cytokine stimulation and MM cells showed HLA-E expression that could even be increased by exposure to IFN-γ. Importantly, blocking of NKG2A resulted in a significant increase in the NK cell-mediated lysis of different MM target cells. Finally, these results let suggest that combining cytokine induced NK cell activation and the specific check point inhibition of the NKG2A-mediated pathways can be an effective strategy to optimize NK cell therapeutic approaches for treatment of multiple myeloma.
Pandemic SARS-CoV-2 causes a mild to severe respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While control of the SARS-CoV-2 spread partly depends on vaccine-induced or naturally acquired protective herd immunity, antiviral strategies are still needed to manage COVID-19. Enisamium is an inhibitor of influenza A and B viruses in cell culture and clinically approved in countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In vitro, enisamium acts through metabolite VR17-04 and inhibits the activity of the influenza A virus RNA polymerase. Here we show that enisamium can inhibit coronavirus infections in NHBE and Caco-2 cells, and the activity of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase in vitro. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations provide insight into the mechanism of action and indicate that enisamium metabolite VR17-04 prevents GTP and UTP incorporation. Overall, these results suggest that enisamium is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 RNA synthesis in vitro.