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The elliptic, v2, triangular, v3, and quadrangular, v4, azimuthal anisotropic flow coefficients are measured for unidentified charged particles, pions, and (anti-)protons in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Results obtained with the event plane and four-particle cumulant methods are reported for the pseudo-rapidity range |η|<0.8 at different collision centralities and as a function of transverse momentum, pT, out to pT=20 GeV/c. The observed non-zero elliptic and triangular flow depends only weakly on transverse momentum for pT>8 GeV/c. The small pT dependence of the difference between elliptic flow results obtained from the event plane and four-particle cumulant methods suggests a common origin of flow fluctuations up to pT=8 GeV/c. The magnitude of the (anti-)proton elliptic and triangular flow is larger than that of pions out to at least pT=8 GeV/c indicating that the particle type dependence persists out to high pT.
The inclusive transverse momentum (pT) distributions of primary charged particles are measured in the pseudo-rapidity range |η|<0.8 as a function of event centrality in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The data are presented in the pT range 0.15<pT<50 GeV/c for nine centrality intervals from 70–80% to 0–5%. The results in Pb–Pb are presented in terms of the nuclear modification factor RAA using a pp reference spectrum measured at the same collision energy. We observe that the suppression of high-pT particles strongly depends on event centrality. The yield is most suppressed in central collisions (0–5%) with RAA≈0.13 at pT=6–7 GeV/c. Above pT=7 GeV/c, there is a significant rise in the nuclear modification factor, which reaches RAA≈0.4 for pT>30 GeV/c. In peripheral collisions (70–80%), only moderate suppression (RAA=0.6–0.7) and a weak pT dependence is observed. The measured nuclear modification factors are compared to other measurements and model calculations.
Measurements of charge-dependent azimuthal correlations with the ALICE detector at the LHC are reported for Pb-Pb collisions at √𝑠𝑁𝑁=2.76 TeV. Two- and three-particle charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in the pseudorapidity range |𝜂|<0.8 are presented as a function of the collision centrality, particle separation in pseudorapidity, and transverse momentum. A clear signal compatible with a charge-dependent separation relative to the reaction plane is observed, which shows little or no collision energy dependence when compared to measurements at RHIC energies. This provides a new insight for understanding the nature of the charge-dependent azimuthal correlations observed at RHIC and LHC energies.
Das humane endogene Retrovirus-K: Grundlagenforschung und Nutzen als Tumor-assoziiertes Antigen
(2011)
Fast die Hälfte des humanen Genoms besteht aus Retroelementen, die während der evolutiven Entwicklung des Menschen im Genom fixiert wurden. Im Wesentlichen kann man diese Retroelemente in DNA-Transposons, LINEs, SINEs und humane endogene Retroviren unterteilen, dabei nehmen die humanen endogenen Retroviren (HERV) 8% des humanen Genoms ein. Bei einer Unterfamilie, der HERV-K Familie, sind bis heute alle offenen Leserahmen erhalten geblieben. Nach heutigem Erkenntnisstand wird eine Expression dieser Elemente in somatischen Zellen jedoch strikt unterdrückt, denn eine Expression von Retroelementen könnte zu Insertionsmutagenesen führen und letztlich dem Organismus erheblichen Schaden zufügen.
Im Gegensatz dazu wird eine reaktivierte Expression von HERV-K häufig in einigen Tumorarten beobachtet: allen voran Keimzelltumore, Melanome und Brustkrebs. Außerdem können in Patienten, die an solchen Tumoren erkranken, häufig HERV-K spezifische Antikörper und mitunter auch gegen HERV-K-gerichtete T-Zellen nachgewiesen werden. Die strikte Unterdrückung der HERV-K Expression in gesunden, somatischen und eine reaktivierte Expression in entarteten Zellen machen HERV-K Proteine daher zu idealen Tumor-assoziierten Antigenen.
Auf Grundlage dieser Untersuchungen wurden, in dieser Arbeit, zwei potentielle Tumorvakzine, basierend auf dem hoch attenuierten Modifizierten Vacciniavirus Ankara (MVA) hergestellt. Durch homologe Rekombination wurde ein HERV-K gag-pro-pol transgenes MVAHKcon und ein HERV-K env transgenes MVAHKEnv hergestellt und charakterisiert. Darüber hinaus wurden die rekombinanten Viren in einem neu etablierten, syngenen Maus-Tumor-Modell untersucht. MVAHKcon immunisierte Mäuse zeigten eine starke humorale Immunantwort und waren in der Lage subkutane, HERV-K Gag positive Tumore fast vollständig zu eliminieren. MVAHKEnv immunisierte Mäuse zeigten dagegen eine moderate humorale Immunantwort und eine starke T-Zellantwort. Nach therapeutischer Immunisierung mit MVAHKEnv konnte im Mausmodell eine signifikante Reduktion an HERV-K Env positiven Lungenmetasten beobachtet werden. Außerdem konnte durch eine prophylaktische Immunisierung mit MVAHKEnv ein vollständiger Schutz der Mäuse vor der Ansiedlung HERV-K Env-exprimierender Tumore erreicht werden. Die hier vorgestellten HERV-K rekombinanten MVA könnten daher der erste Schritt zu einer Immuntherapie gegen reaktivierte Retroelemente in malignen Tumoren darstellen.
MVAHKcon infizierte Zellen produzieren und sekretieren große Mengen HERV-K Virus-ähnlicher Partikel (VLP) somit konnten auch grundlegende Fragestellungen der HERV-K Biologie geklärt
Zusammenfassung
123
werden. Durch die Kombination massenspektrometrischer Analysen und N-terminaler Sequenzierungen konnten, die noch nicht bekannten Schnittstellen der retroviralen Protease im HERV-K Gag Protein identifiziert werden. Zudem wurde eine späte Domäne von HERV-K identifiziert und darüber hinaus Wechselwirkungen von HERV-K VLPs mit zellulären Restriktionsfaktoren wie APOBEC3G und CD317 studiert.
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor use and viral evolution were analyzed in blood samples from an HIV-1 infected patient undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Coreceptor use was predicted in silico from sequence data obtained from the third variable loop region of the viral envelope gene with two software tools. Viral diversity and evolution was evaluated on the same samples by Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods. In addition, phenotypic analysis was done by comparison of viral growth in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in a CCR5 (R5)-deficient T-cell line which was controlled by a reporter assay confirming viral tropism. In silico coreceptor predictions did not match experimental determinations that showed a consistent R5 tropism. Anti-HIV directed antibodies could be detected before and after the SCT. These preexisting antibodies did not prevent viral rebound after the interruption of antiretroviral therapy during the SCT. Eventually, transplantation and readministration of anti-retroviral drugs lead to sustained increase in CD4 counts and decreased viral load to undetectable levels. Unexpectedly, viral diversity decreased after successful SCT. Our data evidence that only R5-tropic virus was found in the patient before and after transplantation. Therefore, blocking CCR5 receptor during stem cell transplantation might have had beneficial effects and this might apply to more patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Furthermore, we revealed a scenario of HIV-1 dynamic different from the commonly described ones. Analysis of viral evolution shows the decrease of viral diversity even during episodes with bursts in viral load.
The pT-differential inclusive production cross section of the prompt charm-strange meson Ds+ in the rapidity range |y|<0.5 was measured in proton–proton collisions at s=7 TeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The analysis was performed on a data sample of 2.98×108 events collected with a minimum-bias trigger. The corresponding integrated luminosity is Lint=4.8 nb−1. Reconstructing the decay Ds+→ϕπ+, with ϕ→K−K+, and its charge conjugate, about 480 Ds± mesons were counted, after selection cuts, in the transverse momentum range 2<pT<12 GeV/c. The results are compared with predictions from models based on perturbative QCD. The ratios of the cross sections of four D meson species (namely D0, D+, D⁎+ and Ds+) were determined both as a function of pT and integrated over pT after extrapolating to full pT range, together with the strangeness suppression factor in charm fragmentation. The obtained values are found to be compatible within uncertainties with those measured by other experiments in e+e−, ep and pp interactions at various centre-of-mass energies.
Results are presented on event-by-event electric charge fluctuations in central Pb+Pb collisions at 20, 30, 40, 80 and 158 AGeV. The observed fluctuations are close to those expected for a gas of pions correlated by global charge conservation only. These fluctuations are considerably larger than those calculated for an ideal gas of deconfined quarks and gluons. The present measurements do not necessarily exclude reduced fluctuations from a quark-gluon plasma because these might be masked by contributions from resonance decays.
The energy dependence of multiplicity fluctuations was studied for the most central Pb+Pb collisions at 20A, 30A, 40A, 80A and 158A GeV by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. The multiplicity distribution for negatively and positively charged hadrons is significantly narrower than Poisson one for all energies. No significant structure in energy dependence of the scaled variance of multiplicity fluctuations is observed. The measured scaled variance is lower than the one predicted by the grand-canonical formulation of the hadron-resonance gas model. The results for scaled variance are in approximate agreement with the string-hadronic model UrQMD.
Event-by-event fluctuations of particle ratios in central Pb + Pb collisions at 20 to 158 AGeV
(2004)
In the vicinity of the QCD phase transition, critical fluctuations have been predicted to lead to non-statistical fluctuations of particle ratios, depending on the nature of the phase transition. Recent results of the NA49 energy scan program show a sharp maximum of the ratio of K+ to Pi+ yields in central Pb+Pb collisions at beam energies of 20-30 AGeV. This observation has been interpreted as an indication of a phase transition at low SPS energies. We present first results on event-by-event fluctuations of the kaon to pion and proton to pion ratios at beam energies close to this maximum.