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Background: Intestinal perforation or leakage increases morbidity and mortality of surgical and endoscopic interventions. We identified criteria for use of full-covered, extractable self-expanding metal stents (cSEMS) vs. "Over the scope"-clips (OTSC) for leak closure.
Methods: Patients who underwent endoscopic treatment for postoperative leakage, endoscopic perforation, or spontaneous rupture of the upper gastrointestinal tract between 2006 and 2013 were identified at four tertiary endoscopic centers. Technical success, outcome (e.g. duration of hospitalization, in-hospital mortality), and complications were assessed and analyzed with respect to etiology, size and location of leakage.
Results: Of 106 patients (male: 75 (71%), female: 31 (29%); age (mean ± SD): 62.5 ± 1.3 years, 72 (69%) were treated by cSEMS and 34 (31%) by OTSC. For cSEMS vs. OTSC, mean treatment duration was 41.1 vs. 25 days, p<0.001, leakage size 10 (1-50) vs. 5 (1-30) mm (median (range)), and complications were observed in 68% vs. 8.8%, p<0.001, respectively. Clinical success for primary interventional treatment was observed in 29/72 (40%) vs. 24/34 (70%, p = 0.006), and clinical success at the end of follow-up was 46/72 (64%) vs. 29/34 (85%) for patients treated by cSEMS vs. OTSC; p = 0.04.
Conclusion: OTSC is preferred in small-sized lesions and in perforation caused by endoscopic interventions, cSEMS in patients with concomitant local infection or abscess. cSEMS is associated with a higher frequency of complications. Therefore, OTSC might be preferred if technically feasible. Indication criteria for cSEMS vs. OTSC vary and might impede design of randomized studies.
We study forward-backward charge fluctuations to probe the correlations among produced particles in ultra relativistic heavy ion collisions. We develop a model that describes the forward-backward dynamical fluctuations and apply it to interpret the recent PHOBOS data. Within the present model, the dynamical fluctuations are related to the particle production mechanism via cluster decay and to long range correlations between the forward and backward rapidity hemispheres. We argue that with a tight centrality cut, PHOBOS may see a strong decrease of the dynamical fluctuations. Within the present model, this deterioration of the correlation among the produced hadrons can be interpreted as a sign for the production of a hot, dense and interacting medium.
The hadronic final state of central Pb+Pb collisions at 20, 30, 40, 80, and 158 AGeV has been measured by the CERN NA49 collaboration. The mean transverse mass of pions and kaons at midrapidity stays nearly constant in this energy range, whereas at lower energies, at the AGS, a steep increase with beam energy was measured. Compared to p+p collisions as well as to model calculations, anomalies in the energy dependence of pion and kaon production at lower SPS energies are observed. These findings can be explained, assuming that the energy density reached in central A+A collisions at lower SPS energies is sufficient to force the hot and dense nuclear matter into a deconfined phase.
The hadronic final state of central Pb+Pb collisions at 20, 30, 40, 80, and 158 AGeV has been measured by the CERN NA49 collaboration. The mean transverse mass of pions and kaons at midrapidity stays nearly constant in this energy range, whereas at lower energies, at the AGS, a steep increase with beam energy was measured. Compared to p+p collisions as well as to model calculations, anomalies in the energy dependence of pion and kaon production at lower SPS energies are observed. These findings can be explained, assuming that the energy density reached in central A+A collisions at lower SPS energies is sufficient to transform the hot and dense nuclear matter into a deconfined phase.
Particle production in central Pb+Pb collisions was studied with the NA49 large acceptance spectrometer at the CERN SPS at beam energies of 20, 30, 40, 80, and 158 GeV per nucleon. A change of the energy dependence is observed around 30A GeV for the yields of pions and strange particles as well as for the shapes of the transverse mass spectra. At present only a reaction scenario with onset of deconfinement is able to reproduce the measurements.
This edition commits to the depths of black identities in modern black texts. The cultural reclamation of an African origin and/or roots as tied to the solemn remembrance of the Ancestor has demanded the intense attention of enlightened black writers for the social and psychic revaluation of their generation and others that follow. In this series we further examine the status of the oral performer in African traditional societies which encouraged a wide range of human expression to create identity for members of the community Africa -and we have proposed a challenge to sustain the methods of creative transmission through the continuing presence of these African performers who are living proofs of the survival of her oral traditions, especially in the propulsion of communicative action and the communicative strength of men, women and children in the community.
Ipomoea beninensis Akoègn., Lisowski & Sinsin (Convolvulaceae) is the only endemic plant known for Benin. To date, no data exist on its usages, distribution, abundance, and threats. An improved understanding of indigenous know- ledge and of local practices can provide insight into how the species could be sustainably conserved. We interviewed 114 local residents for collecting ethnobotanical and ethnoecological data in six sites known to host the species. Data were pro- cessed by calculation of descriptive statistics and variance and multivariate analyses. A total of twelve uses were reported. Among them, treatment of varicella (19%), malaria (18%) and fodder (17%) were the most recurrent. These mainly involve use of the species rootstock. Almost all respondents mentioned decline of the species in natural habitats. None of them was aware about the endemic status of the species. Consequently, negative practices toward the protection of I. beninensis were prevalent among local residents. Several conservation measures are proposed to ensure the longterm survival of I. beninensis.
Indigenous knowledge is the dynamic information base of a society, facilitating communication and decision-making. It is the cornerstone of many modern-day innovations in science and technology. It is also a ready and valuable resource for sustainable and resilient livelihoods, and attracts increasing public interest due to its applications in bio-technology, health, bioprospecting, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food preparation, mathematics and astronomy. INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF NAMIBIA is a fascinating compendium aimed at a wide readership of academics and students, government officials, policy makers, and development partners. The 17 chapters examine the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants for treating HIV/AIDS, malaria, cancer, and other microbial infections of humans and livestock; indigenous foods; coping and response strategies in dealing with human-wildlife conflicts, floods, gender, climate change and the management of natural resources. A new rationalisation of adolescent customary and initiation ceremonies is recommended in response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic; and a case study of the San people of Namibia speaks to the challenges of harmonising modern education with that of indigenous people.
This volume discusses a number of issues on the contested nature of intellectual property rights (IPR) and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in the context of Southern Africa. The issues addressed include the protection of folklore, IKS in a digital era, the valuation and safeguard of heritage sites, the need for appropriate IKS legislation, community based control of natural resources and the role played by traditional music in the maintenance of community. It is this extensive exploration of IKS from the vantage points of communication and culture, and explored in terms of policy, cultural survival, international as well as intra-national politics, economics, philosophy and ethics that makes this empirical grounded collection of papers unique, a distinctive contribution to the literature and 'cause' of IKS. The specific IKS-related issues raised and dealt with in this volume are generic in the sense that the very same issues are being contested in different parts of the world. In this respect, this book highlights the particular as a means of comprehending the universal.
This volume is an attempt to provide this intersectional and reflexive space. The thinking behind the book began in Lamu in mid-2010. It was a time when growing community resistance emerged towards the Kenyan government's plan to build a second seaport under a trans-frontier infrastructural project known as the Lamu Port- South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor (LAPSSET). The editors agreed that a book that draws community activists, academics, researchers and policy makers into a discussion of the predicament of indigenous rights and development against the backdrop of the Endorois case was timely and needed. Assembled here are the original contributions of some of the leading contemporary thinkers in the area of indigenous and human rights in Africa. The book is an interdisciplinary effort with the single purpose of thinking through indigenous rights after the Endorois case but it is not a singular laudatory remark on indigenous life in Africa. The discussion begins by framing indigenous rights and claims to indigeneity as found in the Endorois decision and its related socio-political history. Subsequent chapters provide deeper contextual analysis by evaluating the tense relationship between indigenous peoples and the post-colonial nation-state. Overall, the book makes a peering and provocative contribution to the relational interests between state policies and the developmental intersections of indigeneity, indigenous rights, gender advocacy, environmental conservation, chronic trauma and transitional justice.
According to international and national constitutional law, indigenous peoples in most Latin American countries have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinct political, legal, economic, social and cultural institutions. As a consequence of this and of a long and ongoing process of political debate and recognition, ever more indigenous peoples are practicing their own laws, following their own cultural traditions and customs. In doing so, they often draw on history, recreating their identities and reconstructing their distinct legal pasts. At the same time, historical research has increasingly pointed out the intense interaction between indigenous peoples and European invaders during colonial period. It has become clear that it is difficult to draw a clear line between purely ‘indigenous’ and ‘colonial’ legal traditions due to the hybridisation of indigenous and colonial laws and legal practices. The aim of this paper is to introduce this historiography and its relevance to law and to present some methodological challenges in writing the history of indigenous rights in Latin America resulting from this shift in (legal) historiography.
Some of the most provocative questions confronting philosophers in Africa are grounded in the historical memory of conquest and the peripheralisation the continent. Mungwini offers a critical reconstruction of indigenous Shona philosophy as an aspect of the African intellectual heritage held hostage by colonial modernity. In this comprehensive work, he lays bare the thoughts of the Shona, who are credited with the founding of the ancient Great Zimbabwe civilisation. Retracing the epistemic thread in the fabric of Shona culture and philosophy, he explores the assumptions that inform their thinking. The exchange of such knowledge is fundamental to the future of humanity.
Indignados and occupy: channeling political dissatisfaction through an anti-institutional approach
(2016)
This is the fourth post in the blog series „Movements and Institutions“.
Between 2011 and 2012 many public spaces in global North were indefinitely occupied by people dissatisfied with the political system. The origin of this dissatisfaction, however, is not clear. This article rejects that the origin was either a popular longing for direct democracy or for an end to neoliberalism. It problematizes the frequent assumption that voting is a proper way to account for the will of the people: The manifestation of thousands of Indignados and Occupiers pointed to the idea that elections are not a sufficient method for expressing political will. This article goes further to suggest that voting is not a neutral method either.
Diese retrospektive Arbeit aus 7 Jahren Schockraumdiagnostik hatte zum Ziel das diagnostische Potential des Glascow Coma Scales (GCS), des Unfallmechanismus, der Unfallschwere und der klinischen Untersuchung in Bezug auf die Indikationsstellung der Ganzkörper-Computertomographie (GKCT) bei polytraumatisierten Kindern zu untersuchen.
Dazu wurden 100 Kinder, die in dem Zeitraum zwischen Juli 2007 und November 2016 einer GKCT unterzogen wurden, strukturell in Bezug auf Alter, Geschlecht, Unfallmechanismus, Unfallschwere, initiale GCS-Werte und bei Aufnahme, Ergebnisse der klinischen Untersuchung und FAST-Sonografie, ISS und Dosimetrie analysiert. Korrelationen zwischen allen klinischen Variablen und detektierter Pathologien in der GKCT wurden berechnet.
Das mittlere Alter betrug 9,13 ± 4,4 Jahre (72% männliche und 28% weibliche Patienten). Bei 71% aller Patienten konnten relevante Verletzungen in der GKCT nachgewiesen werden. Mit 43% war der Kopf/Hals-Bereich am häufigsten betroffen. Es zeigte sich keine signifikante Korrelation zwischen dem Unfallmechanismus und der Verletzungsschwere, gemessen anhand des ISS (p>0,1), auch nicht zwischen der Unfallschwere und der Verletzungsschwere. Jedoch erschienen schwere Traumata nach mildem Unfallhergang und ohne Auffälligkeiten in der klinischen Untersuchung unwahrscheinlich. In diesen Fällen sollten selektive CT-Untersuchungen einzelner Körperregionen der GKCT vorgezogen werden, um die Strahlenexposition zu reduzieren. In diesem Zusammenhang zeigte der GCS-Wert bei Aufnahme ein gutes diagnostisches Potential in Bezug auf kraniozerebrale Pathologien. Daher empfehlen wir die Durchführung einer kranialen CT ab einem GCS-Wert von ≤ 13. Bezogen auf andere Körperregionen war der GCS nicht als zuverlässiger Index dienlich. Die Kombination aus Unfallschwere, äußeren Verletzungserscheinungen und dem thorakalen Auskultationsbefund eignete sich am besten zur Identifikation von thorakalen Pathologien. Im Bereich des Abdomens zeigten die Ergebnisse der FAST-Sonografie in Kombination mit muskulärer Abwehrspannung die besten Vorhersagewerte. Keine der getesteten Variablen ergab alleinstehend einen signifikanten Vorhersagewert für die diagnostizierten Pathologien in der GKCT. Auf Grund dessen sollte die Indikation zur GKCT bei polytraumatisierten Kindern stets individuell und anhand der Ergebnisse aller klinischer Variablen und Untersuchungen gestellt werden. Weitere Studien erscheinen sinnvoll, um die Auswirkung der diagnostizierten Pathologien in der GKCT auf das Notfallmanagement, die Interventionsbedürftigkeit und das finale Outcome der Kinder zu untersuchen.
In den Bergwäldern der Bayerischen Alpen sind Standorte mit geringer Nachlieferung von N, P und K, z. T. auch von Mg und Ca weit verbreitet. Um diese gegenüber Biomassenutzung empfindlichen Standorte im Gelände zu erkennen, können Pflanzenarten der Bodenvegetation als Indikatoren genutzt werden. Ziel unserer Arbeit war es, anhand einer umfangreichen Vegetations- und Bodendatenbank Indikatorarten für nährstoffarme Waldstandorte in den Bayerischen Alpen zu ermitteln. Mit Hilfe einer Indikatorartenanalyse wurden insgesamt 745 verschiedene Gefäßpflanzenarten und die Torfmoose (auf Gattungsebene zusammengefasst) auf ihre Eignung als Indikatorarten überprüft. Dazu wurden insgesamt 1.496 durch Vegetationsaufnahmen und Bodenprofilansprachen gekennzeichnete Waldstandorte hinsichtlich ihrer Nährstoffversorgung eingestuft und ausgewertet. Potentilla erecta, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Homogyne alpina und Huperzia selago wurden als allgemeine Indikatorarten für nährstoffarme Standorte ermittelt. Vorkommen von Vaccinium myrtillus (Deckung ≥ 5 %) sowie Vorkommen von Juncus effusus, Luzula sylvatica und Luzula pilosa weisen auf nährstoffarme, tiefgründig versauerte Mineralböden mit Auflagehumus hin, während Calamagrostis varia, Sesleria albicans, Melampyrum sylvaticum, Aster bellidiastrum und Anthoxanthum odoratum eng an nährstoffarme kalkreiche Standorte gebunden sind. Die dargestellten Indikatorarten wurden speziell für die nährstoffarmen Waldstandorte der Bayerischen Alpen zusammengestellt. Sie ermöglichen ohne viel Sach- und Zeitaufwand im Gelände eine Ansprache von nährstoffarmen Waldstandorten, deren Nährstoffangebot aus Standortskarten nur grob eingeschätzt werden kann.
Indikatorengestützte Ansätze zur nachhaltigen urbanen Mobilität: Ergebnisse einer Literaturanalyse
(2023)
Das Forschungsprojekt „MOWENDIKO: Konzeptstudie zur Entwicklung eines Mobilitätswendeindex für Kommunen“ untersucht die Einflussfaktoren auf urbane, nachhaltige Mobilität vor dem Hintergrund, dass bisher keine umfassende, standardisierte und wissenschaftlich fundierte Bestimmung von Indikatoren, welche den Fortschritt einer Mobilitätswende in Kommunen abbildet, besteht. Hierfür wird der zentrale Begriff der Mobilitätswende in den wissenschaftlichen Diskurs über die sozio-ökologische Transformation von Mobilität und Verkehr eingeordnet und das Konzept der Mobilitätskulturen erläutert, das als Ausgangspunkt für die Erfassung der vielfältigen Einflussfaktoren auf Verkehr und Mobilität dient. Grundlage der Erarbeitung des Mobilitätswendeindex ist die Untersuchung von indikatorengestützten Ansätzen aus dem Bereich nachhaltige, urbane Mobilität, die im Rahmen einer Literaturanalyse untersucht wurden. Analysiert wurden 35 Indikatorensysteme, die Aspekte von Mobilität, Radverkehr, Fußverkehr, Öffentlicher Verkehr und Nachhaltigkeit abbilden. Die Ergebnisse der Literaturanalyse verdeutlichen, dass ein solcher Index sowohl subjektive als auch objektive Einflussfaktoren auf Mobilität abbilden sollte. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich, dass der Fokus auf die Operationalisierung des politischen Prozesses der Mobilitätswende eine Lücke in der bisherigen Forschung zur indikatorengestützten Analyse von Mobilität und Verkehr darstellt.
O artigo aborda as experiências fotografias e narrativas do fotojornalista austríaco Mario Baldi, que trabalhou entre os índios brasileiros na primeira metade do século XX. Baldi escreveu um livro sobre sua convivência com os Carajá e publicou tanto no Brasil quanto na Alemanha. O objetivo dessa análise é comparar as duas versões e abordar as inovações e limites das representações que Baldi faz da alteridade cultural brasileira, influenciadas por um romantismo etnológico compartilhado por alguns estudiosos brasileiros e alemães, denominado nos anos 1940 e 1950 de indiologia brasileira.
This paper argues that the key mechanisms protecting retail investors’ financial stake in their portfolio investments are indirect. They do not rely on actions by the investors or by any private actor directly charged with looking after investors’ interests. Rather, they are provided by the ecosystem that investors (are legally forced to) inhabit, as a byproduct of the mostly self-interested, mutually and legally constrained behavior of third parties without a mandate to help the investors (e.g., speculators, activists). This elucidates key rules, resolves the mandatory vs. enabling tension in corporate/securities law, and exposes passive investing’s fragile reliance on others’ trading.