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Nep1 (Emg1) is a highly conserved nucleolar protein with an essential function in ribosome biogenesis. A mutation in the human Nep1 homolog causes Bowen–Conradi syndrome—a severe developmental disorder. Structures of Nep1 revealed a dimer with a fold similar to the SPOUT-class of RNA-methyltransferases suggesting that Nep1 acts as a methyltransferase in ribosome biogenesis. The target for this putative methyltransferase activity has not been identified yet. We characterized the RNA-binding specificity of Methanocaldococcus jannaschii Nep1 by fluorescence- and NMR-spectroscopy as well as by yeast three-hybrid screening. Nep1 binds with high affinity to short RNA oligonucleotides corresponding to nt 910–921 of M. jannaschii 16S rRNA through a highly conserved basic surface cleft along the dimer interface. Nep1 only methylates RNAs containing a pseudouridine at a position corresponding to a previously identified hypermodified N1-methyl-N3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) pseudouridine (m1acp3-Psi) in eukaryotic 18S rRNAs. Analysis of the methylated nucleoside by MALDI-mass spectrometry, HPLC and NMR shows that the methyl group is transferred to the N1 of the pseudouridine. Thus, Nep1 is the first identified example of an N1-specific pseudouridine methyltransferase. This enzymatic activity is also conserved in human Nep1 suggesting that Nep1 is the methyltransferase in the biosynthesis of m1acp3-Psi in eukaryotic 18S rRNAs.
Ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes requires the participation of a large number of ribosome assembly factors. The highly conserved eukaryotic nucleolar protein Nep1 has an essential but unknown function in 18S rRNA processing and ribosome biogenesis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the malfunction of a temperature-sensitive Nep1 protein (nep1-1ts) was suppressed by the addition of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). This suggests the participation of Nep1 in a methyltransferase reaction during ribosome biogenesis. In addition, yeast Nep1 binds to a 6-nt RNA-binding motif also found in 18S rRNA and facilitates the incorporation of ribosomal protein Rps19 during the formation of pre-ribosomes. Here, we present the X-ray structure of the Nep1 homolog from the archaebacterium Methanocaldococcus jannaschii in its free form (2.2 Å resolution) and bound to the S-adenosylmethionine analog S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH, 2.15 Å resolution) and the antibiotic and general methyltransferase inhibitor sinefungin (2.25 Å resolution). The structure reveals a fold which is very similar to the conserved core fold of the SPOUT-class methyltransferases but contains a novel extension of this common core fold. SAH and sinefungin bind to Nep1 at a preformed binding site that is topologically equivalent to the cofactor-binding site in other SPOUT-class methyltransferases. Therefore, our structures together with previous genetic data suggest that Nep1 is a genuine rRNA methyltransferase.
Background: Polymorphisms within the insulin gene can influence insulin expression in the pancreas and especially in the thymus, where self-antigens are processed, shaping the T cell repertoire into selftolerance, a process that protects from ß-cell autoimmunity.
Methods: We investigated the role of the -2221Msp(C/T) and -23HphI(A/T) polymorphisms within the insulin gene in patients with a monoglandular autoimmune endocrine disease [patients with isolated type 1 diabetes (T1D, n = 317), Addison´s disease (AD, n = 107) or Hashimoto´s thyroiditis (HT, n = 61)], those with a polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type II (combination of T1D and/or AD with HT or GD, n = 62) as well as in healthy controls (HC, n = 275).
Results: T1D patients carried significantly more often the homozygous genotype "CC" -2221Msp(C/T) and "AA" -23HphI(A/T) polymorphisms than the HC (78.5% vs. 66.2%, p = 0.0027 and 75.4% vs. 52.4%, p = 3.7 × 10-8, respectively). The distribution of insulin gene polymorphisms did not show significant differences between patients with AD, HT, or APS-II and HC.
Conclusion: We demonstrate that the allele "C" of the -2221Msp(C/T) and "A" -23HphI(A/T) insulin gene polymorphisms confer susceptibility to T1D but not to isolated AD, HT or as a part of the APS-II.
First-principle metabolic modelling holds potential for designing microbial chassis that are resilient against phenotype reversal due to adaptive mutations. Yet, the theory of model-based chassis design has rarely been put to rigorous experimental test. Here, we report the development of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chassis strains for dicarboxylic acid production using genome-scale metabolic modelling. The chassis strains, albeit geared for higher flux towards succinate, fumarate and malate, do not appreciably secrete these metabolites. As predicted by the model, introducing product-specific TCA cycle disruptions resulted in the secretion of the corresponding acid. Adaptive laboratory evolution further improved production of succinate and fumarate, demonstrating the evolutionary robustness of the engineered cells. In the case of malate, multi-omics analysis revealed a flux bypass at peroxisomal malate dehydrogenase that was missing in the yeast metabolic model. In all three cases, flux balance analysis integrating transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics data confirmed the flux re-routing predicted by the model. Taken together, our modelling and experimental results have implications for the computer-aided design of microbial cell factories.
The Nep1 (Emg1) SPOUT-class methyltransferase is an essential ribosome assembly factor and the human Bowen–Conradi syndrome (BCS) is caused by a specific Nep1D86G mutation. We recently showed in vitro that Methanocaldococcus jannaschii Nep1 is a sequence-specific pseudouridine-N1-methyltransferase. Here, we show that in yeast the in vivo target site for Nep1-catalyzed methylation is located within loop 35 of the 18S rRNA that contains the unique hypermodification of U1191 to 1-methyl-3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-pseudouri-dine (m1acp3Psi). Specific 14C-methionine labelling of 18S rRNA in yeast mutants showed that Nep1 is not required for acp-modification but suggested a function in Psi1191 methylation. ESI MS analysis of acp-modified Psi-nucleosides in a DeltaNep1-mutant showed that Nep1 catalyzes the Psi1191 methylation in vivo. Remarkably, the restored growth of a nep1-1ts mutant upon addition of S-adenosylmethionine was even observed after preventing U1191 methylation in a deltasnr35 mutant. This strongly suggests a dual Nep1 function, as Psi1191-methyltransferase and ribosome assembly factor. Interestingly, the Nep1 methyltransferase activity is not affected upon introduction of the BCS mutation. Instead, the mutated protein shows enhanced dimerization propensity and increased affinity for its RNA-target in vitro. Furthermore, the BCS mutation prevents nucleolar accumulation of Nep1, which could be the reason for reduced growth in yeast and the Bowen-Conradi syndrome.
In dieser Arbeit wurden die physiologische Funktion innerhalb der Ribosomenbiogenese und die physikalischen Interaktionen des nukleolären, essentiellen Proteins Nep1p in der Hefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae untersucht. Durch Hefe-Zwei-Hybrid-Experimente und biochemische Analysen konnte eine Homodimerisierung des Proteins festgestellt sowie eine strukturabgeleitete Dimerisierungsmutante identifiziert werden. Ebenfalls aus der Struktur des Nep1p-Homologs aus Methanocaldococcus jannaschii konnte eine Nop14p-Bindungsregion auf der der Dimerkontaktfläche abgewandten Seite des Hefeproteins vorhergesagt und nach in vitro-Mutagenese bestätigt werden. Innerhalb des Nop14-Proteins wurden zwei Domänen charakterisiert, die im Zwei-Hybrid-System mit Nep1p interagieren. Aus Strukturdaten in Kombination mit Hefe-Drei-Hybrid-Experimenten konnte die RNA-Bindungsregion an der Dimerkontaktfläche des Nep1-Proteins lokalisiert werden. In Drei-Hybrid-Selektionen wurden RNA-Sequenzen mit hoher Affinität zu dem M. jannaschii Nep1p identifiziert, die auf eine Bindung des Proteins bei Helix 35 der 16S rRNA schließen lassen. Aufgrund der hohen Konservierung dieser rRNA-Region ist eine Bindung des Hefeproteins an die 18S rRNA-Schleife von Nukleotid 1189-1196 sehr wahrscheinlich. Da Nep1p eine große Ähnlichkeit zu Proteinen der SPOUTFamilie von Methyltransferasen aufweist, war von einer rRNA-Methylierung im Verlauf der Ribosomenbiogenese als katalytische Funktion des Proteins auszugehen. Aus verschiedenen Drei-Hybrid-Experimenten zur RNA-Bindungungsspezifität ergab sich als mögliche Reaktion die N1-Methylierung des Nukleotids 1-Methyl-3-(3-Amino-3-Carboxypropyl)-Pseudouridin (m1acp3Y) 1191 der 18S rRNA. Durch eine spezifische radioaktive Markierung der acp-Gruppe konnte gezeigt werden, dass Nep1p keinen Einfluss auf die spätere Aminocarboxypropylmodifizierung hat. Diese findet auch bei einer Deletion der snoRNA35 statt, also auch an einem Uridin, und ist unabhängig von dem cytoplasmatischen Protein Tma20p. In RP-HPLC-Experimenten konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die 18S rRNA einer Dnep1Dnop6-Doppelmutante ein Aminocarboxypropyl-modifiziertes Nukleosid enthält, dass sich in seinem Retensionsverhalten von dem m1acp3Y eines Wildtyps unterscheidet. Bei dem in diesem Stamm detektierten acp-modifizierten Nukleosid handelt es sich vermutlich um ein nicht-methyliertes acpY, was eine Funktion von Nep1p als N1-Methyltransferase des Nukleotids Y1191 der 18S rRNA höchst wahrscheinlich macht. Diese katalytische Funktion konnte in Zusammenarbeit mit Prof. Wöhnert auch für das M. jannaschii Nep1p gezeigt werden. Dass sowohl eine snr35- Deletion als auch eine 18S rRNA-Mutation des Nukleotids 1191 nicht letal sind, machte deutlich, dass die N1-Methylierung nicht die essentielle Funktion von Nep1p darstellen kann. Weiterhin konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Suppression der nep1-1ts-Mutante durch S-Adenosylmethionin nicht auf der Unterstützung der Methyltransferase-Aktivität des Proteins, sondern vermutlich eher auf einer generellen Stabilisierung des temperatursensitiven Proteins beruht. Sowohl im Hefe-Nep1p als auch im humanen Homolog wurden durch biochemische und genetische Experimente mehrere Phänotypen der Bowen-Conradi-Mutation (Aspartat 90 zu Glycin in ScNep1p) nachgewiesen. Diese lassen auf eine Aggregation des mutierten Proteins sowie eine dadurch bedingte Fehllokalisation innerhalb der Zelle schließen. Zusätzlich ist aber auch ein RNA-Bindungsdefekt durch den Aminosäureaustausch wahrscheinlich. Nichtsdestotrotz liegt offensichtlich ausreichend Nep1p-Protein vor, dass seine essentielle Funktion erfüllen kann, da die Mutation selbst zu keinem Wachstumsphänotyp führt. Erst bei einer partiellen Translationsrepression des mutierten Proteins unter Verwendung des artifiziellen Tetrazyklin-Aptamer-Systems ist ein verlangsamtes Wachstum von Hefezellen zu beobachten, was dieses System geeignet zur Analyse von möglichen Therapeutika macht.
A new artificial regulatory system for essential genes in yeast is described. It prevents translation of target mRNAs upon tetracycline (tc) binding to aptamers introduced into their 5'UTRs. Exploiting direct RNA–ligand interaction renders auxiliary protein factors unnecessary. Therefore, our approach is strain independent and not susceptible to interferences by heterologous expressed regulatory proteins. We use a simple PCR-based strategy, which allows easy tagging of any target gene and the level of gene expression can be adjusted due to various tc aptamer-regulated promoters. As proof of concept, five differently expressed genes were targeted, two of which could not be regulated previously. In all cases, adding tc completely prevented growth and, as shown for Nop14p, rapidly abolished de novo protein synthesis providing a powerful tool for conditional regulation of yeast gene expression.