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The project focuses on the efficiency of combined technologies to reduce the release of micropollutants and bacteria into surface waters via sewage treatment plants of different size and via stormwater overflow basins of different types. As a model river in a highly populated catchment area, the river Schussen and, as a control, the river Argen, two tributaries of Lake Constance, Southern Germany, are under investigation in this project. The efficiency of the different cleaning technologies is monitored by a wide range of exposure and effect analyses including chemical and microbiological techniques as well as effect studies ranging from molecules to communities.
Seven different instruments and measurement methods were used to examine the immersion freezing of bacterial ice nuclei from Snomax® (hereafter Snomax), a product containing ice active protein complexes from non-viable Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. The experimental conditions were kept as similar as possible for the different measurements. Of the participating instruments, some examined droplets which had been made from suspensions directly, and the others examined droplets activated on previously generated Snomax particles, with particle diameters of mostly a few hundred nanometers and up to a few micrometers in some cases. Data were obtained in the temperature range from −2 to −38 °C, and it was found that all ice active protein complexes were already activated above −12 °C. Droplets with different Snomax mass concentrations covering 10 orders of magnitude were examined. Some instruments had very short ice nucleation times down to below 1 s, while others had comparably slow cooling rates around 1 K min−1. Displaying data from the different instruments in terms of numbers of ice active protein complexes per dry mass of Snomax, nm, showed that within their uncertainty the data agree well with each other as well as to previously reported literature results. Two parameterizations were taken from literature for a direct comparison to our results, and these were a time dependent approach based on a contact angle distribution Niedermeier et al. (2014) and a modification of the parameterization presented in Hartmann et~al.~(2013) representing a time independent approach. The agreement between these and the measured data were good, i.e. they agreed within a temperature range of 0.6 K or equivalently a range in nm of a factor of 2. From the results presented herein, we propose that Snomax, at least when carefully shared and prepared, is a suitable material to test and compare different instruments for their accuracy of measuring immersion freezing.
Seven different instruments and measurement methods were used to examine the immersion freezing of bacterial ice nuclei from Snomax® (hereafter Snomax), a product containing ice-active protein complexes from non-viable Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. The experimental conditions were kept as similar as possible for the different measurements. Of the participating instruments, some examined droplets which had been made from suspensions directly, and the others examined droplets activated on previously generated Snomax particles, with particle diameters of mostly a few hundred nanometers and up to a few micrometers in some cases. Data were obtained in the temperature range from −2 to −38 °C, and it was found that all ice-active protein complexes were already activated above −12 °C. Droplets with different Snomax mass concentrations covering 10 orders of magnitude were examined. Some instruments had very short ice nucleation times down to below 1 s, while others had comparably slow cooling rates around 1 K min−1. Displaying data from the different instruments in terms of numbers of ice-active protein complexes per dry mass of Snomax, nm, showed that within their uncertainty, the data agree well with each other as well as to previously reported literature results. Two parameterizations were taken from literature for a direct comparison to our results, and these were a time-dependent approach based on a contact angle distribution (Niedermeier et al., 2014) and a modification of the parameterization presented in Hartmann et al. (2013) representing a time-independent approach. The agreement between these and the measured data were good; i.e., they agreed within a temperature range of 0.6 K or equivalently a range in nm of a factor of 2. From the results presented herein, we propose that Snomax, at least when carefully shared and prepared, is a suitable material to test and compare different instruments for their accuracy of measuring immersion freezing.
Charakterisierung der Amyloidplaque-assoziierten Entzündungsreaktion in APP23 transgenen Mäusen
(2009)
Ein charakteristisches Merkmal der Alzheimer-Krankheit ist die Ablagerung von Amyloid-beta (A beta) Protein im Gehirn. Die Proteinaggregate bilden Plaques, in deren Umgebung eine chronische Entzündungsreaktion nachgewiesen werden kann. Welche Rolle diese plaqueassoziierte Inflammation für die Pathogenese der Alzheimerschen Krankheit spielt, ist unklar. Es wird diskutiert, dass es sich um einen Versuch des Immunsystems handelt, A beta durch Prozessierung und Phagozytose aus dem Gehirn zu entfernen. Durch die dadurch entstehende chronische Entzündung könnten Nervenzellen in der Umgebung von Plaques geschädigt werden ("bystander attack"). Ein Schritt zu einem besseren Verständnis der plaqueassoziierten Entzündungsprozesse und ihrer pathogenetischen Bedeutung ist die Aufklärung der zugrunde liegenden molekularen Mechanismen. Daher beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit drei zentralen Fragen: (1) Welche Moleküle sind an der plaqueassoziierten Entzündungsreaktion beteiligt? (2) Sind ausgewählte Kandidatenmoleküle (Toll-like Rezeptoren, SOCS) in der Umgebung von Plaques reguliert? (3) Welche Rolle spielen Entzündungsmediatoren aus Endothelzellen in der Nähe von Plaques? Die plaqueassoziierten Entzündungsprozesse wurden im Gehirn von alten APP23 transgenen Mäusen, einem Modell der Alzheimer-Erkrankung, untersucht. Plaques, plaquenahes Gewebe und plaquefreies Gewebe wurden mittels Laser Mikrodissektion ausgeschnitten und anschließend mit Hilfe von Mikroarrays und quantitativer RT-PCR analysiert. Dazu wurden zwei methodische Ansätze gewählt: Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurden in einem hypothesenfreien Ansatz neue regulatorische Kandidatenmoleküle identifiziert, unter ihnen der Rezeptor Trem2. Dabei konnten sowohl eine erhöhte plaqueassoziierte mRNA als auch eine erhöhte Protein Expression von Trem2 sowie dessen Lokalisation auf Mikrogliazellen nachgewiesen werden. Trem2 spielt anscheinend eine Rolle bei der Herbeiführung eines mikroglialen Aktivierungsstatus, der die Phagozytose unterstützt, während die Entstehung von proinflammatorischen Zytokinen unterdrückt wird. Im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mit einem hypothesenbasierten Ansatz die plaqueassoziierte mRNA Expression von Molekülen untersucht, die bereits in anderen Untersuchungen mit der Alzheimer-Erkrankung in Zusammenhang gebracht wurden. Dabei konnte eine erhöhte plaqueassoziierte mRNA Expression der Toll-like Rezeptoren Tlr2, 4 und 9 sowie einzelner SOCS in APP23 transgenen Mäusen nachgewiesen werden. Tlr2 und 4 sind in der Lage, Mikrogliazellen und andere phagozytierende Zellen zu aktivieren und werden mit der Aufnahme und Beseitigung von Amyloid-beta in Verbindung gebracht. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit wurde ebenfalls mit einem hypothesenbasierten Ansatz die mRNA Expression von plaqueassoziiertem Endothelgewebe überprüft. Dabei konnte eine erhöhte mRNA Expression von MIP-1 alpha und CXCL10, zwei Entzündungsmediatoren aus der Familie der Chemokine, in plaqueassoziiertem Endothelgewebe gezeigt werden. Es kann daher davon ausgegangen werden, dass auch das Endothelgewebe an der Entzündungsreaktion beteiligt ist. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit tragen zu einem besseren Verständnis der plaqueassoziierten Entzündungsreaktion im Rahmen der Alzheimer-Erkrankung bei. Die Aufklärung der Pathogenese der Alzheimer-Erkrankung ist entscheidend, um in den nächsten Jahren und Jahrzehnten neue und effektive Medikamente zur Behandlung dieser schweren Demenzerkrankung zu entwickeln.
Filamentous fungi are of great importance in ecology, agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology. Thus, it is not surprising that genomes for more than 100 filamentous fungi have been sequenced, most of them by Sanger sequencing. While next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized genome resequencing, e.g. for strain comparisons, genetic mapping, or transcriptome and ChIP analyses, de novo assembly of eukaryotic genomes still presents significant hurdles, because of their large size and stretches of repetitive sequences. Filamentous fungi contain few repetitive regions in their 30–90 Mb genomes and thus are suitable candidates to test de novo genome assembly from short sequence reads. Here, we present a high-quality draft sequence of the Sordaria macrospora genome that was obtained by a combination of Illumina/Solexa and Roche/454 sequencing. Paired-end Solexa sequencing of genomic DNA to 85-fold coverage and an additional 10-fold coverage by single-end 454 sequencing resulted in ~4 Gb of DNA sequence. Reads were assembled to a 40 Mb draft version (N50 of 117 kb) with the Velvet assembler. Comparative analysis with Neurospora genomes increased the N50 to 498 kb. The S. macrospora genome contains even fewer repeat regions than its closest sequenced relative, Neurospora crassa. Comparison with genomes of other fungi showed that S. macrospora, a model organism for morphogenesis and meiosis, harbors duplications of several genes involved in self/nonself-recognition. Furthermore, S. macrospora contains more polyketide biosynthesis genes than N. crassa. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that some of these genes may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from a distantly related ascomycete group. Our study shows that, for typical filamentous fungi, de novo assembly of genomes from short sequence reads alone is feasible, that a mixture of Solexa and 454 sequencing substantially improves the assembly, and that the resulting data can be used for comparative studies to address basic questions of fungal biology.
Die vorliegende Projektarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der komplexen Thematik der funktionalen Einschichtigkeit an hessischen Hochschulbibliothekssystemen. Dargestellt werden sowohl die historisch politischen Gründe für die Prägung des Begriffs funktionale Einschichtigkeit sowie auch die Zielstellung der mit der Umsetzung verbundenen Veränderungen. Im Bezug darauf nehmen die Bearbeiter Empfehlungen des Wissenschaftsrates und der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft sowie auch andere historische Dokumente genauer unter die Lupe. Um Veränderungsprozesse deutlich erläutern zu können, werden Fallbeispiele geliefert. Hiefür wurden die Bibliothekssysteme Frankfurt am Main, Marburg und Darmstadt untersucht, wobei die Sonderrolle des Marburger Modells in der Arbeit herausgestellt wird. Nach dem Versuch, die Komplexität der Thematik und die damit verbundenen Schwierigkeiten deutlich zu machen, werden letztendlich Schlussfolgerungen gezogen und Ansätze für Lösungen gegeben.
Background: The progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia can be predicted by cognitive, neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers. Since most biomarkers reveal complementary information, a combination of biomarkers may increase the predictive power. We investigated which combination of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)-sum-of-boxes, the word list delayed free recall from the Consortium to Establish a Registry of Dementia (CERAD) test battery, hippocampal volume (HCV), amyloid-beta1–42 (Aβ42), amyloid-beta1–40 (Aβ40) levels, the ratio of Aβ42/Aβ40, phosphorylated tau, and total tau (t-Tau) levels in the CSF best predicted a short-term conversion from MCI to AD dementia.
Methods: We used 115 complete datasets from MCI patients of the "Dementia Competence Network", a German multicenter cohort study with annual follow-up up to 3 years. MCI was broadly defined to include amnestic and nonamnestic syndromes. Variables known to predict progression in MCI patients were selected a priori. Nine individual predictors were compared by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. ROC curves of the five best two-, three-, and four-parameter combinations were analyzed for significant superiority by a bootstrapping wrapper around a support vector machine with linear kernel. The incremental value of combinations was tested for statistical significance by comparing the specificities of the different classifiers at a given sensitivity of 85%.
Results: Out of 115 subjects, 28 (24.3%) with MCI progressed to AD dementia within a mean follow-up period of 25.5 months. At baseline, MCI-AD patients were no different from stable MCI in age and gender distribution, but had lower educational attainment. All single biomarkers were significantly different between the two groups at baseline. ROC curves of the individual predictors gave areas under the curve (AUC) between 0.66 and 0.77, and all single predictors were statistically superior to Aβ40. The AUC of the two-parameter combinations ranged from 0.77 to 0.81. The three-parameter combinations ranged from AUC 0.80–0.83, and the four-parameter combination from AUC 0.81–0.82. None of the predictor combinations was significantly superior to the two best single predictors (HCV and t-Tau). When maximizing the AUC differences by fixing sensitivity at 85%, the two- to four-parameter combinations were superior to HCV alone.
Conclusion: A combination of two biomarkers of neurodegeneration (e.g., HCV and t-Tau) is not superior over the single parameters in identifying patients with MCI who are most likely to progress to AD dementia, although there is a gradual increase in the statistical measures across increasing biomarker combinations. This may have implications for clinical diagnosis and for selecting subjects for participation in clinical trials.
In einer 1170 ha großen Probefläche im Nationalpark Donau-
Auen (Niederösterreich) wurden Siedlungsdichten und
Habitatpräferenzen des Grünspechts Picus viridis untersucht.
Im Rahmen einer rationalisierten Revierkartierung zwischen
Februar und April 2008 wurden 14 Reviere ermittelt (Revierdichte:
0,12 Reviere/10 ha). Basierend auf dem Vorkommen
der Art in 400 m x 400 m Rastern wurde der Einfluss
der vorherrschenden Baumarten, des Bestandesalters, der
Länge der Waldrandgrenze sowie der Länge der Seitenarme
auf das Vorkommen des Grünspechts mittels verallgemeinerter
linearer Modelle analysiert. Der beste Prädiktor für
das Vorkommen der Art war der Grenzlinienanteil zwischen
Wald und Nicht-Wald-Bereichen. Die meisten Reviere befanden
sich in Bereichen des Untersuchungsgebiets, die
durch einen Damm vor Hochwasser geschützt sind. Die
Harte Au wurde im Vergleich zur Weichen Au signifikant
bevorzugt. Dies ist höchstwahrscheinlich mit einer besseren
Nahrungsverfügbarkeit (Ameisen) in den trockeneren Gebieten
zu erklären. Es konnten keine signifikanten Präferenzen
für bestimmte Baumarten festgestellt werden, Hybridpappeln
und Weiden (Arten der Weichen Au) wurden jedoch
scheinbar gemieden, was aber wohl eher auf die weniger
günstigen Bedingungen in feuchteren Lebensräumen zurückzuführen
ist. Alle Reviere lagen im Waldrandbereich
und beinhalteten Wiesen, Teile des Damms, aber auch landwirtschaftlich
genutzte Felder. Bei fünf Revieren dürften
intensiv genutzte Getreidefelder den einzigen Offenlandanteil
darstellen.
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of trichuris suis ova in active crohn's disease
(2017)
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To investigate the efficacy and safety of three different dosages of embryonated, viable eggs of Trichuris suis [TSO] versus placebo for induction of remission in mildly-to-moderately active ileocolonic, uncomplicated Crohn's disease [CD].
METHODS Adults with active CD [n = 252] randomly received six fortnightly doses of 250, 2500, or 7500 TSO/15 ml suspension/day [TSO 250, TSO 2500, TSO 7500], or 15 ml placebo solution/day, in a double-blind fashion, with 4 weeks' follow-up. Primary endpoint was the rate of clinical remission [Crohn's Disease Activity Index [CDAI] < 150] at end of treatment, ie at Week 12 or withdrawal. Secondary endpoints included the course of clinical remission, rate of clinical response, change in CDAI, change in markers of inflammation, mucosal healing, and Physician's Global Assessment.
RESULTS Clinical remission at Week 12 occurred in 38.5%, 35.2%, and 47.2% of TSO 250, TSO 2500, and TSO 7500 patients, respectively, and in 42.9% of placebo recipients. TSO induced a dose-dependent immunological response. There was no response regarding laboratory markers of inflammation. Other secondary efficacy variables also showed no advantage of TSO over placebo for treatment of active CD. Administration of TSO did not result in any serious adverse drug reaction. Review of non-serious suspected adverse drug reactions following TSO did not reveal any safety concerns.
CONCLUSIONS Administration of 250-7500 TSO fortnightly over 12 weeks was safe and showed a dose-dependent immunological response, but no TSO dose showed a clinically relevant effect over placebo for induction of clinical remission or response in mildly-to-moderately active, ileocolonic CD.
The transcription factor Meis1 drives myeloid leukemogenesis in the context of Hox gene overexpression but is currently considered undruggable. We therefore investigated whether myeloid progenitor cells transformed by Hoxa9 and Meis1 become addicted to targetable signaling pathways. A comprehensive (phospho)proteomic analysis revealed that Meis1 increased Syk protein expression and activity. Syk upregulation occurs through a Meis1-dependent feedback loop. By dissecting this loop, we show that Syk is a direct target of miR-146a, whose expression is indirectly regulated by Meis1 through the transcription factor PU.1. In the context of Hoxa9 overexpression, Syk signaling induces Meis1, recapitulating several leukemogenic features of Hoxa9/Meis1-driven leukemia. Finally, Syk inhibition disrupts the identified regulatory loop, prolonging survival of mice with Hoxa9/Meis1-driven leukemia.