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Two new species of Tetrastigma from Thailand, T. calcicola Kochaiph. & Trias-Blasi sp. nov. and T. jaichagunii C.L.Li ex Kochaiph. & Trias-Blasi sp. nov. are described and illustrated. Tetrastigma calcicola sp. nov. is a slender climber restricted to the open areas on limestone mountains at high elevation in the northern part of Thailand. The other species, T. jaichagunii sp. nov., is similar to T. harmandii Planch., but differs from it by having more densely verrucose young branches, broader leaflets, 4-lobed thick discs, bigger globose berries and oblongoid seeds. This species occurs along streams or in forest margins in evergreen forest and it is widely distributed in several parts of Thailand.
Einleitung: Empathie ist ein entscheidender Faktor mit direktem Bezug auf das therapeutische Outcome in der Arzt-Patienten Beziehung. Die Ausbildung junger Mediziner:innen ist jedoch sehr fachlich orientiert, soziale Fähigkeiten werden nur in geringem Ausmaß gelehrt. Am Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe Universität Frankfurt wurden Simulationspatient:innen (SPs) bisher hauptsächlich in Prüfungen eingesetzt, nicht aber in der Lehre. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Fragestellung, ob der Einsatz von SPs in der curricularen Lehre im Fach Chirurgie zur Vermittlung von strukturierten chirurgischen Anamnese- und Aufklärungsgesprächen umsetzbar ist, ob dieses einen Einfluss auf das empathische Verhalten der Studierenden hat, und ob es bei der gezeigten Empathie einen Unterschied zwischen SPs und reale Patient:innen (RPs) gibt. Zusätzlich wird untersucht, ob der Einsatz von SPs einen Einfluss auf den Lernerfolg in kommunikationsbasierten Prüfungen hat.
Methoden: Studienteilnehmende waren Studierende im 3. klinischen Semester am Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe Universität, die aktuell ihr curriculares Blockpraktikum Chirurgie absolvierten. Im Rahmen des Blockpraktikums Chirurgie durchliefen die Studierenden das ‚Training Praktischer Fertigkeiten‘ und hierbei das Modul ‚Kommunikation (Anamnese und Aufklärung)‘. Das Modul dauerte insgesamt 210 Minuten und setzte sich aus theoretischen Einheiten sowie praktischen Übungen (Rollenspielen) zusammen. Die Studienteilnehmenden wurden in 3 Studiengruppen randomisiert. Alle Teilnehmenden füllten zunächst zwei Fragebögen zum selbsteingeschätzten Empathielevel aus und lernten die identischen theoretischen Inhalte des Moduls. In den Rollenspielen trainierte Gruppe 1 mit SPs und wusste auch, dass es sich um SPs handelt. Gruppe 2 übte ebenfalls mit SPs, ging aber davon aus, dass es sich um reale Patient:innen handelte (Inkognito Patient:innen = IPs), Gruppe 3 übte mit RPs und war auch darüber informiert. Im Anschluss wurden die Studierenden anhand eines 10-Items Fragebogen in Hinblick auf die gezeigte Empathie durch die (Simulations-)-Patient:innen bewertet. Der Lernerfolg wurde anhand der Ergebnisse des Chirurgie-OSCE’s, den die Teilnehmenden 5-12 Wochen nach dem Modul absolvierten, ausgewertet.
Ergebnisse: Es zeigten sich signifikante Unterschiede bei dem vom Patienten wahrgenommenen Empathielevel zwischen Gruppe 1 (SP) und 2 (IP) und 1 (SP) und 3 (RP), nicht aber zwischen Gruppe 2 (IP) und 3 (RP). In dieser Konstellation wurden Studierende, welche mit RPs übten oder zumindest davon ausgingen, signifikant weniger empathisch bewertet. Es zeigten sich signifikante Unterschiede in der Eigeneinschätzung zwischen Männern und Frauen, nicht aber in der Fremdeinschätzung. Es gab keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den Ergebnissen der kommunikationsbasierenden Stationen der Chirurgie-OSCE zwischen den einzelnen Gruppen.
Schlussfolgerung: Der Einsatz von SPs im Hinblick auf den Lernerfolg in kommunikationsbasierenden Prüfungen ist gerechtfertigt und eine gute Möglichkeit, um Studierenden das Üben von Gesprächssituationen realistisch zu ermöglichen, ohne dabei akut klinische Patient:innen rekrutieren zu müssen. Dabei muss aber beachtet werden, dass das empathische Verhalten der Studierenden ein anderes ist, wenn sie mit RPs arbeiten, beziehungsweise davon ausgehen, mit einem RP zu arbeiten. Zur Förderung der Empathie sollten RPs und Feedback durch diese früh in die studentische Lehre implementiert werden.
Quarkyonic or baryquark matter? On the dynamical generation of momentum space shell structure
(2023)
We study the equation of state of a mixture of (quasi-)free constituent quarks and nucleons with hard-core repulsion at zero temperature. Two opposite scenarios for the realization of the Pauli exclusion principle are considered: (i) a Fermi sea of quarks surrounded by a shell of baryons – the quarkyonic matter, and (ii) a Fermi sea of nucleons surrounded by a shell of quarks which we call baryquark matter. In both scenarios, the sizes of the Fermi sea and shell are fixed through energy minimization at fixed baryon number density. While both cases yield a qualitatively similar transition from hadronic to quark matter, we find that baryquark matter is energetically favored in this setup and yields a physically acceptable behavior of the speed of sound without the need to introduce an infrared regulator. In order to retain the theoretically more appealing quarkyonic matter as the preferred form of dense QCD matter will thus require modifications to the existing dynamical generation mechanisms, such as, for example, the introduction of momentum-dependent nuclear interactions.
Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of dual-energy CT (DECT) virtual noncalcium (VNCa) reconstructions for assessing thoracic disk herniation compared to standard grayscale CT. Methods: In this retrospective study, 87 patients (1131 intervertebral disks; mean age, 66 years; 47 women) who underwent third-generation dual-source DECT and 3.0-T MRI within 3 weeks between November 2016 and April 2020 were included. Five blinded radiologists analyzed standard DECT and color-coded VNCa images after a time interval of 8 weeks for the presence and degree of thoracic disk herniation and spinal nerve root impingement. Consensus reading of independently evaluated MRI series served as the reference standard, assessed by two separate experienced readers. Additionally, image ratings were carried out by using 5-point Likert scales. Results: MRI revealed a total of 133 herniated thoracic disks. Color-coded VNCa images yielded higher overall sensitivity (624/665 [94%; 95% CI, 0.89–0.96] vs 485/665 [73%; 95% CI, 0.67–0.80]), specificity (4775/4990 [96%; 95% CI, 0.90–0.98] vs 4066/4990 [82%; 95% CI, 0.79–0.84]), and accuracy (5399/5655 [96%; 95% CI, 0.93–0.98] vs 4551/5655 [81%; 95% CI, 0.74–0.86]) for the assessment of thoracic disk herniation compared to standard CT (all p < .001). Interrater agreement was excellent for VNCa and fair for standard CT (ϰ = 0.82 vs 0.37; p < .001). In addition, VNCa imaging achieved higher scores regarding diagnostic confidence, image quality, and noise compared to standard CT (all p < .001). Conclusions: Color-coded VNCa imaging yielded substantially higher diagnostic accuracy and confidence for assessing thoracic disk herniation compared to standard CT.
Background: Dual-source dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) offers the potential for opportunistic osteoporosis screening by enabling phantomless bone mineral density (BMD) quantification. This study sought to assess the accuracy and precision of volumetric BMD measurement using dual-source DECT in comparison to quantitative CT (QCT). Methods: A validated spine phantom consisting of three lumbar vertebra equivalents with 50 (L1), 100 (L2), and 200 mg/cm3 (L3) calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) concentrations was scanned employing third-generation dual-source DECT and QCT. While BMD assessment based on QCT required an additional standardised bone density calibration phantom, the DECT technique operated by using a dedicated postprocessing software based on material decomposition without requiring calibration phantoms. Accuracy and precision of both modalities were compared by calculating measurement errors. In addition, correlation and agreement analyses were performed using Pearson correlation, linear regression, and Bland-Altman plots. Results: DECT-derived BMD values differed significantly from those obtained by QCT (p < 0.001) and were found to be closer to true HA concentrations. Relative measurement errors were significantly smaller for DECT in comparison to QCT (L1, 0.94% versus 9.68%; L2, 0.28% versus 5.74%; L3, 0.24% versus 3.67%, respectively). DECT demonstrated better BMD measurement repeatability compared to QCT (coefficient of variance < 4.29% for DECT, < 6.74% for QCT). Both methods correlated well to each other (r = 0.9993; 95% confidence interval 0.9984–0.9997; p < 0.001) and revealed substantial agreement in Bland-Altman plots. Conclusions: Phantomless dual-source DECT-based BMD assessment of lumbar vertebra equivalents using material decomposition showed higher diagnostic accuracy compared to QCT.
Objectives: To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of color-coded contrast-enhanced dual-energy CT virtual noncalcium (VNCa) reconstructions for the assessment of lumbar disk herniation compared to unenhanced VNCa imaging.
Methods: A total of 91 patients were retrospectively evaluated (65 years ± 16; 43 women) who had undergone third-generation dual-source dual-energy CT and 3.0-T MRI within an examination interval up to 3 weeks between November 2019 and December 2020. Eight weeks after assessing unenhanced color-coded VNCa reconstructions for the presence and degree of lumbar disk herniation, corresponding contrast-enhanced portal venous phase color-coded VNCa reconstructions were independently analyzed by the same five radiologists. MRI series were additionally analyzed by one highly experienced musculoskeletal radiologist and served as reference standard.
Results: MRI depicted 210 herniated lumbar disks in 91 patients. VNCa reconstructions derived from contrast-enhanced CT scans showed similar high overall sensitivity (93% vs 95%), specificity (94% vs 95%), and accuracy (94% vs 95%) for the assessment of lumbar disk herniation compared to unenhanced VNCa images (all p > .05). Interrater agreement in VNCa imaging was excellent for both, unenhanced and contrast-enhanced CT (κ = 0.84 vs κ = 0.86; p > .05). Moreover, ratings for diagnostic confidence, image quality, and noise differed not significantly between unenhanced and contrast-enhanced VNCa series (all p > .05).
Conclusions: Color-coded VNCa reconstructions derived from contrast-enhanced dual-energy CT yield similar diagnostic accuracy for the depiction of lumbar disk herniation compared to unenhanced VNCa imaging and therefore may improve opportunistic retrospective lumbar disk herniation assessment, particularly in case of staging CT examinations.
Key Points
• Color-coded dual-source dual-energy CT virtual noncalcium (VNCa) reconstructions derived from portal venous phase yield similar high diagnostic accuracy for the assessment of lumbar disk herniation compared to unenhanced VNCa CT series (94% vs 95%) with MRI serving as a standard of reference.
• Diagnostic confidence, image quality, and noise levels differ not significantly between unenhanced and contrast-enhanced portal venous phase VNCa dual-energy CT series.
• Dual-source dual-energy CT might have the potential to improve opportunistic retrospective lumbar disk herniation assessment in CT examinations performed for other indications through reconstruction of VNCa images.
Highlights
• MRI and ultrasound provided significant correlations between findings suggestive of vasculitis and the final diagnosis.
• Careful selection of available imaging techniques is warranted considering the time course, location, and clinical history.
• Considering its moderate diagnostic power to distinguish tracer uptake, a holistic view of PET/CT findings is essential.
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the diagnostic value of different imaging modalities in distinguishing systemic vasculitis from other internal and immunological diseases.
Methods: This retrospective study included 134 patients with suspected vasculitis who underwent ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) between 01/2010 and 01/2019, finally consisting of 70 individuals with vasculitis. The main study parameter was the confirmation of the diagnosis using one of the three different imaging modalities, with the adjudicated clinical and histopathological diagnosis as the gold standard. A secondary parameter was the morphological appearance of the vessel affected by vasculitis.
Results: Patients with systemic vasculitis had myriad clinical manifestations with joint pain as the most common symptom. We found significant correlations between different imaging findings suggestive of vasculitis and the final adjudicated clinical diagnosis. In this context, on MRI, vessel wall thickening, edema, and diameter differed significantly between vasculitis and non-vasculitis groups (p < 0.05). Ultrasound revealed different findings that may serve as red flags in identifying patients with vasculitis, such as vascular occlusion or halo sign (p = 0.02 vs. non-vasculitis group). Interestingly, comparing maximal standardized uptake values from PET/CT examinations with vessel wall thickening or vessel diameter did not result in significant differences (p > 0.05).
Conclusions: We observed significant correlations between different imaging findings suggestive of vasculitis on ultrasound or MRI and the final adjudicated diagnosis. While ultrasound and MRI were considered suitable imaging methods for detecting and discriminating typical vascular changes, 18F-FDG PET/CT requires careful timing and patient selection given its moderate diagnostic accuracy.
Die spezifische Verbindung von Bild und Wort zeigt sich schon in den Prototypen der Satire-Journale, in "Le Charivari" (Paris), "Punch" (London) und "Kladderadatsch" (Berlin), die bereits nach ihren Gründungsjahren 1832, 1841 und 1848 das jeweils Tonangebende in Karikatur und Text darstellen. Gemeinsamkeiten und nationale Besonderheiten dieser Journale erschließt Ursula E. Koch in einem grundlegenden Aufsatz. Während aber der Charivari 1858/59 seine Blütezeit bereits hinter sich hat, steht sie dem Punch und dem Kladderadatsch noch bevor. Auch solchen Ungleichzeitigkeiten ist der Beitrag auf der Spur.