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We investigate different designs of circuit breakers implemented on European trading venues and examine their effectiveness to manage excess volatility and to preserve liquidity. Specifically, we empirically analyze volatility and liquidity around volatility interruptions implemented on the German and Spanish stock market which differ regarding specific design parameters. We find that volatility interruptions in general significantly decrease volatility in the post interruption phase. Unfortunately, this decrease in volatility comes at the cost of decreased liquidity. Regarding design parameters, we find tighter price ranges and shorter durations to support volatility interruptions in achieving their goals.
We analyze limit order book resiliency following liquidity shocks initiated by large market orders. Based on a unique data set, we investigate whether high‐frequency traders are involved in replenishing the order book. Therefore, we relate the net liquidity provision of high‐frequency traders, algorithmic traders, and human traders around these market impact events to order book resiliency. Although all groups of traders react, our results show that only high‐frequency traders reduce the spread within the first seconds after the market impact event. Order book depth replenishment, however, takes significantly longer and is mainly accomplished by human traders’ liquidity provision.
THE SPEED OF TRADING, AND IN PARTICULAR HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING, IS ONE OF THE MOSTLY DEBATED ISSUES AMONG REGULATORS AND MARKET PARTICIPANTS. NEVERTHELESS, SEVERAL ACADEMIC STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADERS USING LOW-LATENCY INFRASTRUCTURE PROVIDE ADDITIONAL LIQUIDITY THEREBY REDUCING TRANSACTION COSTS IN ORDINARY TIMES OF TRADING. WE STUDY WHETHER HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADERS ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORDER BOOK AFTER LIQUIDITY SHOCKS CAUSED BY LARGE ORDERS.