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Die Horizontausrichtung von 48 jungsteinzeitlichen Ganggräbern bei Carnac in der Bretagne wurde ausgemessen. Der größte Teil (40, entsprechend 83 %) ist nach Südosten orientiert. Es wird diskutiert, inwieweit diese Ausrichtung nach den Gestirnen erfolgt sein könnte, etwa nach dem Aufgangspunkt der Sonne zum Winteranfang.
Zur Verwilderung der Jostabeere, Ribes x nidigrolaria R. et A. BAUER, an zwei Standorten in Hamburg
(1991)
Die Jostabeere, Ribes x nidigrolaria R. et A. BAUER, ist eine fertile tetraploide Mehrfachhybride, die vor rund 20 Jahren von R. BAUER gezüchtet wurde und inzwischen eine überaus häufige Gartenpflanze ist. Verwilderungen waren bisher nicht bekannt und auch nicht, daß Sämlinge dieser Hybride offenbar erbkonstant sind. Hier wird zum ersten Mal das spontane Vorkommen von Sämlingen dieser Hybridart an zwei Standorten in Hamburg beschrieben.
Seit seiner Inbetriebnahme 1982 vollzieht sich im Alfsee eine kontinuierliche Umbesetzung in der Artenzusammensetzung. Auffälligste Änderung ist die seit 1986 fehlende Unterwasser-Vegetation, mit weitreichenden Auswirkungen auf die Benthos- und Planktongemeinschaft. Untersuchungen im Rahmen einer Diplomarbeit von April bis Dezember 1991 zeigen, daß Zooplankton und -benthos im Vergleich zu früheren Untersuchungen (ELGERet al. 1987, KOSTE& POLTZ1987) an Arten und zahlenmäßig ärmer geworden sind. Das Phytoplankton bleibt im gesamten Zeitraum in seiner Artenzusammensetzung gleich, zeigt sich aber in seiner Sukzession abhängig von Sichttiefe, P/N-Verhältnissen und Silikatversorgung.
Welche gesellschaftlichen Zwänge wirken auf die Medizin und ihre Anwender ein? Wie ist das Verhältnis von Ökonomie und medizinisch Gebotenem? Wie steht es mit der Finanzierung der nicht evidenzbasierten Behandlung? Stellen Rationierung und Rationalisierung die möglichen Prinzipien der Priorisierung dar? Führt die Priorisierung zur Qualitätsminderung oder gar Sorgfaltsverletzung? Diese Fragen behandelte der 4. Ärztetag am Dom in Frankfurt am Main. ...
The CBM experiment will investigate heavy-ion collisions at beam energies from 8 to 45 AGeV at the future accelerator facility FAIR. The goal of the experiment is to study the QCD phase diagram in the vincinity of the QCD critical point. To do so, CBM aims at measuring rare probes among them open charm. In order to identify those rare and short lived particles despite the rich combinatorial background generated in heavy ion collisions, a micro vertex detector (MVD) providing an unprecedented combination of high rate capability and radiation hardness, very light material budget and excellent granularity is required. In this work, we will discuss the concept of this detector and summarize the status of the R&D.
CMOS sensors are the most promising candidates for the Micro-Vertex-Detector (MVD) of the CBM experiment at GSI, as they provide an unprecedented compromise between spatial resolution, low material budget, adequate radiation tolerance and readout speed. To study the integration of these sensors into a detector module, a so-called MVD-demonstrator has been developed. The demonstrator and its in-beam performance will be presented and discussed in this work.
We have developed a versatile software package for the simulation of di-electron production in pp and dp collisions at moderate beam kinetic energies (1-2GeV). Particular attention has been paid to incorporate different descriptions of the Dalitz decay Δ rightarrow Ne + e - via a common interface. In addition, suitable parameterizations for the virtual bremsstrahlung process NN rightarrow NNe + e - based on one-boson exchange models have been implemented. Such simulation tools with high flexibility of the framework are important for the interpretation of the di-electron data taken with the HADES spectrometer and demonstrates the wide applicability within the field of nuclear and hadronic physics.
The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and effects of peer-victimization on mental health problems among adolescents. Parental and school support were assumed as protective factors that might interact with one another in acting as buffers for adolescents against the risk of peer-victimization. Besides these protective factors, age and gender were additionally considered as moderating factors. The Social and Health Assessment survey was conducted among 986 students aged 11-18 years in order to assess peer-victimization, risk and protective factors and mental health problems. For mental health problems, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used. Effects of peer-victimization on mental health problems were additionally compared with normative SDQ data in order to obtain information about clinically relevant psychopathology in our study sample. Results of this study show that peer-victimization carries a serious risk for mental health problems in adolescents. School support is effective in both male and female adolescents by acting as a buffer against the effect of victimization, and school support gains increasing importance in more senior students. Parental support seems to be protective against maladjustment, especially in peer-victimized girls entering secondary school. Since the effect of peer-victimization can be reduced by parental and school support, educational interventions are of great importance in cases of peer-victimization.
Research indicates that autism is the extreme end of a continuously distributed trait. The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and the Social and Communication Disorders Checklist (SCDC) aim to assess autistic traits. The objective of this study was to compare their clinical validity. The SRS showed sensitivities of .74 to .80 and specificities of .69 to 1.00 for autism. Sensitivities were .85 to .90 and specificities .28 to.82 for the SCDC. Correlations with the ADI-R, ADOS and SCQ were higher for the SRS than for the SCDC. The SCDC seems superior to the SRS to screen for unspecific social and communicative deficits including autism. The SRS appears more suitable than the SCDC in clinical settings and for specific autism screening.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been associated with sensory hypersensitivity. A recent study reported visual acuity (VA) in ASD in the region reported for birds of prey. The validity of the results was subsequently doubted. This study examined VA in 34 individuals with ASD, 16 with schizophrenia (SCH), and 26 typically developing (TYP). Participants with ASD did not show higher VA than those with SCH and TYP. There were no substantial correlations of VA with clinical severity in ASD or SCH. This study could not confirm the eagle-eyed acuity hypothesis of ASD, or find evidence for a connection of VA and clinical phenotypes. Research needs to further address the origins and circumstances associated with altered sensory or perceptual processing in ASD.
Als Sohn Therese Alzheimers geb. Busch (1840-1882) und des Notars Eduard Alzheimer (1830-1891) wurde Alois Alzheimer am 14. Juni 1864 in Marktbreit (Landkreis Kitzingen) geboren. Er hatte zwei Schwestern und drei Brüder sowie einen Halbbruder und eine Halbschwester. Als Zehnjähriger kam Alois Alzheimer nach Aschaffenburg und absolvierte bis Juli 1883 das Königliche humanistische Gymnasium, wie bereits sein Vater und dessen fünf Brüder. Nach dem Militärdienst in Aschaffenburg studierte Alois Alzheimer ab dem Wintersemester 1883 Medizin in Berlin, Tübingen und Würzburg. Nach dem Staatsexamen im Juni 1888 in Würzburg wurde er mit der Dissertation „Über die Ohrenschmalzdrüsen“ zum Dr. med. promoviert. Nach einer Assistentenzeit bei seinem Doktorvater Albert von Koelliker (1817-1905) begleitete er eine geisteskranke Dame auf ihren Reisen. Ende 1888 wurde Alois Alzheimer Assistenzarzt und 1895 Oberarzt in Frankfurt a. M. bei Emi Sioli (1852-1922), wo er ab Ende 1901 die erste bekannte Alzheimer-Kranke, Auguste Deter (1850-1906), behandelte.
Alois Alzheimer heiratete 1894 die Witwe Cecilie Geisenheimer geb. Wallerstein (1860-1901). Sie hatten drei Kinder: Gertrud Stertz geb. Alzheimer (1895-1980), Hans Alzheimer (1896-1981) und Maria Finsterwalder geb. Alzheimer (1900-1977). Alois Alzheimer hatte auch zwei Patenkinder: Alois Alzheimer (1892-1892) und Generaldirektor Dr. jur. Alois Alzheimer (1901-1987).
Alois Alzheimer (1864-1915) war ab 1903 Mitarbeiter Emil Kraepelins (1856-1926) in Heidelberg und München. Neben seiner ärztlichen Tätigkeit habilitierte sich alois Alzheimer 1904 mit der Arbeit „Histologische Studien zur Differentialdiagnostik der progressiven Paralyse“ habilitierte. Hierfür erhielt er im Januar 1912 in Leipzig den Paul-Julius-Möbius-Preis. Alois Alzheimer wurde 1904 Privatdozenten und 1909 außerordentlichen Professor in Bayern ernannt. In der im Herbst 1910 publizierten 8. Auflage seines Psychiatrie-Lehrbuchs, das im Herbst 1910 erschien, verwendete Emil Kraepelin erstmals das Eponym „Alzheimersche Krankheit“. Alois Alzheimer verdanken wir wesentlich mehr als diesbezügliche Forschungen und seine beiden Publikationen von 1906 und 1911 zu der später nach ihm benannten Krankheit, wodurch sein Name weltweit bekannt wurde und bis heute ist. Die von ihm bearbeiteten neurologischen und psychiatrischen Gebiete weisen kaum Überschneidungen auf. Er betrat mehrfach wissenschaftliches Neuland oder entwickelte Erkenntnisse weiter. Zu nennen sind hier u. a. seine Publikationen über Schizophrenie, Chorea Huntington, Epilepsie, Encephalitis, Erschöpfungspsychosen, manisch-depressives Irresein, Lumbalpunktion, Fetischismus, Indikationen für eine künstliche Schwangerschaftsunterbrechung bei Geisteskranken, Delirium, „geborene Verbrecher“, Alkoholkrankheit und Kriegsneurosen.
Zusammen mit seinem Chefarzt Emil Kraepelin behandelte Oberarzt Alois Alzheimer auch überegional bekannte Patienten wie den Nobelpreisträger Emil von Behring (1854-1917) und sog. „Wolfsmann“ Sergius Pankejeff (1887-1979) sowie das Vorbild für die „Clarisse in Robert Musils (1880-1942) Roman „Mann ohne Eigenschaften“, Alice Donath geb. Charlemont (1885-1939). Alois Alzheimer genoss schon zu Lebzeiten ein internationales Renommee. Gastärzte und Assistenten waren unter anderem Solomon Carter Fuller (1872-1953), Francesco Bonfiglio (1833-1966), Gaetano Perusini (1879-1915), Alfons Jakob (1884-1931) und Hans-Gerhard Creutzfeldt (1885-1961). Alois Alzheimer war ab 1910 zusammen mit Max Lewandowsky (1876-1918) Schriftleiter der neuen "Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie".Im Juli 1912 wurde Alois Alzheimer ordentlicher Professor für Psychiatrie und Neurologie in Breslau und Chefarzt der Universitätsklinik. Er war zu Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges auch im dortigen Festungslazarett eingesetzt.
Alois Alzheimer starb am 19. Dezember 1915 an Herzmuskelentzündung und Nierenversagen. Er wurde auf dem Hauptfriedhof in Frankfurt a. M. neben seiner Ehefrau beigesetzt.
In einem eigenen Kapitel werden die Geschichte der Alzheimer-Krankheit beleuchtet und aktuelle Erkenntnisse aufgezeigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit wird ergänzt durch relevante Hinweise auf die rechtliche Vorsorge durch eine Patientenverfügung und Vollmacht, ggf. die Errichtung einer Rechtlichen Betreuung, wenn ein/e Alzheimer-Kranke/r seine Angelegenheiten nicht mehr selbst regeln kann und in geistig gesunden Tagen keine schriftlichen Festlegungen getroffen hat. Erläutert werden ebenso Nachteilsausgleiche bei Schwerbehinderung sowie Hilfen bei Krankheit und Pflegebedürftigkeit: häusliche Pflege in Privatwohnungen oder Anlagen für Betreutes Wohnen, Tagespflege, Kurzzeitpflege und vollstationäre Dauerpflege in Seniorenheimen. Aufgezeigt werden auch Leistungen der Krankenkassen und Zuschüsse nach dem Pflegeversicherungsgesetz sowie bei Bedürftigkeit ergänzende Sozialhilfe zu erhalten.
Background: Evidence from animal studies suggests that leptin metabolism is associated with zinc (Zn) status. However, research investigating this relationship in adolescents and young adults with anorexia nervosa (AN) is scarce; the present study aims to fill that gap.
Methods: Serum concentrations of leptin, the soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) and the free leptin index (FLI) were obtained in healthy control subjects (n=19), acutely ill individuals (n=14) and recovered patients with AN (n=15). Serum Zn concentrations noted in previous research data were also incorporated for all groups.
Results: Leptin, FLI and Zn concentrations were higher in recovered subjects with AN when compared with acutely ill AN patients. Remitted patients showed higher sOB-R concentrations but no difference in FLI compared with the control group. Leptin and FLI were lower in the acutely ill patients compared with the control subjects, who showed no differences in Zn concentrations. Zn concentrations were not correlated with leptin, sOB-R or FLI concentrations in any of the three investigated subgroups.
Conclusions: The present investigation does not entirely support an association between Zn, Leptin and FLI concentrations in subjects with AN, possibly due to limited statistical power. Further research and replication of the present findings related to the interaction between leptin and Zn is warranted. However, with respect to serum leptin levels the data of the present investigation indicate that acutely ill and remitted patients with AN differ as regards serum leptin concentrations and FLI, which is in line with previous research.
Small RNAs have been implicated in numerous cellular processes, including effects on chromatin structure and the repression of transposons. We describe the generation of a small RNA response at DNA ends in Drosophila that is analogous to the recently reported double-strand break (DSB)-induced RNAs or Dicer- and Drosha-dependent small RNAs in Arabidopsis and vertebrates. Active transcription in the vicinity of the break amplifies this small RNA response, demonstrating that the normal messenger RNA contributes to the endogenous small interfering RNAs precursor. The double-stranded RNA precursor forms with an antisense transcript that initiates at the DNA break. Breaks are thus sites of transcription initiation, a novel aspect of the cellular DSB response. This response is specific to a double-strand break since nicked DNA structures do not trigger small RNA production. The small RNAs are generated independently of the exact end structure (blunt, 3′- or 5′-overhang), can repress homologous sequences in trans and may therefore—in addition to putative roles in repair—exert a quality control function by clearing potentially truncated messages from genes in the vicinity of the break.
Proteomic profiles of myocardial tissue in two different etiologies of heart failure were investigated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Right atrial appendages from 10 patients with hemodynamically significant isolated aortic valve disease and from 10 patients with isolated symptomatic coronary heart disease were collected during elective cardiac surgery. As presented in an earlier study by our group (Baykut et al., 2006), both disease forms showed clearly different pattern distribution characteristics. Interesting enough, the classification patterns could be used for correctly sorting unknown test samples in their correct categories. However, in order to fully exploit and also validate these findings there is a definite need for unambiguous identification of the differences between different etiologies at molecular level. In this study, samples representative for the aortic valve disease and coronary heart disease were prepared, tryptically digested, and analyzed using an FT-ICR MS that allowed collision-induced dissociation (CID) of selected classifier masses. By using the fragment spectra, proteins were identified by database searches. For comparison and further validation, classifier masses were also fragmented and analyzed using HPLC-/Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight/time-of-flight (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry. Desmin and lumican precursor were examples of proteins found in aortic samples at higher abundances than in coronary samples. Similarly, adenylate kinase isoenzyme was found in coronary samples at a higher abundance. The described methodology could also be feasible in search for specific biomarkers in plasma or serum for diagnostic purposes.
A hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) was used to measure the water uptake (hygroscopicity) of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed during the chemical and photochemical oxidation of several organic precursors in a smog chamber. Electron ionization mass spectra of the non-refractory submicron aerosol were simultaneously determined with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), and correlations between the two different signals were investigated. SOA hygroscopicity was found to strongly correlate with the relative abundance of the ion signal m/z 44 expressed as a fraction of total organic signal (f44). m/z 44 is due mostly to the ion fragment CO2+ for all types of SOA systems studied, and has been previously shown to strongly correlate with organic O/C for ambient and chamber OA. The analysis was also performed on ambient OA from two field experiments at the remote site Jungfraujoch, and the megacity Mexico City, where similar results were found. A simple empirical linear relation between the hygroscopicity of OA at subsaturated RH, as given by the hygroscopic growth factor (GF) or "ϰorg" parameter, and f44 was determined and is given by ϰorg = 2.2 × f44 − 0.13. This approximation can be further verified and refined as the database for AMS and HTDMA measurements is constantly being expanded around the world. The use of this approximation could introduce an important simplification in the parameterization of hygroscopicity of OA in atmospheric models, since f44 is correlated with the photochemical age of an air mass.
A hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) was used to measure the water uptake (hygroscopicity) of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed during the chemical and photochemical oxidation of several organic precursors in a smog chamber. Electron ionization mass spectra of the non-refractory submicron aerosol were simultaneously determined with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), and correlations between the two different signals were investigated. SOA hygroscopicity was found to strongly correlate with the relative abundance of the ion signal m/z 44 expressed as a fraction of total organic signal (f44). m/z 44 is due mostly to the ion fragment CO2+ for all types of SOA systems studied, and has been previously shown to strongly correlate with organic O/C for ambient and chamber OA. The analysis was also performed on ambient OA from two field experiments at the remote site Jungfraujoch, and the megacity Mexico City, where similar results were found. A simple empirical linear relation between the hygroscopicity of OA at subsaturated RH, as given by the hygroscopic growth factor (GF) or "κorg" parameter, and f44 was determined and is given by κorg=2.2×f44−0.13. This approximation can be further verified and refined as the database for AMS and HTDMA measurements is constantly being expanded around the world. The use of this approximation could introduce an important simplification in the parameterization of hygroscopicity of OA in atmospheric models, since f44 is correlated with the photochemical age of an air mass.
During the measurement campaign FROST 2 (FReezing Of duST 2), the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS) was used to investigate the influence of various surface modifications on the ice nucleating ability of Arizona Test Dust (ATD) particles in the immersion freezing mode. The dust particles were exposed to sulfuric acid vapor, to water vapor with and without the addition of ammonia gas, and heat using a thermodenuder operating at 250 °C. Size selected, quasi monodisperse particles with a mobility diameter of 300 nm were fed into LACIS and droplets grew on these particles such that each droplet contained a single particle. Temperature dependent frozen fractions of these droplets were determined in a temperature range between −40 °C ≤T≤−28 °C. The pure ATD particles nucleated ice over a broad temperature range with their freezing behavior being separated into two freezing branches characterized through different slopes in the frozen fraction vs. temperature curves. Coating the ATD particles with sulfuric acid resulted in the particles' IN potential significantly decreasing in the first freezing branch (T>−35 °C) and a slight increase in the second branch (T≤−35 °C). The addition of water vapor after the sulfuric acid coating caused the disappearance of the first freezing branch and a strong reduction of the IN ability in the second freezing branch. The presence of ammonia gas during water vapor exposure had a negligible effect on the particles' IN ability compared to the effect of water vapor. Heating in the thermodenuder led to a decreased IN ability of the sulfuric acid coated particles for both branches but the additional heat did not or only slightly change the IN ability of the pure ATD and the water vapor exposed sulfuric acid coated particles. In other words, the combination of both sulfuric acid and water vapor being present is a main cause for the ice active surface features of the ATD particles being destroyed. A possible explanation could be the chemical transformation of ice active metal silicates to metal sulfates. The strongly enhanced reaction between sulfuric acid and dust in the presence of water vapor and the resulting significant reductions in IN potential are of importance for atmospheric ice cloud formation. Our findings suggest that the IN concentration can decrease by up to one order of magnitude for the conditions investigated.
During the measurement campaign FROST 2 (FReezing Of duST 2), the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS) was used to investigate the influences of various surface modifications on the immersion freezing behavior of Arizona Test Dust (ATD) particles. The dust particles were exposed to sulfuric acid vapor, to water vapor with and without the addition of ammonia gas, and heat using a thermodenuder operating at 250 °C. Size selected, quasi monodisperse particles with a mobility diameter of 300 nm were fed into LACIS and droplets grew on these particles such that each droplet contained a single particle. Temperature dependent frozen fractions of these droplets were determined in a temperature range between −40 °C ≤ T ≤ −28 °C. The pure ATD particles nucleated ice over a~broad temperature range with their freezing behavior being separated into two freezing branches characterized through different slopes in the frozen fraction vs. temperature curves. Coating the ATD particles with sulfuric acid resulted in the particles' IN potential significantly decreasing in the first freezing branch (T > −35 °C) and a slight increase in the second branch (T≤ −35 °C). The addition of water vapor after the sulfuric acid coating caused the disappearance of the first freezing branch and a strong reduction of the IN ability in the second freezing branch. The presence of ammonia gas during water vapor exposure had a negligible effect on the particles' IN ability compared to the effect of water vapor. Heating in the thermodenuder led to a decreased IN ability of the sulfuric acid coated particles for both branches but the additional heat did not or only slightly change the IN ability of the pure ATD and the water vapor exposed sulfuric acid coated particles. In other words, the combination of both sulfuric acid and water vapor being present is a main cause for the ice active surface features of the ATD particles being destroyed. A possible explanation could be the chemical transformation of ice active metal silicates to metal sulfates. From an atmospheric point of view, and here specifically the influences of atmospheric aging on the IN ability of dust particles, the strongly enhanced reaction between sulfuric acid and dust in the presence of water vapor, and the resulting significant reductions in IN potential, are certainly very interesting.
We have sampled atmospheric ice nuclei (IN) and aerosol in Germany and in Israel during spring 2010. IN were analyzed by the static vapor diffusion chamber FRIDGE, as well as by electron microscopy. During the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption of April 2010 we have measured the highest ice nucleus number concentrations (>600 l−1) in our record of 2 yr of daily IN measurements in central Germany. Even in Israel, located about 5000 km away from Iceland, IN were as high as otherwise only during desert dust storms. The fraction of aerosol activated as ice nuclei at −18 °C and 119% rhice and the corresponding area density of ice-active sites per aerosol surface were considerably higher than what we observed during an intense outbreak of Saharan dust over Europe in May 2008.
Pure volcanic ash accounts for at least 53–68% of the 239 individual ice nucleating particles that we collected in aerosol samples from the event and analyzed by electron microscopy. Volcanic ash samples that had been collected close to the eruption site were aerosolized in the laboratory and measured by FRIDGE. Our analysis confirms the relatively poor ice nucleating efficiency (at −18 °C and 119% ice-saturation) of such "fresh" volcanic ash, as it had recently been found by other workers. We find that both the fraction of the aerosol that is active as ice nuclei as well as the density of ice-active sites on the aerosol surface are three orders of magnitude larger in the samples collected from ambient air during the volcanic peaks than in the aerosolized samples from the ash collected close to the eruption site. From this we conclude that the ice-nucleating properties of volcanic ash may be altered substantially by aging and processing during long-range transport in the atmosphere, and that global volcanism deserves further attention as a potential source of atmospheric ice nuclei.
Explosive volcanism affects weather and climate. Primary volcanic ash particles which act as ice nuclei (IN) can modify the phase and properties of cold tropospheric clouds. During the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption we have measured the highest ice nucleus number concentrations (>600 L) in our record of 2 years of daily IN measurements in central Germany. Even in Israel, located about 5000 km away from Iceland, IN were as high as otherwise only during desert dust storms. These measurements are the only ones available on the properties of IN in the Eyjafjallajökull plume. The measured high concentrations and high activation temperature (−8 °C) point to an important impact of volcanic ash on microphysical and radiative properties of clouds through enhanced glaciation.
This paper compares measurements of gaseous and particulate emissions from a wide range of biomass-burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 research aircraft during the three phases of the ARCTAS-2008 experiment: ARCTAS-A, based out of Fairbanks, Alaska, USA (3 April to 19 April 2008); ARCTAS-B based out of Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada (29 June to 13 July 2008); and ARCTAS-CARB, based out of Palmdale, California, USA (18 June to 24 June 2008). Approximately 500 smoke plumes from biomass burning emissions that varied in age from minutes to days were segregated by fire source region and urban emission influences. The normalized excess mixing ratios (NEMR) of gaseous (carbon dioxide, acetonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, toluene, benzene, methane, oxides of nitrogen and ozone) and fine aerosol particulate components (nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, chloride, organic aerosols and water soluble organic carbon) of these plumes were compared. A detailed statistical analysis of the different plume categories for different gaseous and aerosol species is presented in this paper.
The comparison of NEMR values showed that CH4 concentrations were higher in air-masses that were influenced by urban emissions. Fresh biomass burning plumes mixed with urban emissions showed a higher degree of oxidative processing in comparison with fresh biomass burning only plumes. This was evident in higher concentrations of inorganic aerosol components such as sulfate, nitrate and ammonium, but not reflected in the organic components. Lower NOx NEMRs combined with high sulfate, nitrate and ammonium NEMRs in aerosols of plumes subject to long-range transport, when comparing all plume categories, provided evidence of advanced processing of these plumes.
This paper compares measurements of gaseous and particulate emissions from a wide range of biomass-burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 research aircraft during the three phases of the ARCTAS-2008 experiment: ARCTAS-A, based out of Fairbanks, Alaska USA (3 April to 19 April 2008); ARCTAS-B based out of Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada (29 June to 13 July 2008); and ARCTAS-CARB, based out of Palmdale, California, USA (18 June to 24 June 2008). Extensive investigations of boreal fire plume evolution were undertaken during ARCTAS-B, where four distinct fire plumes that were intercepted by the aircraft over a range of down-wind distances (0.1 to 16 hr transport times) were studied in detail. Based on these analyses, there was no evidence for ozone production and a box model simulation of the data confirmed that net ozone production was slow (on average 1 ppbv h−1 in the first 3 h and much lower afterwards) due to limited NOx. Peroxyacetyl nitrate concentrations (PAN) increased with plume age and the box model estimated an average production rate of ~80 pptv h−1 in the first 3 h. Like ozone, there was also no evidence for net secondary inorganic or organic aerosol formation. There was no apparent increase in aerosol mass concentrations in the boreal fire plumes due to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation; however, there were indications of chemical processing of the organic aerosols. In addition to the detailed studies of boreal fire plume evolution, about 500 smoke plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft were segregated by fire source region. The normalized excess mixing ratios (i.e. ΔX/ΔCO) of gaseous (carbon dioxide, acetonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, toluene, benzene, methane, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), ozone, PAN) and fine aerosol particulate components (nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, chloride, organic aerosols and water soluble organic carbon) of these plumes were compared.
A suite of diagnostics is applied to in-situ aircraft measurements and one Chemistry-Climate Model (CCM) data to characterize the vertical structure of the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL). The diagnostics are based on vertical tracer profiles and relative vertical tracer gradients, using tropopause-referenced coordinates, and tracer-tracer relationships in the tropical Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere (UT/LS).
Observations were obtained during four tropical campaigns performed from 1999 to 2006 with the research aircraft Geophysica and have been compared to the output of the ECHAM5/MESSy CCM. The model vertical resolution in the TTL (~500 m) allows for appropriate comparison with high-resolution aircraft observations and the diagnostics used highlight common TTL features between the model and the observational data.
The analysis of the vertical profiles of water vapour, ozone, and nitrous oxide, in both the observations and the model, shows that concentration mixing ratios exhibit a strong gradient change across the tropical tropopause, due to the role of this latter as a transport barrier and that transition between the tropospheric and stratospheric regimes occurs within a finite layer. The use of relative vertical ozone and carbon monoxide gradients, in addition to the vertical profiles, helps to highlight the region where this transition occurs and allows to give an estimate of its thickness. The analysis of the CO-O3 and H2O-O3 scatter plots and of the Probability Distribution Function (PDF) of the H2O-O3 pair completes this picture as it allows to better distinguish tropospheric and stratospheric regimes that can be identified by their different chemical composition.
The joint analysis and comparison of observed and modelled data allows to state that the model can represent the background TTL structure and its seasonal variability rather accurately. The model estimate of the thickness of the interface region between tropospheric and stratospheric regimes agrees well with average values inferred from observations. On the other hand, the measurements can be influenced by regional scale variability, local transport processes as well as deep convection, that can not be captured by the model.
A suite of diagnostics is applied to in-situ aircraft measurements and one Chemistry-Climate Model (CCM) data to characterize the vertical structure of the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL). The diagnostics are based on the vertical tracers profiles, relative vertical tracers gradients, and tracer-tracer relationships in the tropical Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere (UT/LS), using tropopause coordinates.
Observations come from the four tropical campaigns performed from 1998 to 2006 with the research aircraft Geophysica and have been directly compared to the output of the ECHAM5/MESSy CCM. The model vertical resolution in the TTL allows for appropriate comparison with high-resolution aircraft observations and the diagnostics used highlight common TTL features between the model and the observational data.
The analysis of the vertical profiles of water vapour, ozone, and nitrous oxide, in both the observations and the model, shows that concentration mixing ratios exhibit a strong gradient change across the tropical tropopause, due to the role of this latter as a transport barrier and that transition between the tropospheric and stratospheric regimes occurs within a finite layer. The use of relative vertical ozone gradients, in addition to the vertical profiles, helps to highlight the region where this transition occurs and allows to give an estimate of its thickness. The analysis of the CO-O3 and H2O-O3 scatter plots and of the Probability Distribution Function (PDF) of the H2O-O3 pair completes this picture as it allows to better distinguish tropospheric and stratospheric regimes that can be identified, first, by their differing chemical composition.
The joint analysis and comparison of observed and modelled data allows us to evaluate the capability of the model in reproducing the observed vertical structure of the TTL and its variability, and also to assess whether observations from particular regions on a monthly timescale can be representative of the fine scale mean structure of the Tropical Tropopause Layer.
Although it has been suggested that temperature increase may alter the toxic potential of environmental pollutants, few studies have investigated the potential risk of chemical stressors for wildlife under Global Climate Change (GCC) impact. We applied a bifactorial multigeneration study in order to test if GCC conditions alter the effects of low pesticide concentrations on life history and genetic diversity of the aquatic model organism Chironomus riparius. Experimental populations of the species were chronically exposed to a low concentration of the fungicide pyrimethanil (half of the no-observed-adverse-effect concentration: NOAEC/2) under two dynamic present-day temperature simulations (11.0–22.7°C; 14.0–25.2°C) and one future scenario (16.5–28.1°C). During the 140-day multigeneration study, survival, emergence, reproduction, population growth, and genetic diversity of C. riparius were analyzed. Our results reveal that high temperature and pyrimethanil act synergistically on the midge C. riparius. In simulated present-day scenarios, a NOAEC/2 of pyrimethanil as derived from a life-cycle toxicity test provoked only slight-to-moderate beneficial or adverse effects on C. riparius. In contrast, exposure to a NOAEC/2 concentration of pyrimethanil at a thermal situation likely for a summer under GCC conditions uncovered adverse effects on mortality and population growth rate. In addition, genetic diversity was considerably reduced by pyrimethanil in the future scenario, but only slightly under current climatic conditions. Our multigeneration study under near-natural (climatic) conditions indicates that not only the impact of climate change, but also low concentrations of pesticides may pose a reasonable risk for aquatic insects in future.
Background: The diagnostic and pathophysiological relevance of antibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP4-Ab) in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) has been intensively studied. However, little is known so far about the clinical impact of AQP4-Ab seropositivity.
Objective: To analyse systematically the clinical and paraclinical features associated with NMO spectrum disorders in Caucasians in a stratified fashion according to the patients' AQP4-Ab serostatus.
Methods: Retrospective study of 175 Caucasian patients (AQP4-Ab positive in 78.3%).
Results: Seropositive patients were found to be predominantly female (p < 0.0003), to more often have signs of co-existing autoimmunity (p < 0.00001), and to experience more severe clinical attacks. A visual acuity of ≤ 0.1 during acute optic neuritis (ON) attacks was more frequent among seropositives (p < 0.002). Similarly, motor symptoms were more common in seropositive patients, the median Medical Research Council scale (MRC) grade worse, and MRC grades ≤ 2 more frequent, in particular if patients met the 2006 revised criteria (p < 0.005, p < 0.006 and p < 0.01, respectively), the total spinal cord lesion load was higher (p < 0.006), and lesions ≥ 6 vertebral segments as well as entire spinal cord involvement more frequent (p < 0.003 and p < 0.043). By contrast, bilateral ON at onset was more common in seronegatives (p < 0.007), as was simultaneous ON and myelitis (p < 0.001); accordingly, the time to diagnosis of NMO was shorter in the seronegative group (p < 0.029). The course of disease was more often monophasic in seronegatives (p < 0.008). Seropositives and seronegatives did not differ significantly with regard to age at onset, time to relapse, annualized relapse rates, outcome from relapse (complete, partial, no recovery), annualized EDSS increase, mortality rate, supratentorial brain lesions, brainstem lesions, history of carcinoma, frequency of preceding infections, oligoclonal bands, or CSF pleocytosis. Both the time to relapse and the time to diagnosis was longer if the disease started with ON (p < 0.002 and p < 0.013). Motor symptoms or tetraparesis at first myelitis and > 1 myelitis attacks in the first year were identified as possible predictors of a worse outcome.
Conclusion: This study provides an overview of the clinical and paraclinical features of NMOSD in Caucasians and demonstrates a number of distinct disease characteristics in seropositive and seronegative patients
The cerebellum is crucially important for motor control and adaptation. Recent non-invasive brain stimulation studies have indicated the possibility to alter the excitability of the cerebellum and its projections to the contralateral motor cortex, with behavioral consequences on motor control and adaptation. Here we sought to induce bidirectional spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP)-like modifications of motor cortex (M1) excitability by application of paired associative stimulation (PAS) in healthy subjects. Conditioning stimulation over the right lateral cerebellum (CB) preceded focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the left M1 hand area at an interstimulus interval of 2 ms (CB→M1 PAS(2 ms)), 6 ms (CB→M1 PAS(6 ms)) or 10 ms (CB→M1 PAS(10 ms)) or randomly alternating intervals of 2 and 10 ms (CB→M1 PAS(Control)). Effects of PAS on M1 excitability were assessed by the motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF) and cerebellar-motor cortex inhibition (CBI) in the first dorsal interosseous muscle of the right hand. CB→M1 PAS(2 ms) resulted in MEP potentiation, CB→M1 PAS(6 ms) and CB→M1 PAS(10 ms) in MEP depression, and CB→M1 PAS(Control) in no change. The MEP changes lasted for 30-60 min after PAS. SICI and CBI decreased non-specifically after all PAS protocols, while ICF remained unaltered. The physiological mechanisms underlying these MEP changes are carefully discussed. Findings support the notion of bidirectional STDP-like plasticity in M1 mediated by associative stimulation of the cerebello-dentato-thalamo-cortical pathway and M1. Future studies may investigate the behavioral significance of this plasticity.
Previously undiagnosed anaemia is common in elective orthopaedic surgical patients and is associated with increased likelihood of blood transfusion and increased perioperative morbidity and mortality. A standardized approach for the detection, evaluation, and management of anaemia in this setting has been identified as an unmet medical need. A multidisciplinary panel of physicians was convened by the Network for Advancement of Transfusion Alternatives (NATA) with the aim of developing practice guidelines for the detection, evaluation, and management of preoperative anaemia in elective orthopaedic surgery. A systematic literature review and critical evaluation of the evidence was performed, and recommendations were formulated according to the method proposed by the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group. We recommend that elective orthopaedic surgical patients have a haemoglobin (Hb) level determination 28 days before the scheduled surgical procedure if possible (Grade 1C). We suggest that the patient's target Hb before elective surgery be within the normal range, according to the World Health Organization criteria (Grade 2C). We recommend further laboratory testing to evaluate anaemia for nutritional deficiencies, chronic renal insufficiency, and/or chronic inflammatory disease (Grade 1C). We recommend that nutritional deficiencies be treated (Grade 1C). We suggest that erythropoiesis-stimulating agents be used for anaemic patients in whom nutritional deficiencies have been ruled out, corrected, or both (Grade 2A). Anaemia should be viewed as a serious and treatable medical condition, rather than simply an abnormal laboratory value. Implementation of anaemia management in the elective orthopaedic surgery setting will improve patient outcomes.
Aim: Ventilation with pure oxygen (hyperoxic ventilation: HV) is thought to decrease whole body oxygen consumption (VO(2)). However, the validity and impact of this phenomenon remain ambiguous; until now, under hyperoxic conditions, VO(2) has only been determined by the reverse Fick principle, a method with inherent methodological problems. The goal of this study was to determine changes of VO(2), carbon dioxide production (VCO(2)), and the respiratory quotient (RQ) during normoxic and hyperoxic ventilation, using a metabolic monitor.
Methods: After providing signed informed consent and institutional acceptance, 14 healthy volunteers were asked to sequentially breathe room air, pure oxygen, and room air again. VO(2), VCO(2), RQ, and energy expenditure (EE) were determined by indirect calorimetry using a modified metabolic monitor during HV.
Results: HV reduced VO(2) from 3.4 (3.0/4.0) mL/kg/min to 2.8 (2.5/3.6) mL/kg/min (P < 0.05), whereas VCO(2) remained constant (3.0 [2.6/3.6] mL/kg/min versus 3.0 [2.6/3.5] mL/kg/min, n.s.). After onset of HV, RQ increased from 0.9 (0.8/0.9) to 1.1 (1.0/1.1). Most changes during HV were immediately reversed during subsequent normoxic ventilation.
Conclusion: HV not only reduces VO(2), but also increases the respiratory quotient. This might be interpreted as an indicator of the substantial metabolic changes induced by HV. However, the impact of this phenomenon requires further study.
Hemorrhagic shock leads to hepatic hypoperfusion and activation of mitogen-activated stress kinases (MAPK) like c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1 and 2. Our aim was to determine whether mitochondrial dysfunction leading to hepatic necrosis and apoptosis after hemorrhage/resuscitation (H/R) was dependent on JNK2. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, wildtype (WT) and JNK2 deficient (KO) mice were hemorrhaged to 30 mm Hg for 3 h and then resuscitated with shed blood plus half the volume of lactated Ringer's solution. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), necrosis, apoptosis and oxidative stress were assessed 6 h after resuscitation. Mitochondrial polarization was assessed by intravital microscopy. After H/R, ALT in WT-mice increased from 130 U/L to 4800 U/L. In KO-mice, ALT after H/R was blunted to 1800 U/l (P < 0.05). Necrosis, caspase-3 activity and ROS were all substantially decreased in KO compared to WT mice after H/R. After sham operation, intravital microscopy revealed punctate mitochondrial staining by rhodamine 123 (Rh123), indicating normal mitochondrial polarization. At 4 h after H/R, Rh123 staining became dim and diffuse in 58% of hepatocytes, indicating depolarization and onset of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). By contrast, KO mice displayed less depolarization after H/R (23%, P < 0.05). In conclusion, JNK2 contributes to MPT-mediated liver injury after H/R.
Orthotopic liver transplantation in human-immunodeficiency-virus-positive patients in Germany
(2012)
Objectives: This summary evaluates the outcomes of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) of HIV-positive patients in Germany.
Methods: Retrospective chart analysis of HIV-positive patients, who had been liver-transplanted in Germany between July 1997 and July 2011.
Results: 38 transplantations were performed in 32 patients at 9 German transplant centres. The reasons for OLT were end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and/or liver failure due to hepatitis C (HCV) (n = 19), hepatitis B (HBV) (n = 10), multiple viral infections of the liver (n = 2) and Budd-Chiari-Syndrome. In July 2011 19/32 (60%) of the transplanted patients were still alive with a median survival of 61 months (IQR (interquartile range): 41-86 months). 6 patients had died in the early post-transplantation period from septicaemia (n = 4), primary graft dysfunction (n = 1), and intrathoracal hemorrhage (n = 1). Later on 7 patients had died from septicaemia (n = 2), delayed graft failure (n = 2), recurrent HCC (n = 2), and renal failure (n = 1). Recurrent HBV infection was efficiently prevented in 11/12 patients; HCV reinfection occurred in all patients and contributed considerably to the overall mortality.
Conclusions: Overall OLT is a feasible approach in HIV-infected patients with acceptable survival rates in Germany. Reinfection with HCV still remains a major clinical challenge in HIV/HCV coinfection after OLT.
Objective. To examine the effects of clinical hypnosis versus NLP intervention on the success rate of ECV procedures in comparison to a control group.
Methods. A prospective off-centre randomised trial of a clinical hypnosis intervention against NLP of women with a singleton breech fetus at or after 370/7 (259 days) weeks of gestation and normal amniotic fluid index. All 80 participants heard a 20-minute recorded intervention via head phones. Main outcome assessed was success rate of ECV. The intervention groups were compared with a control group with standard medical care alone (n=122).
Results. A total of 42 women, who received a hypnosis intervention prior to ECV, had a 40.5% (n=17), successful ECV, whereas 38 women, who received NLP, had a 44.7% (n=17) successful ECV (P > 0.05). The control group had similar patient characteristics compared to the intervention groups (P > 0.05). In the control group (n = 122) 27.3% (n = 33) had a statistically significant lower successful ECV procedure than NLP (P = 0.05) and hypnosis and NLP (P = 0.03).
Conclusions. These findings suggest that prior clinical hypnosis and NLP have similar success rates of ECV procedures and are both superior to standard medical care alone.
To compare the development of the auditory system in hearing and completely acoustically deprived animals, naive congenitally deaf white cats (CDCs) and hearing controls (HCs) were investigated at different developmental stages from birth till adulthood. The CDCs had no hearing experience before the acute experiment. In both groups of animals, responses to cochlear implant stimulation were acutely assessed. Electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (E-ABRs) were recorded with monopolar stimulation at different current levels. CDCs demonstrated extensive development of E-ABRs, from first signs of responses at postnatal (p.n.) day 3 through appearance of all waves of brainstem response at day 8 p.n. to mature responses around day 90 p.n.. Wave I of E-ABRs could not be distinguished from the artifact in majority of CDCs, whereas in HCs, it was clearly separated from the stimulus artifact. Waves II, III, and IV demonstrated higher thresholds in CDCs, whereas this difference was not found for wave V. Amplitudes of wave III were significantly higher in HCs, whereas wave V amplitudes were significantly higher in CDCs. No differences in latencies were observed between the animal groups. These data demonstrate significant postnatal subcortical development in absence of hearing, and also divergent effects of deafness on early waves II–IV and wave V of the E-ABR.
The intrinsic complexity of the brain can lead one to set aside issues related to its relationships with the body, but the field of embodied cognition emphasizes that understanding brain function at the system level requires one to address the role of the brain-body interface. It has only recently been appreciated that this interface performs huge amounts of computation that does not have to be repeated by the brain, and thus affords the brain great simplifications in its representations. In effect the brain’s abstract states can refer to coded representations of the world created by the body. But even if the brain can communicate with the world through abstractions, the severe speed limitations in its neural circuitry mean that vast amounts of indexing must be performed during development so that appropriate behavioral responses can be rapidly accessed. One way this could happen would be if the brain used a decomposition whereby behavioral primitives could be quickly accessed and combined. This realization motivates our study of independent sensorimotor task solvers, which we call modules, in directing behavior. The issue we focus on herein is how an embodied agent can learn to calibrate such individual visuomotor modules while pursuing multiple goals. The biologically plausible standard for module programming is that of reinforcement given during exploration of the environment. However this formulation contains a substantial issue when sensorimotor modules are used in combination: The credit for their overall performance must be divided amongst them. We show that this problem can be solved and that diverse task combinations are beneficial in learning and not a complication, as usually assumed. Our simulations show that fast algorithms are available that allot credit correctly and are insensitive to measurement noise.
Measles virus glycoprotein-based lentiviral targeting vectors that avoid neutralizing antibodies
(2012)
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are potent gene transfer vehicles frequently applied in research and recently also in clinical trials. Retargeting LV entry to cell types of interest is a key issue to improve gene transfer safety and efficacy. Recently, we have developed a targeting method for LVs by incorporating engineered measles virus (MV) glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (H), responsible for receptor recognition, and the fusion protein into their envelope. The H protein displays a single-chain antibody (scFv) specific for the target receptor and is ablated for recognition of the MV receptors CD46 and SLAM by point mutations in its ectodomain. A potential hindrance to systemic administration in humans is pre-existing MV-specific immunity due to vaccination or natural infection. We compared transduction of targeting vectors and non-targeting vectors pseudotyped with MV glycoproteins unmodified in their ectodomains (MV-LV) in presence of α-MV antibody-positive human plasma. At plasma dilution 1:160 MV-LV was almost completely neutralized, whereas targeting vectors showed relative transduction efficiencies from 60% to 90%. Furthermore, at plasma dilution 1:80 an at least 4-times higher multiplicity of infection (MOI) of MV-LV had to be applied to obtain similar transduction efficiencies as with targeting vectors. Also when the vectors were normalized to their p24 values, targeting vectors showed partial protection against α-MV antibodies in human plasma. Furthermore, the monoclonal neutralizing antibody K71 with a putative epitope close to the receptor binding sites of H, did not neutralize the targeting vectors, but did neutralize MV-LV. The observed escape from neutralization may be due to the point mutations in the H ectodomain that might have destroyed antibody binding sites. Furthermore, scFv mediated cell entry via the target receptor may proceed in presence of α-MV antibodies interfering with entry via the natural MV receptors. These results are promising for in vivo applications of targeting vectors in humans.
Die Herausgeber haben einen erstaunlich differenzierten und perspektivenreichen Band über Sartres Beziehung zu den Medien zusammengestellt, der so unterschiedliche Aspekte umfasst wie das Verhältnis des französischen Existenzphilosophen zum Film, insbesondere seine Tätigkeit als Drehbuchautor, seine Bildtheorie und visuell geprägte Theaterästhetik sowie seine Phänomenologie des Blicks und Konzeption des Imaginären. Es handelt sich, wie ein erster Überblick zeigt, um sehr heterogene Gesichtspunkte, die nicht ohne weiteres auf einen Nenner zu bringen sind, zwischen denen sich aber bei genauerer Betrachtung durchaus interessante und fruchtbare Verbindungslinien ziehen lassen. Michael Lommel weist in seiner Einführung „Elemente zur Einleitung" zu Recht darauf hin, dass bereits die philosophischen Schriften Sartres von der Kinoerfahrung beeinflusst seien, etwa das unmittelbare Auftauchen des Anderen, welches an Kinophantasien erinnere. Mit den Schlüsselbegriffen 'rôle', 'projet', 'transcendance' habe Sartre zudem die alternativen Lebensentwürfe und virtuellen Biografien vorweggenommen, die im Zeitalter der digitalen Medien und Computerspiele eine neue Aktualität gewinnen, auch wenn Sartre selbst wohl eher den theatralischen Raum als Experimentierfeld vor Augen hatte. Der Möglichkeitssinn und die Erkenntnis der Potentialität in Sartres Existenzphilosophie weisen zudem Affinitäten zum Genre des Episodenfilms auf.
Klaus Kreimeier diskutiert die Kindheitserfahrungen Sartres, seine ersten Kinobesuche im Alter von 6-7, die er rückblickend in seinen Erinnerungen "Les mots" (1964) eingehend schildert. Filme wie "Fantômas" und "Maciste" haben die Phantasie des Jungen modelliert und formativ auf ihn gewirkt. Neben den vornehmen Kinopalästen der Bourgeoisie faszinierte den jungen Sartre besonders die sinnlich intensive Atmosphäre des kleinen unprätentiösen Schlauchkinos in der Nachbarschaft. Die damaligen Katastrophenfilme (Anno 1912) erzeugten das Gefühl der Angst im kindlichen Beobachter, und zwar im Sinne einer physikalisch-körperlichen Überwältigung durch die Reizüberflutung, und lösten zugleich eine Art Katastrophensehnsucht aus. Der fast sechzigjährige Sartre erinnert in seinem autobiographischen Rückblick an die weiblichen Begleitpersonen des Kindes, insbesondere an seine damals noch jugendliche Mutter, die den Projektionssaal des Cinéma ebenfalls als bevorzugtes Unterhaltungsmedium an Regentagen zu schätzen wusste.
In our previous work we showed that NGAL, a protein involved in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation, is overexpressed in human breast cancer (BC) and predicts poor prognosis. In neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) pathological complete response (pCR) is a predictor for outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate NGAL as a predictor of response to NACT and to validate NGAL as a prognostic factor for clinical outcome in patients with primary BC. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays from 652 core biopsies from BC patients, who underwent NACT in the GeparTrio trial. NGAL expression and intensity was evaluated separately. NGAL was detected in 42.2% of the breast carcinomas in the cytoplasm. NGAL expression correlated with negative hormone receptor (HR) status, but not with other baseline parameters. NGAL expression did not correlate with pCR in the full population, however, NGAL expression and staining intensity were significantly associated with higher pCR rates in patients with positive HR status. In addition, strong NGAL expression correlated with higher pCR rates in node negative patients, patients with histological grade 1 or 2 tumors and a tumor size <40 mm. In univariate survival analysis, positive NGAL expression and strong staining intensity correlated with decreased disease-free survival (DFS) in the entire cohort and different subgroups, including HR positive patients. Similar correlations were found for intense staining and decreased overall survival (OS). In multivariate analysis, NGAL expression remained an independent prognostic factor for DFS. The results show that in low-risk subgroups, NGAL was found to be a predictive marker for pCR after NACT. Furthermore, NGAL could be validated as an independent prognostic factor for decreased DFS in primary human BC.
Der Dandy gehört zum wohlvertrauten Figurenrepertoire des europäischen Fin de Siècle und Symbolismus; er verkörpert neben dem Flaneur und dem Spieler einen jener berühmt-berüchtigten Typen des literarischen und kulturellen Lebens im 19. Jahrhundert, die von Dichtern und Kultursoziologen - von Charles Baudelaire bis Walter Benjamin - immer wieder fasziniert beobachtet und mit zeitdiagnostischem Blick detailfreudig beschrieben wurden. Der Attraktivität des Themas entsprechend, mangelt es nicht an wissenschaftlichen Studien zu diesem Gebiet, etwa die richtungweisende literaturwissenschaftliche Arbeit von Hiltrud Gnüg ("Kult der Kälte. Der klassische Dandy im Spiegel der Weltliteratur" Stuttgart: Metzler 1988) oder die jüngst erschienene, breit gefächerte kulturgeschichtliche Untersuchung des Berliner Kultur- und Literatursoziologen Günter Erbe ("Dandys - Virtuosen der Lebenskunst. Eine Geschichte des mondänen Lebens" Köln: Böhlau 2002), die einen umfassenden Überblick über den Dandy als kulturelles Phänomen in Europa bietet. Warum also, so könnte man sich fragen, noch eine weitere Studie über jene oft geschilderte und vielfach analysierte literarische und kulturelle Erscheinungsform? Zunächst ist man versucht anzunehmen, das Thema sei weitgehend erschöpft und daher eher unergiebig. Gleichwohl ist die von Fernand Hörner vorgelegte Studie weit mehr als dandyhafter Luxus, denn es gelingt dem Verfasser, die proteische Gestalt des Dandys durch ein subtiles methodologisches Netzwerk, im Rückgriff auf Michel Foucaults Archäologie und den New Historicism, zu erfassen und aus der gewählten systematischen Perspektive subtil zu beleuchten.
‘Religious identity’ will be regarded as the homogeneous whole of religious attitudes and religions and ethical actions which are rooted in the mentality of a person/a community: (1) this identity may exist in different stages of awareness; (2) the tension between the mentality of a person and of a community may be strong or nearly non-existent; and (3) religious attitudes and ethical actions may be closely tied or only loosely connected. (...) The awareness of religious identity is marked in the ‘Rolandslied’ by affirmation, in the ‘Willehalm’ by problematisation. (...).
A tension between subjective and collective mentality is non-existent in the ‘Rolandslied’, whereas in the ‘Willehalm’ it is relatively strong without breaking up the integration of the subject into the nobility. (...) Religious attitudes and political actions (...) strongly diverge in both works on an objective level; however, this is not the case for the ‘Rolandslied’ on a subjective level. The ‘Willehalm’ testifies to a process of a subjectivisation and individualisation which can be termed typical for the twelfth century and which is to be found in various cultural areas.
Die Wiederentdeckung in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts und die zunächst höchst bescheidenen Wirkungsgeschichte vollziehen sich in einer europäisch bestimmten heldenepischen Arena, deren Koordinaten von Vergil und dann Homer einerseits und den nordischen Dichtern mit dem Paradigma Ossian andererseits gebildet werden.(...) [Volker Mertens bezieht sich] auf das 18. Jahrhundert. (...) [Er zeichnet] die Entwicklung des epischen Feldes in Bezug auf das ‚Nibelungenlied’ nach und entwickel[t] am Schluss Perspektiven auf den mittelhochdeutschen Text in der epischen Arena um 1200.
Der Text als sinnhaltige Einheit ist der Ausgangspunkt von Kurt Ruhs Wissenschaft, sein Verhältnis ihr Ziel (...). Die Textgeschichte ist zu einem Leitmodell auch und gerade der ‚schönen’ Literatur geworden. Der erweiterte Literaturbegriff ist demgegenüber ins Abseits gestellt. Die Lyrikforschung hat sich längst vom Autorentext verabschiedet und untersucht die einzelnen Textfassungen in ihrer je spezifischen Varianz und Funktionalität, die Handschriften sind nicht mehr oder weniger gute Textzeugen, sondern literaturgeschichtliche Größen.
Wachingers Ergebnisse zu den ‚Sängerkriegen’ des 13. Jh.s warnen davor, den künstlerisch-literarischen Wettstreit als Erscheinungsform materieller Rivalität zu deuten. Auch die Reimar- und Walthertexte geben in diesem Punkt keine unmittelbare Rechtfertigung für eine solche Interpretation. Ob Reimar überhaupt einen ökonomischen Wettbewerb zu fürchten hatte, bleibt dahingestellt (...). Aus seiner Position des adligen Dilettanten heraus wehrte er sich dann gegen die Erweiterung des dichtungs- und minnetheoretischen Geltungsanspruchs des höfischen Liebesliedes, wie Walther sie in deinen ‚Mädchenliedern’ und (...) im ‚Lindenlied’ betreibt. Dem Berufsdichter, der seine Kenntnisse der mittellateinischen Lyrik (...) systematisch zur Expansion der vorgegebenen sängerischen Möglichkeiten nutzt, setzt Reinmar die Tradition des adligen Sanges als ausdrücklich fiktionales Sprechen über Eros und Sexus entgegen.
Die deutschsprachigen Predigttexte sind schon von ihren ältesten Zeugnissen her nicht auf eine Funktion festlegbar: das Predigtmuster, die Anleitung zum Kanzelvortrag ist wohl die älteste. (...) Die angestrebte Unterscheidung von Predigt und Traktat scheint (...) [Volker Mertens] von der intentionalen virtuellen Mündlichkeit her am ehesten faßbar, sei sie post- oder anteskriptiv: als Predigten sollen daher Texte gelten, die textinterne oder –externe Markierungen dieser Mündlichkeit aufweisen. Zu unterscheiden von dieser intentionalen Mündlichkeit ist die occasionelle, die für viele Texttypen gilt: vom Traktat über Legende, Exempel, Fabel, usw.
Drei Tagweisen schreibt die Kolmarer Liederhandschrift einem sonst nicht weiter bekannten ‚Graff peter von arberg’ zu, darunter befindet sich die bekannte ‚Große Tagweise’ mit dem Text ‚Ach starcker got’. (...) Originale Texte von Peter von Aarberg kennen wir nicht (...). Wahrscheinlich standen seine Lieder auch ganz in den traditionellen literarischen und gesellschaftlichen Formen, so daß nur seine Töne lebendig blieben: mit neuen Texten, die in ihrer religiösen Thematik eher als die an ein bestimmtes soziales Ideal gebundene Minnelyrik das trafen, was auch nach der Mitte des 14. Jh.s bis weit in das 15. Jh. hinein zeitgemäß war.
Parzivals doppelte Probe
(1979)
Als Parzival zum erstenmal nach Munsalvaesche kommt, verlangt er, wie Gurnemanz ihm geraten hatte, gleich nach Wasser, um 'îsers râme' abzuwaschen. Er erhält den Mantel der Repanse de Schoye geliehen, und der kameraere ist sicher, ihn 'rehte geprüevet' zu haben (...) Da tritt ein 'redespaeher man' zu ihm und bittet ihn 'vrävellîche', zum Gastgeber zu kommen. Parzival reagiert mit äußerster Erregung, fast geht es dem kühnen Frager ans Leben, aber die Ritter greifen rechtzeitig ein. (...) [Volker Mertens möchte die Stelle] parallel zur versäumten Gralsfrage sehen und daher den Versuch Wolframs herauslesen, einer möglichen Fehlinterpretation von Parzivals Versagen vorzubeugen. (...)
Vergänglichkeitsmetapher oder Bild für den Aussatz – um diese Interpretationen der Stelle E 73 (bzw. B 143) "ze hewe wart sîn grüenez gras" im neuaufgefundenen Benediktbeurer Fragment des "Armen Heinrich" ist ein Streit zwischen L. Wolff und Gesa Bonath einerseits und H. Rosenfeld andererseits entbrannt (....). Die strittigen Verse im "Armen Heinrich" aber sind in ihrer, das "ûzen" (Vergehen der Schönheit) ebenso wie das innen (Krankheit als Prüfung) erfassen Mehrschichtigkeit doch eher das Werk eines theologische Anregungen verwertenden Dichter, und damit (...) [nimmt Volker Mertens an], Hartmann selbst.