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Semantic form as interface
(2007)
The term interface had a remarkable career over the past several decades, motivated largely by its use in computer science. Although the concept of a "surface common to two areas" (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 1980) is intuitively clear enough, the range of its application is not very sharp and well defined, a "common surface" is open to a wide range of interpretations.
Introduction
(2007)
Semantics
(2007)
Morphology
(2007)
Introduction
(2007)
The annotation guidelines introduced in this chapter present an attempt to create a unique infrastructure for the encoding of data from very different languages. The ultimate target of these annotations is to allow for data retrieval for the study of information structure, and since information structure interacts with all levels of grammar, the present guidelines cover all levels of grammar too. After introducing the guidelines, the current chapter also presents an evaluation by means of measurements of the inter-annotator agreement.
Information structure
(2007)
Traces
(2007)
Schriftstellerberuf
(2007)
Journalistische Formate
(2007)
Kulturjournalismus
(2007)
Goethes Medientheorie
(2007)
Medientheoretische Zugänge zu Goethe sind bis heute eher die Ausnahme. Denn Goethe gilt uns als letzter Vertreter der sogenannten "Kunstperiode", die mit seinem Tod ihr Ende gefunden habe – so urteilten schon seine Zeitgenossen Hegel, Heine und Gervinus. Und wenn Goethe heute in ein Verhältnis zu unserer sogenannten "Mediengesellschaft" gebracht wird, so geschieht das vorwiegend in negativer Abgrenzung der Literatur gegen die audiovisuellen Medien. ...
"... leer im Inneren" : Adornos Toscaninikritik, weißer Stil und ein abgefressener deutscher Wald
(2007)
Ulrike Ottinger gilt als eine der eigenwilligsten deutschen Filmemacherinnen von internationalem Rang. Vom Surreal-Theatralischen, vom Stilisiert-Artifiziellen bis zum Ethnologisch-Abbildenden, vom Fiktionalen bis zum Dokumentarischen reicht ihr Œuvre. Ihre Motive findet sie in Europa, Asien und Nordamerika. Im Zentrum der Ausstellung stehen ihre großformatigen Fotografien, die häufig parallel zu den Filmarbeiten entstanden sind, jedoch ganz eigene visuelle Akzente setzen. Regionale Schwerpunkte bilden dabei China und die Mongolei, die Ottinger wiederholt bereist hat. Das Abwegige, Abseitige und Groteske rückt sie in den Mittelpunkt ihrer Bilder. Die Ausstellung ist in enger Zusammenarbeit mit der Künstlerin entstanden. Überbordende Dreh- und Arbeitsbücher, vielschichtige Collagen ihrer Recherchen, verdeutlichen den filmischen Arbeitsprozess. Die phantasievollen Kostüme aus Filmen wie DORIAN GRAY IM SPIEGEL DER BOULEVARDPRESSE (1984) oder JOHANNA D´ARC OF MONGOLIA (1989) arrangiert Ottinger zu theatralen Installationen.
Aufgrund ihrer expliziten Darstellung von Gewalt und dem offensichtlichen klischeehaften, stereotypen Verhalten der sowohl männlichen als auch weiblichen Figuren, sorgte die Leinwandversion von Frank Millers Sin City Graphic Novels im Jahr 2005 auf Seiten der Kritiker gleichzeitig für Empörung und Begeisterung. In diesem Zusammenhang untersucht der hier vorzufindende Artikel die Repräsentation von Gender in Frank Millers kontrovers diskutiertem Film Sin City. Dabei wird von der Annahme ausgegangen, dass es sich bei dieser Comicverfilmung um einen so genannten overtpostmodernen Film (Seidl o.J., 344) handelt, welcher sich durch die demonstrative zur Schau Stellung seiner eigenen Künstlichkeit auszeichnet und dessen offensichtlicher, aber auch innovativer Gebrauch digitaler Filmtechnik sowohl die graphischen Möglichkeiten des Mediums Comic als auch die technischen Möglichkeiten des Mediums Film offen zelebriert. Dabei wirkt sich der Aspekt der demonstrativen Künstlichkeit nicht nur auf die Ästhetik des Films, sondern auch auf die Repräsentation von Gender aus. Der vorliegende Artikel vertritt somit die These, dass im konkreten Fall von Frank Millers Sin City die postmoderne Art der Verfilmung nicht nur die Künstlichkeit der beiden Medien Comic (bzw. Graphic Novel) und Film hervorhebt, sondern auch die Künstlichkeit bzw. Konstruiertheit des repräsentierten Diskursproduktes Gender (Liebrand 2002, 256) demonstrativ zur Schau stellt.
In unserem Beitrag zeichnen wir zwei unterschiedliche Wege nach, die bei der pädagogischen Arbeit mit Filmen beschritten werden: Während der eine das emotional-subjektive Erleben begleitet und fördert, eröffnet der andere kognitiv-analytische Distanzierungsmöglichkeiten. Ihre Unterschiedlichkeit ist charakteristisch für die Unterschiedlichkeit unserer Arbeitsbereiche: die Medienpädagogik (Renate Luca) und die Sprachdidaktik (Helene Decke-Cornill). Wir beginnen mit einem Rückblick aufpädagogische Vorstellungen zur Filmarbeit seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (2.), präsentieren dann analytische (3.) und erlebnisorientierte (4.) Zugangsweisen und versuchen schließlich, das Neben-und Gegeneinander beider Zugriffe als legitimes und potenziell produktives Spannungsverhältnis zu beschreiben.
Im Mittelpunkt dieses Beitrags stehen Gedanken und Vorstellungen heranwachsender Schüler/innen bei ihrer Begegnung mit Verfilmungen von Shakespeares Hamlet. Wir werden diesen Gegenstand aus drei Perspektiven betrachten. Aus medienpädagogischem Blickwinkel interessieren uns die Vorstellungen und Herangehensweisen der Schüler/innen selbst. Unter rezeptionsästhetischer Perspektive rekonstruieren wir dazu, welches Wissen Schüler/innen Z.B. über filmische Stilmittel oder Genrekonventionen haben und wie sie Filme beurteilen. Auf der Basis dieser Befunde werden wir auch -dies hat aber einen kleineren Anteil an unserem Vorhaben -mit fremdsprachendidaktischer Brille Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Arbeit mit Filmen im Englischunterricht der Oberstufe bedenken. Von größerem Interesse ist für uns wiederum die forschungsmethodische Dimension: Wir nutzen die aufgabenbasierte Lemumgebung der Unterrichtsreihe zugleich zur induktiven Theoriebildung.
When we pay close attention to the prosody of Wh-questions in Japanese, we discover many novel and interesting empirical puzzles that would require us to devise a much finer syntactic component of grammar. This paper addresses the issues that pose some problems to such an elaborated grammar, and offers solutions, making an appeal to the information structure and sentence processing involved in the interpretation of interrogative and focus constructions.
The paper explicates the notions of topic, contrastive topic, and focus as used in the analysis of Hungarian. Based on distributional criteria, topic and focus are claimed to represent distinct structural positions in the left periphery of the Hungarian sentence, associated with logical rather than discourse functions. The topic is interpreted as the logical subject of predication. The focus is analyzed as a derived main predicate, specifying the referential content of the set denoted by the backgrounded post-focus section of the sentence. The exhaustivity associated with the focus and the existential presupposition associated with the background are shown to be properties following from their specificational predication relation.
The recognition of the prosodic focus position in German-learning infants from 4 to 14 months
(2007)
The aim of the present study was to elucidate in a study with 4-, 6-, 8-, and 14-month-old German-learning children, when and how they may acquire the regularities which underlie Focus-to-Stress Alignment (FSA) in the target language, that is, how prosody is associated with specific communicative functions. Our findings suggest, that 14-month-olds have already found out that German allows for variable focus positions, after having gone through a development which goes from a predominantly prosodically driven processing of the input to a processing where prosody interacts more and more with the growing lexical and syntactic knowledge of the child.
The paper investigates focus marking devices in the scarcely documented North-Ghanaian Gur language Konkomba. The two particles lé and lá occur under specific focus conditions and are therefore regarded as focus markers in the sparse literature. Comparing the distribution and obligatoriness of both alleged focus markers however, I show that one of the particles, lé, is better analyzed as a connective particle, i.e. as a syntactic rather than as a genuine pragmatic marker, and that comparable syntactic focus marking strategies for sentence-initial constituents are also known from related languages.
This paper deals with the conditions under which singular definites, on the one hand, and universally quantified DPs, on the other hand, receive interpretations according to which the sets denoted by the NP-complements of the respective determiner vary with the situations quantified over by a Q-adverb. I show that in both cases such interpretations depend on the availability of situation predicates that are compatible with the presuppositions associated with the respective determiner, as co-variation in both cases comes about via the binding of a covert situation variable that is contained within the NP-complement of the respective determiner. Secondly, I offer an account for the observation that the availability of a co-varying interpretation is more constrained in the case of universally quantified DPs than in the case of singular definites, as far as word order is concerned. This is shown to follow from the fact that co-varying definites in contrast to universally quantified DPs are inherently focus-marked.
Prosodic focus in Vietnamese
(2007)
This paper reports on pilot work on the expression of Information Structure in Vietnamese and argues that Focus in Vietnamese is exclusively expressed prosodically: there are no specific focus markers, and the language uses phonology to express intonational emphasis in similar ways to languages like English or German. The exploratory data indicates that (i) focus is prosodically expressed while word order remains constant, (ii) listeners show good recoverability of the intended focus structure, and (iii) that there is a trading relationship between several phonetic parameters (duration, f0, amplitude) involved to signal prosodic (acoustic) emphasis.
Phonology and intonation
(2007)
The encoding standards for phonology and intonation are designed to facilitate consistent annotation of the phonological and intonational aspects of information structure, in languages across a range ofprosodic types. The guidelines are designed with the aim that a nonspecialist in phonology can both implement and interpret the resulting annotation.
Three dimensions can be distinguished in a cross-linguistic account of information structure. First, there is the definition of the focus constituent, the part of the linguistic expression which is subject to some focus meaning. Second and third, there are the focus meanings and the array of structural devices that encode them. In a given language, the expression of focus is facilitated as well as constrained by the grammar within which the focus devices operate. The prevalence of focus ambiguity, the structural inability to make focus distinctions, will thus vary across languages, and within a language, across focus meanings.
This paper presents the results of a production experiment on the intonation of sentences containing a negative polarity item (NPI) in Tokyo Japanese. The results show that NPI sentences exhibit a focus intonation: the F0-peak of the word to which an NPI is attached is raised, while the pitch contour after the NPI-attached word is compressed until the negation. This intonation pattern is parallel to that of wh-question, in which the F0 of the wh-phrase is raised while the post-wh-contour is compressed until the question particle.
This paper surveys a range of constructions in which prosody affects discourse function and discourse structure.We discuss English tag questions, negative polar questions, and what we call “focus” questions. We postulate that these question types are complex speech acts and outline an analysis in Segmented Discourse Representation Theory (SDRT) to account for the interactions between prosody and discourse.
The aim of this paper is to validate a dataset collected by means of production experiments which are part of the Questionnaire on Information Structure. The experiments generate a range of information structure contexts that have been observed in the literature to induce specific constructions. This paper compares the speech production results from a subset of these experiments with specific claims about the reflexes of information structure in four different languages. The results allow us to evaluate and in most cases validate the efficacy of our elicitation paradigms, to identify potentially fruitful avenues of future research, and to highlight issues involved in interpreting speech production data of this kind.
While the Information Structure (IS) is most naturally interpreted as "structure of information", some may argue that it is structure of something else, and others may object to the use of the word "structure". This paper focuses on the question of whether the informational component can have structural properties such that it can be called "structure". The preliminary conclusion is that, althoughthere are some vague indications of structurehood in it, it is perhaps better understood to be a representation that encodes a finite set of information-based partitions, rather than structure.
In a first step, definitions of the irreducible information structural categories are given, and in a second step, it is shown that there are no invariant phonological or otherwise grammatical correlates of these categories. In other words, the phonology, syntax or morphology are unable to define information structure. It is a common mistake that information structural categories are expressed by invariant grammatical correlates, be they syntactic, morphological or phonological. It is rather the case that grammatical cues help speaker and hearer to sort out which element carries which information structural role, and only in this sense are the grammatical correlates of information structure important. Languages display variation as to the role of grammar in enhancing categories of information structure, and this variation reflects the variation found in the ‘normal’ syntax and phonology of languages.
Human manual action exhibits a differential use of a non-dominant (typically, left) and a dominant (typically, right) hand. Human communication exhibits a pervasive structuring of utterances into topic and comment. I will point out striking similarities between the coordination of hands in bimanual actions, and the structuring of utterances in topics and comments. I will also show how principles of bimanual coordination influence the expression of topic/comment structure in sign languages and in gestures accompanying spoken language, and suggest that bimanual coordination might have been a preadaptation of the development of information structure in human communication.
We argue that the standard focus theories reach their limits when confronted with the focus systems of the Chadic languages. The backbone of the standard focus theories consists of two assumptions, both called into question by the languages under consideration. Firstly, it is standardly assumed that focus is generally marked by stress. The Chadic languages, however, exhibit a variety of different devices for focus marking. Secondly, it is assumed that focus is always marked. In Tangale, at least, focus is not marked consistently on all types of constituents. The paper offers two possible solutions to this dilemma.
Focus expressions in Foodo
(2007)
This paper aims at presenting different ways of expressing focus in Foodo, a Guang language. We can differentiate between marked and unmarked focus strategies. The marked focus expressions are first syntactically characterized: the focused constituent is in sentence-initial position and is second always marked obligatorily by a focus marker, which is [...] for non-subjects and N for subjects. Complementary to these structures, Foodo knows an elliptic form consisting of the focused constituent and a predication marker [...]. It will be shown that the two focus markers can be analyzed as having developed out of the homophone conjunction n[...] and that the constraints on the use of the focus markers can be best explained by this fact.
This paper discusses how focus change s prosodic structure in Tokyo Japanese. It is generally believed that focus blocks the intonational process of downstep and causes a pitch reset. This paper presents experimental evidence against this traditional view by looking at the prosodic behavior of Wh words, which receive focus lexically in Japanese as in other languages. It is demonstrated, specifically, that the focused Wh element does not block downstep although it receives a much higher pitch than its preceding element. This suggests that presence of lexical focus does not trigger pitch reset in Japanese.
The aim of this paper is to outline the means for encoding information structure in Yucatec Maya. Yucatec Maya is a tone language, displaying a three-fold opposition in the tonal realization of syllables. From the morpho-syntactic point of view, the grammar of Yucatec Maya contains morphological (topic affixes, morphological marking of out-of-focus predicates) and syntactic (designated positions) means to uniquely specify syntactic constructions for their information structure. After a descriptive overview of these phenomena, we present experimental evidence which reveals the impact of the nonavailability of prosodic alternatives on the choice of syntactic constructions in language production.
New evidence is provided for a grammatical principle that singles out contrastive focus (Rooth 1996; Truckenbrodt 1995) and distinguishes it from discourse-new “informational” focus. Since the prosody of discourse-given constituents may also be distinguished from discourse-new, a three-way distinction in representation is motivated. It is assumed that an F-feature marks just contrastive focus (Jackendoff 1972, Rooth 1992), and that a G-feature marks discoursegiven constituents (Féry and Samek-Lodovici 2006), while discoursenew is unmarked. A crucial argument for G-marking comes from second occurrence focus (SOF) prosody, which arguably derives from a syntactic representation where SOF is both F-marked and G-marked. This analysis relies on a new G-Marking Condition specifying that a contrastive focus may be G-marked only if the focus semantic value of its scope is discourse-given, i.e. only if the contrast itself is given.
This article takes stock of the basic notions of Information Structure (IS). It first provides a general characterization of IS — following Chafe (1976) — within a communicative model of Common Ground (CG), which distinguishes between CG content and CG management. IS is concerned with those features of language that concern the local CG. Second, this paper defines and discusses the notions of Focus (as indicating alternatives) and its various uses, Givenness (as indicating that a denotation is already present in the CG), and Topic (as specifying what a statement is about). It also proposes a new notion, Delimitation, which comprises contrastive topics and frame setters, and indicates that the current conversational move does not entirely satisfy the local communicative needs. It also points out that rhetorical structuring partly belongs to IS.
We investigate methods to improve the recall in coreference resolution by also trying to resolve those definite descriptions where no earlier mention of the referent shares the same lexical head (coreferent bridging). The problem, which is notably harder than identifying coreference relations among mentions which have the same lexical head, has been tackled with several rather different approaches, and we attempt to provide a meaningful classification along with a quantitative comparison. Based on the different merits of the methods, we discuss possibilities to improve them and show how they can be effectively combined.
The Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning features a shared task, in which participants train and test their learning systems on the same data sets. In 2007, as in 2006, the shared task has been devoted to dependency parsing, this year with both a multilingual track and a domain adaptation track. In this paper, we define the tasks of the different tracks and describe how the data sets were created from existing treebanks for ten languages. In addition, we characterize the different approaches of the participating systems, report the test results, and provide a first analysis of these results.
Das Thema des Todes manifestiert sich im Werk Friedrich Schillers auf den ersten Blick vor allem in den Dramen [...] Doch das Drama ist nicht die einzige Gattung, innerhalb derer der Tod von Bedeutung ist. Seit jeher waren kleinere literarische Genres wie Elegie, Epicedium oder Epitaph diesem Thema gewidmet. Die Flut an elegischen und melancholischen Gedichten der Empfindsamkeit, etwa in der englischen "Graveyard"-Poesie oder in der Dichtung des "Göttinger Hain", belegt, daß gerade seit der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts die Lyrik in besonderer Weise als geeignet galt, Empfindungen wie Schmerz und Trauer zum Ausdruck zu bringen. Auch für die Werkgeschichte Friedrich Schillers ist es von nicht zu unterschätzender Bedeutung, daß in seiner frühen Lyrik, besonders in den Gedichten, die er in der von ihm selbst herausgegebenen Anthologie auf das Jahr 1782 veröffentlichte, die Todesthematik (in einer von der Empfindsamkeit deutlich abweichenden Weise) eine herausragende Stellung einnimmt – auch wenn Schiller diese Gedichte später als "die wilden Produkte eines jugendlichen Dilettantism" bezeichnete.
Das Aposteldekret : Halacha für Heidenchristen oder christliche Rücksichtsname auf jüdische Tabus?
(2007)
German soldiers were not actively engaged in Gulf War I or the post-11 September war on terrorism. Coincidentally, however, Germany reflected upon fundamental changes in immigration and asylum law in the early 1990s as well as in the early 2000s. Yet, the relationship between immigration, asylum, and terrorism was conceived of very differently. In the early 1990s, measures combating terrorism did not directly relate to immigration and asylum law. Rather, they were primarily connected to criminal law. IN the aftermath of the attacks of 11 September 2001, measures against terrorism and changes in immigration law were intrinsically entwined.