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Microscopic calculations of central collisions between heavy nuclei are used to study fragment production and the creation of collective flow. It is shown that the final phase space distributions are compatible with the expectations from a thermally equilibrated source, which in addition exhibits a collective transverse expansion. However, the microscopic analyses of the transient states in the reaction stages of highest density and during the expansion show that the system does not reach global equilibrium. Even if a considerable amount of equilibration is assumed, the connection of the measurable final state to the macroscopic parameters, e.g. the temperature, of the transient "equilibrium" state remains ambiguous.
Im Verlauf dieser Arbeit zeigte sich, daß es möglich ist, Spuren von Teilchen, die zwei Detektoren durchquerten, einander zuzuordnen; dies mit um so größerer Sicherheit, je kleiner die Spurdichte war. Anhand eines systematischen Vergleichs von Spurparametern zugeordneter Spuren gelang es, die Position eines Spurdetektors (TPC) relativ zum zweiten Detektor und dem Target genau zu bestimmen. Die Bedeutung dieser Position ist allerdings nicht eindeutig, da eine fehlerhafte, ortsabhängige Verzerrungskorrektur der TPC Meßdaten ebenfalls zu systematischen Verschiebungen und Verdrehungen der TPC führen kann. Letztlich ist es sogar möglich, daß die Position der TPC besser vermessen wurde als die der Streamerkammer, da auch die Messmarken - die fiducials - die den Bezug zwischen der Streamerkammer und den Magnetkoordinaten herstellen - , der schlechten Rekonstruktionsgenauigkeit der z-Komponente in der Streamerkammer unterliegen. Die Kenntnis der exakten Position der TPC ist deshalb notwendig, da die TPC alleine keine Impulsinformation liefert, sondern der Teilchenimpuls erst mit Hilfe der genau bekannten Vertexposition und dem gemessenen Magnetfeld möglich ist. Es zeigte sich, daß diese ermittelten Positionen unerläßlich für eine konsistente Impulsbestimmung beider Detektoren sind. Wie zu erwarten, ist das Transversalimpulsspektrum empfindlich auf die Position des TPC-Detektors. Durch Variation möglicher Positionen um die gefundene wurde eine Abschätzung des systematischen Fehlers in pT erreicht. Dieser kann 20% erreichen. Im folgenden Experiment - NA49 - werden sich zwei Vertex-TPC's hintereinander in einem inhomogenen Magnetfeld befinden. Dahinter und außerhalb des Magnetfeldes stehen nebeneinander zwei Haupt-TPC's. Da zur Messung des Magnetfeldes die Vertex-TPC's vollständig aus den Magneten entfernt werden, ist die Findung des Bezugs zwischen den Magnetkoordinaten und denen der Vertex-TPC's ein Problem zukünftiger Datenanalysen. Außerdem wird die relative Position der Haupt-TPC's zu den Magneten benötigt, um den funktionalen Zusammenhang zwischen der Ablenkung durch die Magneten und dem Impuls der Spur zu bestimmen, da in den Haupt-TPC's kein Magnetfeld die Spuren krümmt. Anderenfalls wäre auch hier keine konsistente Impulsbestimmung möglich.
Abstract: We study transverse expansion and directed flow in Au(11AGeV)Au reactions within a multi-fluid dynamical model. Although we do not employ an equation of state (EoS) with a first order phase transition, we find a slow increase of the transverse velocities of the nucleons with time. A similar behaviour can be observed for the directed nucleon flow. This is due to non-equilibrium e ects which also lead to less and slower conversion of longitudinal into transverse momentum. We also show that the proton rapidity distribution at CERN energies, as calculated within this model, agrees well with the preliminary NA44-data.
To describe ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions we construct a three-fluid hydrodynamical model. In contrast to one-fluid hydrodynamics, it accounts for the finite stopping power of nuclear matter, i.e. for nonequilibrium e ects in the early stage of the reaction. Within this model, we study baryon dynamics in the BNL-AGS energy range. For the system Au+Au we find that kinetic equilibrium between projectile and target nucleons is established only after a time teq CM H 5 fm/c C 2RAu/³CM. Observables which are sensitive to the early stage of the collision (like e.g. nucleon flow) therefore di er considerably from those calculated in the one-fluid model.
We study the time scale for pressure equilibration in heavy ion collisions at AGS energies within the three-fluid hydrodynamical model and a microscopic cascade model (UrQMD). We find that kinetic equilibrium is reached in both models after a time of 5 fm/c (center-of-mass time). Thus, observables which are sensitive to the early stage of the reaction differ considerably from the expectations within the instant thermalization scenario (one-fluid hydrodynamical model).
We investigate the excitation function of quark-gluon plasma formation and of directed in-plane flow of nucleons in the energy range of the BNLAGS and for the Ekin Lab = 40A GeV Pb+Pb collisions performed recently at the CERN-SPS. We employ the three-fluid model with dynamical unification of kinetically equilibrated fluid elements. Within our model with first-order phase transition at high density, droplets of QGP coexisting with hadronic matter are produced already at BNL-AGS energies, Ekin Lab C 10A GeV. A substantial decrease of the isentropic velocity of sound, however, requires higher energies, Ekin Lab C 40A GeV. We show the e ect on the flow of nucleons in the reaction plane. According to our model calculations, kinematic requirements and EoS effects work hand-in-hand at Ekin Lab = 40A GeV to allow the observation of the dropping velocity of sound via an increase of the directed flow around midrapidity as compared to top BNL-AGS energy.
Impact parameter dependencies in Pb(160 AGeV)+Pb reactions : hydrodynamical vs. cascade calculations
(1999)
We investigate the impact parameter dependence of the specific entropy S/A in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Especially the anti-Lambda/anti-proton ratio is found to be a useful tool to distinguish between chemical equilibrium assumptions assumed in hydrodynamics (here: the 3-fluid model) and the chemical non-equilibrium scenario like in microscopic models as the UrQMD model.
Report-no: UFTP-492/1999 Journal-ref: Phys.Rev. C61 (2000) 024909 We investigate flow in semi-peripheral nuclear collisions at AGS and SPS energies within macroscopic as well as microscopic transport models. The hot and dense zone assumes the shape of an ellipsoid which is tilted by an angle Theta with respect to the beam axis. If matter is close to the softest point of the equation of state, this ellipsoid expands predominantly orthogonal to the direction given by Theta. This antiflow component is responsible for the previously predicted reduction of the directed transverse momentum around the softest point of the equation of state.
We discuss the early evolution of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions within a multi- fluid dynamical model. In particular, we show that due to the finite mean-free path of the particles compression shock waves are smeared out considerably as compared to the one-fluid limit. Also, the maximal energy density of the baryons is much lower. We discuss the time scale of kinetic equilibration of the baryons in the central region and its relevance for directed flow. Finally, thermal emission of direct photons from the fluid of produced particles is calculated within the three-fluid model and two other simple expansion models. It is shown that the transverse momentum and rapidity spectra of photons give clue to the cooling law and the early rapidity distribution of the photon source.