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In der gegenwärtigen Forschung zu Recht und Kolonialismus zeigt sich ein interessanter Gegensatz: Während das Recht vor allem als ein Instrument kolonialer Machtausübung verstanden wird, erscheinen Juristen, die nach einer Ausbildung an europäischen oder amerikanischen Universitäten in ihre Herkunftsländer zurückkehrten, als zentrale Akteure lokaler Unabhängigkeitsbewegungen, aus denen heraus neue Nationalstaaten entstanden. Dieser Gegensatz wird beispielhaft illustriert durch aktuelle Arbeiten von Turan Kayaoglu zum Legal Imperialism sowie Arnulf Becker-Lorca und seine Figur des Semi-Peripheral Jurist. Das Buch Asian Legal Revivals – Lawyers in the Shadow of Empire erschien 2010 und geht daher nicht direkt auf diese Arbeiten ein, dennoch ist es ein Beitrag dazu, beide Beobachtungen miteinander zu verbinden. Die Rechtssoziologen Yves Dezalay und Bryant G. Garth, die gemeinsam bereits sechs Bücher verfasst oder herausgegeben haben, untersuchen die Rolle von Juristen in der Herausbildung und Legitimation politischer Herrschaft in sieben asiatischen Ländern im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. ...
Die geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen haben ihr Spektrum in der jüngeren Vergangenheit um globale Perspektiven erweitert. Auch für das Feld der Intellectual History liegt nun ein Sammelband von Samuel Moyn und Andrew Sartori vor, der die Frage des Globalen diskutiert und dabei viele Beobachtungen enthält, die über das Feld der Ideen- und Geistesgeschichte hinaus Beachtung verdienen. Von rechtshistorischem Interesse sind vor allem die Abschnitte zur Konzeption des Globalen und zur Übersetzung und Verankerung globaler normativer Muster. ...
The study of civilization is one of the core subjects of international legal history. This is no recent development. Jörg Fisch published his seminal work "Die Europäische Expansion und das Völkerrecht" in 1984, the same year in which Gerrit W. Gong presented his renowned "Standard of Civilization". Today, the more recent works by Martti Koskenniemi and Antony Anghie probably represent the most influential research in this field. What all these path breaking works have in common is that they discuss concepts of civilization in international law especially with regard to its function as providing justification narratives for the European/non-European unequal relations, in particular in the 19th century. ...
The relationship between past and present has been the subject of controversial debates in historical research time and again. In 2013, to give a prominent example, Philip Alston in a review essay discussed the issue of "Does the past matter?" with regard to a debate on the origins of human rights. The debate was dedicated to the controversial question of "[h]ow far back can we trace the genealogy of today’s international human rights system". In this review, I would like to rephrase this question to ask instead to what degree the present matters for historical writing. Other than in the work of Alston, this is not meant as a question on the contingency and path-dependence of history, but rather as a reflection on how historians describe and evaluate the past and what role knowledge of the present may have in this context. ...
Neuere Geschichten des Völkerrechts zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass sie das Recht und dessen Wirksamkeit nicht losgelöst von sozialen und historischen Kontexten betrachten. In seinem beeindruckenden Buch "Frieden durch Recht?" über den Friedensschluss nach dem ersten Weltkrieg zeigt Marcus M. Payk (vgl. die Rezension in diesem Band), dass das Recht zwar über eine eigene Form und Logik verfügt, dessen Bindungswirkung aber nicht ohne dessen Kontexte verstanden werden kann. ...
In China war das europäische Völkerrecht bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts weitgehend unbekannt. Abgesehen von einzelnen Verträgen aus dem 17. und 18. Jahrhundert gab es weder Vertragspraxis noch Völkerrechtswissenschaft. Dies änderte sich erst durch Chinas Kriege mit westlichen Mächten. Die »Barbaren« nutzten ihre militärische Überlegenheit gegenüber China, um durch erzwungene völkerrechtliche Friedensverträge Handelsinteressen zu verwirklichen und halbkoloniale Strukturen zu etablieren. Diese Friedensübereinkommen wurden und werden, als "ungleiche Verträge" überschrieben, vielfach in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur besprochen. ...
This policy note summarizes our assessment of financial sanctions against Russia. We see an increase in sanctions severity starting from (1) the widely discussed SWIFT exclusions, followed by (2) blocking of correspondent banking relationships with Russian banks, including the Central Bank, alongside secondary sanctions, and (3) a full blacklisting of the ‘real’ export-import flows underlying the financial transactions. We assess option (1) as being less impactful than often believed yet sending a strong signal of EU unity; option (2) as an effective way to isolate the Russian banking system, particularly if secondary sanctions are in place, to avoid workarounds. Option (3) represents possibly the most effective way to apply economic and financial pressure, interrupting trade relationships.
The neutron sensitivity of the C6D6 detector setup used at n_TOF facility for capture measurements has been studied by means of detailed GEANT4 simulations. A realistic software replica of the entire n_TOF experimental hall, including the neutron beam line, sample, detector supports and the walls of the experimental area has been implemented in the simulations. The simulations have been analyzed in the same manner as experimental data, in particular by applying the Pulse Height Weighting Technique. The simulations have been validated against a measurement of the neutron background performed with a natC sample, showing an excellent agreement above 1 keV. At lower energies, an additional component in the measured natC yield has been discovered, which prevents the use of natC data for neutron background estimates at neutron energies below a few hundred eV. The origin and time structure of the neutron background have been derived from the simulations. Examples of the neutron background for two different samples are demonstrating the important role of accurate simulations of the neutron background in capture cross-section measurements.
The neutron capture cross section of 58Ni was measured at the neutron time of flight facility n_TOF at CERN, from 27 meV to 400 keV neutron energy. Special care has been taken to identify all the possible sources of background, with the so-called neutron background obtained for the first time using high-precision GEANT4 simulations. The energy range up to 122 keV was treated as the resolved resonance region, where 51 resonances were identified and analyzed by a multilevel R-matrix code SAMMY. Above 122 keV the code SESH was used in analyzing the unresolved resonance region of the capture yield. Maxwellian averaged cross sections were calculated in the temperature range of kT = 5 – 100 keV, and their astrophysical implications were investigated.
The study of neutron-induced reactions is of high relevance in a wide variety of fields, ranging from stellar nucleosynthesis and fundamental nuclear physics to applications of nuclear technology. In nuclear energy, high accuracy neutron data are needed for the development of Generation IV fast reactors and accelerator driven systems, these last aimed specifically at nuclear waste incineration, as well as for research on innovative fuel cycles. In this context, a high luminosity Neutron Time Of Flight facility, n_TOF, is operating at CERN since more than a decade, with the aim of providing new, high accuracy and high resolution neutron cross-sections. Thanks to the features of the neutron beam, a rich experimental program relevant to nuclear technology has been carried out so far. The program will be further expanded in the near future, thanks in particular to a new high-flux experimental area, now under construction.